Analysis of the Influence of Breastfeeding and Bottle-Feeding upon the Origin of Posterior Crossbites.

(1) Introduction. An analysis was made of posterior crossbites in deciduous dentition and their relation to the type of feeding received by the child, with the objective of determining the influence of the way in which the child is fed in the early stages of life on the development of posterior crossbites. (2) Material and methods. A total of 1401 preschool children between 3 and 6 years of age from Seville (Spain) were included in the study. An intraoral exploration was carried out to assess the presence of crossbites (uni- or bilateral, and functional or not). The study was completed with a parent or legal guardian questionnaire exploring the type of feeding received by the child in the first stages of life, as well as the presence of bad oral habits and their duration. (3) Results. A total of 276 children (19.7%) presented posterior crossbite in occlusion. Uponn centering the midlines, 197 were maintained, indicating that 79 were due to premature contacts (functional crossbites). There were no significant differences in crossbites among the children who had received breastfeeding, though bottle-feeding was seen to favor crossbite. (4) Conclusions. No statistically significant relationship was found between posterior crossbites and breastfeeding, though an association between posterior crossbites and bottle-feeding was observed, with the number of crossbites increasing with the duration of bottle-feeding.

Diagnóstico del proceso de reafirmación profesional, en la carrera de Cultura Física, en Granma

La formación de profesionales, con elevada calidad, es tarea esencial de la Educación Superior, por lo que de manera permanente se demanda de graduados comprometidos con los procesos de desarrollo, donde quedan evidenciados los conocimientos, habilidades y valores en los que se han formado. El diagnóstico tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la situación de la orientación y reafirmación profesional (consolidación de los motivos e intenciones profesionales) en el proceso de estudio de la carrera Licenciatura en Cultura Física, en Granma; a partir de tres dimensiones: pedagógica, psicológica y sociológica. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos y empíricos que mostraron insuficiencias en las acciones planificadas en las estrategias educativas y en el plan de trabajo metodológico de las diferentes disciplinas, un limitado aprovechamiento de las potencialidades del contenido y las actividades extensionistas y bajos niveles de satisfacción por el estudio de la Carrera; lo que se manifestó en la no selección de una esfera de actuación para el futuro desempeño profesional, y en los elevados niveles de deserción de los estudiantes, en los dos primeros años de formación.

A formação de profissionais, com elevada qualidade, é uma tarefa essencial do Ensino Superior, razão pela qual existe uma procura permanente de licenciados comprometidos com processos de desenvolvimento, onde se evidenciam os conhecimentos, competências e valores em que foram formados. O objetivo do diagnóstico foi caracterizar a situação de orientação e reafirmação profissional (consolidação de motivos e intenções profissionais) no processo de estudo do Bacharelado em Cultura Física, no Granma; a partir de três dimensões: pedagógica, psicológica e sociológica. a corrida; o que se manifestou na não seleção de uma esfera de atuação para futura atuação profissional, e nos elevados índices de evasão estudantil, nos dois primeiros anos de formação.

The training of professionals, with high quality, is an essential task of Higher Education, which is why there is a permanent demand for graduates committed to development processes, where the knowledge, skills and values in which they have been trained are evidenced. The objective of the diagnosis was to characterize the situation of professional guidance and reaffirmation (consolidation of professional motives and intentions) in the process of studying the Bachelor's degree in Physical Culture, in Granma; from three dimensions: pedagogical, psychological and sociological. Theoretical and empirical methods were applied that showed insufficiencies in the planned actions in the educational strategies and in the methodological work plan of the different disciplines, a limited use of the potential of the content and extension activities and low levels of satisfaction with the study of the career; which was manifested in the non-selection of a sphere of action for future professional performance, and in the high levels of student dropout, in the first two years of training.

Influence of bad oral habits upon the development of posterior crossbite in a preschool population.

