ABSTRACT
Although the consumption