BACKGROUND: A study is made of posterior crossbite in deciduous dentition and its possible association to extrinsic factors (bad oral habits). METHODS: A total of 1168 Spanish children between 3 and 6 years of age were included in the study. Exploration of the oral cavity was performed to assess the presence of crossbite (uni- or bilateral and/or functional), and a questionnaire was administered to the parents or caregivers to determine the presence of bad oral habits and their duration. RESULTS: In occlusion, 19.7% of the cases (n = 230) presented uni- or bilateral posterior crossbite. On adopting centric relation confronting the midlines, crossbite persisted in 165 children, indicating that 65 cases were due to premature contacts (functional crossbite). The identified favoring factors were pacifier use, thumb sucking, oral breathing and tongue thrusting or immature swallowing. DISCUSSION: Most studies in the literature report a relationship between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. The proportion of posterior crossbites identified in our study (16.6%) is consistent with the data published by authors such as Kobayashi, Limeira or Paolantonio, among others, but differs from the results of Zhifei Zhou, Peres or Germa. In coincidence with most studies, we recorded a statistically significant association between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. CONCLUSIONS: Bad oral habits favor the appearance of posterior crossbite, and the duration of the habit, its intensity (in the case of thumb sucking) and type (in the case of pacifier use) act as influencing factors. Functional study characterized the types of posterior crossbites and identified those attributable to premature contacts. This aspect has not been addressed by previous studies, and we consider the findings to be very interesting for analyzing and identifying the features of true crossbites.

Evolution of the Terminal Plane from Deciduous to Mixed Dentition.

(1) Introduction: Correct development and growth of the dental arches and occlusion in the deciduous dentition is crucial for physiological occlusion in the permanent dentition. The present study evaluates the evolution of the terminal plane and canine occlusion class in the same children from deciduous to mixed dentition. (2) Materials and methods: The study included 257 children (164 girls and 93 boys) aged 3-5 years in the first phase and 8-10 years in the second phase. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of qualitative variables, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon test were used in the case of quantitative variables, as applicable. Statistical significance was considered for p < 0.05. (3) Results: The most common terminal plane in the first phase of the study was a bilateral flush plane (70%), followed by distal and mesial, with few differences between them. In the second phase, the most common terminal plane was mesial, followed by bilateral flush and distal. There were no statistically significant differences according to gender. Canine occlusion in the first phase was predominantly bilateral class I, followed by class II and class III. Similar results were recorded in the permanent dentition, except for a lesser percentage of children with canine class II. Molar occlusion in the second phase was predominantly class I, followed by half cusp class II and full cusp class II and class III. (4) Conclusions: The present study shows that knowing the age range in which maximum dental development and growth in both arches occurs may contribute to avoiding malocclusions and the possible need for orthodontic-orthopedic treatment, resulting in improved outcomes and greater stability.

Contribution of viral and bacterial infections to senescence and immunosenescence.

Cellular senescence is a key biological process characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest. The accumulation of senescent cells creates a pro-inflammatory environment that can negatively affect tissue functions and may promote the development of aging-related diseases. Typical biomarkers related to senescence include senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activity, histone H2A.X phosphorylation at serine139 (γH2A.X), and senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) with heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP-1γ protein) Moreover, immune cells undergoing senescence, which is known as immunosenescence, can affect innate and adaptative immune functions and may elicit detrimental effects over the host's susceptibility to infectious diseases. Although associations between senescence and pathogens have been reported, clear links between both, and the related molecular mechanisms involved remain to be determined. Furthermore, it remains to be determined whether infections effectively induce senescence, the impact of senescence and immunosenescence over infections, or if both events coincidently share common molecular markers, such as γH2A.X and p53. Here, we review and discuss the most recent reports that describe cellular hallmarks and biomarkers related to senescence in immune and non-immune cells in the context of infections, seeking to better understand their relationships. Related literature was searched in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases with search terms related to the sections and subsections of this review.

Aging envisage imbalance of the periodontium: A keystone in oral disease and systemic health.

Aging is a gradual and progressive deterioration of integrity across multiple organ systems that negatively affects gingival wound healing. The cellular responses associated with wound healing, such as collagen synthesis, cell migration, proliferation, and collagen contraction, have been shown to be lower in gingival fibroblasts (the most abundant cells from the connective gingival tissue) in aged donors than young donors. Cellular senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging, which is characterized by the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that is characterized by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases which have been implicated in the recruitment of immune cells such as neutrophils, T cells and monocytes. Moreover, during aging, macrophages show altered acquisition of functional phenotypes in response to the tissue microenvironment. Thus, inflammatory and resolution macrophage-mediated processes are impaired, impacting the progression of periodontal disease. Interestingly, salivary antimicrobial peptides, such as histatins, which are involved in various functions, such as antifungal, bactericidal, enamel-protecting, angiogenesis, and re-epithelization, have been shown to fluctuate with aging. Several studies have associated the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key pathogen related to periodontitis and apical periodontitis, with the progression of Alzheimer's disease, as well as gut, esophageal, and gastric cancers. Moreover, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 have been associated with the severity of periodontal disease, cardiovascular complications, and nervous system-related pathologies. This review encompasses the effects of aging on periodontal tissues, how P. gingivalis and HSV infections could favor periodontitis and their relationship with other pathologies.

Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies Goes South 2021: advanced course on molecular and cellular translational immunology.

The Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies (FOCIS) regularly organizes scientific meetings to foster advances in immunology. A new event of this type is FOCIS Goes South, a course and workshop organized by FOCIS Centers of Excellence (FCEs) from across Latin America, which consists of a course on advanced immunology, a flow cytometry workshop and seminars on cutting-edge research in autoimmunity, tolerance, cancer, infectious diseases and vaccines. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the second version of FOCIS Goes South, hosted by the Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy in Chile, took place virtually from 15 to 18 November 2021, with more than 950 registered participants. The present article summarizes the key findings and insights discussed at FOCIS Goes South 2021.

Is there a role for HSF1 in viral infections?

Cells undergo numerous processes to adapt to new challenging conditions and stressors. Heat stress is regulated by a family of heat shock factors (HSFs) that initiate a heat shock response by upregulating the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) intended to counteract cellular damage elicited by increased environmental temperature. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is known as the master regulator of the heat shock response and upon its activation induces the transcription of genes that encode for molecular chaperones, such as HSP40, HSP70, and HSP90. Importantly, an accumulating body of studies relates HSF1 with viral infections; the induction of fever during viral infection may activate HSF1 and trigger a consequent heat shock response. Here, we review the role of HSF1 in different viral infections and its impact on the health outcome for the host. Studying the relationship between HSF1 and viruses could open new potential therapeutic strategies given the availability of drugs that regulate the activation of this transcription factor.

Impact of Hypoxia over Human Viral Infections and Key Cellular Processes.

Oxygen is essential for aerobic cells, and thus its sensing is critical for the optimal maintenance of vital cellular and tissue processes such as metabolism, pH homeostasis, and angiogenesis, among others. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play central roles in oxygen sensing. Under hypoxic conditions, the α subunit of HIFs is stabilized and forms active heterodimers that translocate to the nucleus and regulate the expression of important sets of genes. This process, in turn, will induce several physiological changes intended to adapt to these new and adverse conditions. Over the last decades, numerous studies have reported a close relationship between viral infections and hypoxia. Interestingly, this relation is somewhat bidirectional, with some viruses inducing a hypoxic response to promote their replication, while others inhibit hypoxic cellular responses. Here, we review and discuss the cellular responses to hypoxia and discuss how HIFs can promote a wide range of physiological and transcriptional changes in the cell that modulate numerous human viral infections.

Dental Malocclusion and Its Relation to the Podal System.

Background and Objective: This study analyzes the possibility that Stomatognathic and Postural systems are related by muscle chains. Malocclusion may influence the posture, contact between the foot and the ground, center of mass, footprint or vice-versa. This study aimed to verify whether there is a relationship between dental occlusion and podal system. Materials and Methods: A cross-cutting, descriptive study was carried out on 409 children (222 boys and 187 girls) between 8 and 14 years old. Dental occlusion was assessed on the sagittal plane (Angle's classification) the contact between the foot and the ground and the center of mass were evaluated using a stabilometric platform. Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between the plantigrade phase, the contact surface area and center of gravity. There was a prevalence of molar and canine Angle's class II malocclusion. In molar class II, an anterior center of gravity was predominant, in class I it was centered and in class III, it was posterior. There was significant correlation between malocclusions and the FPI (foot posture index) of the left foot and the height of the scaphoid in the right foot (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Some authors agree with our results. There is still much uncertainty in terms of showing a relationship between both systems. In addition, there is scarce scientific evidence on the topic. Some kind of relationship between the two systems has been proven. Studies that evaluate a group of subjects in a longitudinal manner are necessary to enable the changes taking place in both systems to be defined.

Crosstalk Between Epithelial Cells, Neurons and Immune Mediators in HSV-1 Skin Infection.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is highly prevalent in humans, with approximately two-thirds of the world population living with this virus. However, only a fraction of those carrying HSV-1, which elicits lifelong infections, are symptomatic. HSV-1 mainly causes lesions in the skin and mucosae but reaches the termini of sensory neurons innervating these tissues and travels in a retrograde manner to the neuron cell body where it establishes persistent infection and remains in a latent state until reactivated by different stimuli. When productive reactivations occur, the virus travels back along axons to the primary infection site, where new rounds of replication are initiated in the skin, in recurrent or secondary infections. During this process, new neuron infections occur. Noteworthy, the mechanisms underlying viral reactivations and the exit of latency are somewhat poorly understood and may be regulated by a crosstalk between the infected neurons and components of the immune system. Here, we review and discuss the immune responses that occur at the skin during primary and recurrent infections by HSV-1, as well as at the interphase of latently-infected neurons. Moreover, we discuss the implications of neuronal signals over the priming and migration of immune cells in the context of HSV-1 infection.

Modulation of Endosome Function, Vesicle Trafficking and Autophagy by Human Herpesviruses.

Human herpesviruses are a ubiquitous family of viruses that infect individuals of all ages and are present at a high prevalence worldwide. Herpesviruses are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from skin and mucosal lesions to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis, and some of them, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are known to be oncogenic. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that some herpesviruses may be associated with developing neurodegenerative diseases. These viruses can establish lifelong infections in the host and remain in a latent state with periodic reactivations. To achieve infection and yield new infectious viral particles, these viruses require and interact with molecular host determinants for supporting their replication and spread. Important sets of cellular factors involved in the lifecycle of herpesviruses are those participating in intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, as well as autophagic-based organelle recycling processes. These cellular processes are required by these viruses for cell entry and exit steps. Here, we review and discuss recent findings related to how herpesviruses exploit vesicular trafficking and autophagy components by using both host and viral gene products to promote the import and export of infectious viral particles from and to the extracellular environment. Understanding how herpesviruses modulate autophagy, endolysosomal and secretory pathways, as well as other prominent trafficking vesicles within the cell, could enable the engineering of novel antiviral therapies to treat these viruses and counteract their negative health effects.

Infectious and non-infectious diseases burden among Haitian immigrants in Chile: a cross-sectional study.

Chile has become a popular destination for migrants from South America and the Caribbean (low- and middle-income countries migration). Close to 200.000 Haitian migrants have arrived in Chile. Infectious and non-infectious disease burden among the Haitian adult population living in Chile is unknown. This study aimed to acquire the basic health information (selected transmissible and non-transmissible conditions) of the Haitian adult population living in Chile. A cross-sectional survey was performed, inviting Haitian-born residents in Chile older than 18 years old. Common conditions and risk factors for disease were assessed, as well as selected transmissible conditions (HIV, HBV, and HCV). 498 participants (60.4% female) from 10 communities in two regions of Chile were surveyed. Most subjects had never smoked (91.5%), and 80% drank less than one alcohol unit per month. The mean BMI was 25.6, with 45% of participants having a normal BMI (20-25). Hypertension was present in 31.5% (33% in the 25-44 age group). Prevalence of HIV was 2.4% (95 CI 1.3-4.2%), hepatitis B (HBsAg positive) was 3.4% (95 CI 2.1-5.5%), and hepatitis C was 0% (95 CI 0.0-0.9%). Quality of life showed a significant prevalence of depression and anxiety markers, particularly in those arriving in Chile less than 1 year ago. Low prevalence of obesity, diabetes, smoking, and drinking and estimated cardiovascular risk were found. Nonetheless, hypertension at a younger age, disproportionately higher prevalence of HIV and HBV infection and frequent markers of anxiety and depression were also found. Public policies for detecting and treating hypertension, HIV, and HBV screening, offering HBV vaccination, and organizing mental health programs for Haitian immigrants, are urgently needed.

Contribution of hypoxia inducible factor-1 during viral infections.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that plays critical roles during the cellular response to hypoxia. Under normoxic conditions, its function is tightly regulated by the degradation of its alpha subunit (HIF-1α), which impairs the formation of an active heterodimer in the nucleus that otherwise regulates the expression of numerous genes. Importantly, HIF-1 participates in both cancer and infectious diseases unveiling new therapeutic targets for those ailments. Here, we discuss aspects related to the activation of HIF-1, the effects of this transcription factor over immune system components, as well as the involvement of HIF-1 activity in response to viral infections in humans. Although HIF-1 is currently being assessed in numerous clinical settings as a potential therapy for different diseases, up to date, there are no clinical studies evaluating the pharmacological modulation of this transcription factor as a possible new antiviral treatment. However, based on the available evidence, clinical trials targeting this molecule are likely to occur soon. In this review we discuss the role of HIF-1 in viral immunity, the modulation of HIF-1 by different types of viruses, as well as the effects of HIF-1 over their life cycle and the potential use of HIF-1 as a new target for the treatment of viral infections.

Influence of Dental Malocclusion on Body Posture and Foot Posture in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The number of studies that investigate the correlations between the temporomandibular system and body posture, postural control, or the distribution of plantar pressure has recently been increasing. However, most of the existing information is not conclusive. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate if the features of dental malocclusion are correlated with body posture alterations at the lower limb level. This is a multicentre cross-sectional study with 289 children (8-14 years). Angle's molar relation was analysed at the dental level. The postural control and the plantar pressure distribution were recorded via a force platform. Correlation and inferential analysis between the Angle class and the foot's biomechanics were tested. The centre of gravity is anteriorised in Angle's Class II in both the molar class (p ≤ 0.001) and the canine class (p ≤ 0.001). Likewise, a relationship was observed between the contact surface and Angle's classes, being higher in class III than in II (p ≤ 0.001). The plantigrade phase is shortened in Angle's Class III. A relationship was found between Angle's Class II and a forward movement of the centre of gravity. No relationship was found between the Foot Posture Index and the truncated scaphoid height and the dental classification. An evident relationship between the gait typology and dental malocclusion was not found.

Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture / Influência do modo de respiração sobre o desenvolvimento craniofacial e a postura da cabeça

Abstract Objective The incidence of abnormal breathing and its consequences on craniofacial development is increasing, and is not limited to children with adenoid faces. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cephalometric differences in craniofacial structures and head posture between nasal breathing and oral breathing children and teenagers with a normal facial growth pattern. Method Ninety-eight 7-16 year-old patients with a normal facial growth pattern were clinically and radiographically evaluated. They were classified as either nasal breathing or oral breathing patients according to the predominant mode of breathing through clinical and historical evaluation, and breathing respiratory rate predomination as quantified by an airflow sensor. They were divided in two age groups (G1: 7-9) (G2: 10-16) to account for normal age-related facial growth. Results Oral breathing children (8.0 ± 0.7 years) showed less nasopharyngeal cross-sectional dimension (MPP) (p = 0.030), whereas other structures were similar to their nasal breathing counterparts (7.6 ± 0.9 years). However, oral breathing teenagers (12.3 ± 2.0 years) exhibited a greater palate length (ANS-PNS) (p = 0.049), a higher vertical dimension in the lower anterior face (Xi-ANS-Pm) (p = 0.015), and a lower position of the hyoid bone with respect to the mandibular plane (H-MP) (p = 0.017) than their nasal breathing counterparts (12.5 ± 1.9 years). No statistically significant differences were found in head posture. Conclusion Even in individuals with a normal facial growth pattern, when compared with nasal breathing individuals, oral breathing children present differences in airway dimensions. Among adolescents, these dissimilarities include structures in the facial development and hyoid bone position.

Resumo Objetivo A incidência da respiração anormal e de suas consequências no desenvolvimento craniofacial aumenta e não é limitada a crianças com fácies adenoideanas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as diferenças cefalométricas nas estruturas craniofaciais e na postura da cabeça entre crianças e adolescentes com respiração nasal e respiração bucal com padrão de crescimento facial normal. Método 98 pacientes com idades entre 7-16 anos com padrão de crescimento facial normal foram avaliados de forma clínica e radiológica. Eles foram classificados como pacientes com respiração nasal ou respiração bucal de acordo com a predominância do modo de respiração por meio da avaliação clínica e histórica e da predominância da frequência respiratória conforme qualificado por um sensor de fluxo de ar. Os pacientes foram divididos em duas faixas etárias (G1: 7 a 9) (G2: 10 a 16) para contabilizar o crescimento normal facial relacionado à idade. Resultados As crianças com respiração bucal (8,0 ± 0,7 anos) mostraram menor dimensão transversal nasofaríngea (MPP) (p = 0,030), ao passo que outras estruturas foram semelhantes a seus pares com respiração nasal (7,6 ± 0,9 anos). Contudo, os adolescentes com respiração bucal (12,3 ± 2,0 anos) mostraram maior comprimento do palato (espinha nasal anterior-espinha nasal posterior [ENA-ENP]) (p = 0,049), maior dimensão vertical na menor face anterior (Xi-ENA-Pm) (p = 0,015) e menor posição do osso hioide a respeito do plano mandibular (H-PM) (p = 0,017) do que seus pares com respiração nasal (12,5 ± 1,9 anos). Não foram constatadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na postura da cabeça. Conclusão Mesmo em indivíduos com padrão de crescimento facial normal, em comparação com indivíduos com respiração nasal, as crianças com respiração bucal apresentam diferenças nas dimensões das vias aéreas. Entre os adolescentes, essas dissimilaridades incluem estruturas no desenvolvimento facial e na posição do osso hioide.

Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of abnormal breathing and its consequences on craniofacial development is increasing, and is not limited to children with adenoid faces. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cephalometric differences in craniofacial structures and head posture between nasal breathing and oral breathing children and teenagers with a normal facial growth pattern. METHOD: Ninety-eight 7-16 year-old patients with a normal facial growth pattern were clinically and radiographically evaluated. They were classified as either nasal breathing or oral breathing patients according to the predominant mode of breathing through clinical and historical evaluation, and breathing respiratory rate predomination as quantified by an airflow sensor. They were divided in two age groups (G1: 7-9) (G2: 10-16) to account for normal age-related facial growth. RESULTS: Oral breathing children (8.0±0.7 years) showed less nasopharyngeal cross-sectional dimension (MPP) (p=0.030), whereas other structures were similar to their nasal breathing counterparts (7.6±0.9 years). However, oral breathing teenagers (12.3±2.0 years) exhibited a greater palate length (ANS-PNS) (p=0.049), a higher vertical dimension in the lower anterior face (Xi-ANS-Pm) (p=0.015), and a lower position of the hyoid bone with respect to the mandibular plane (H-MP) (p=0.017) than their nasal breathing counterparts (12.5±1.9 years). No statistically significant differences were found in head posture. CONCLUSION: Even in individuals with a normal facial growth pattern, when compared with nasal breathing individuals, oral breathing children present differences in airway dimensions. Among adolescents, these dissimilarities include structures in the facial development and hyoid bone position.

Cronología eruptiva de dientes permanentes en una población indígena del Perú

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la cronología eruptiva de la dentición permanente en una población indígena del Perú. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal, con una muestra de 1644 niños en edades comprendidas entre 5 y 16 años (804 niñas y 840 niños), a los cuales realizó un examen bucal para determinar la fase de erupción en la que se encontraban las piezas dentales. Para realizar la estadística, se utilizó el programa spss versión 21. Las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas fueron t Student para muestras independientes, dependiendo de las pruebas de supuesto de normalidad y homocedasticidad. Resultados: Un análisis descriptivo da como resultado que el primer molar superior izquierdo y el inferior derecho erupcionaron a los 6,98 años y 6,99 años respectivamente, y la última pieza dental que erupcionó fue el segundo molar superior derecho a los 11,91 años. Conclusiones: El primer diente en erupcionar fue el primer molar (superior e inferior), mientras que el ultimo diente en erupcionar fue el segundo molar superior. Los dientes erupcionan antes en las niñas. Los dientes erupcionan simultanemente tanto en el lado derecho e izquierdo. Los dientes erupcionan antes en la mandibbula que en la maxila.

Production of a potential liquid plant bio-stimulant by immobilized Piriformospora indica in repeated-batch fermentation process.

Piriformospora indica, a mycorrhizal-like fungus able to establish associations with roots of a wide range of plants, supporting plant nutrition and increasing plant resistance and tolerance to stress, was shown to solubilise phosphate applied in the form of animal bone char (HABO) in fermentation systems. The process of P solubilisation was caused most likely by proton extrusion and medium pH lowering. The fungal mycelium was successfully immobilized/retained in a polyurethane foam carrier. Further employment of the immobilized mycelium in repeated-batch fermentation process resulted in at least 5 cycles of P solubilization. The concentration of soluble P increased during the experiment with 1.0 and 3.0 g HABO l-1 and at the end of the 5th batch cycle reached 40.8 and 120 mg l-1, respectively. The resulting final liquid product, without or with solubilized phosphate, was found to significantly increase plant growth and P plant uptake. It can be used as a biostimulant containing microbial plant growth-promoting substances and soluble P derived from renewable sources (HABO) thus supporting the development of sustainable agro-ecosystems.

Do breastfeeding and bottle feeding influence occlusal parameters?

OBJECTIVE: A study was made of the influence of breastfeeding and bottle feeding on development of the dental arches and occlusion in an infant population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In total, 298 infants (163 girls and 135 boys) were selected from a series of 1,643 preschool children in Seville, Spain, evaluating the type of feeding received after birth (breastfeeding only or bottle feeding only), the duration of such feeding, and its influence upon the parameters that define occlusion of the dental arches. The study comprised a full exploration of the stomatognathic system of the infants and a questionnaire for the parents. SPSS Statistical Package software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to analyze the results. RESULTS: In total, 109 children were exclusively breastfed (36.6%) for an average of 6.8±5.8 months, whereas 189 children were exclusively bottle fed (63.4%) for an average of 17.99±11.5 months. On comparing the occlusal parameters of the two groups, the most beneficial effects (straight terminal plane, canine class I relationship, diastemas, and primate spaces) corresponded to the infants who were breastfed. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfed infants show better development of the dental arches and a lesser incidence of dental occlusion disorders than bottle-fed infants.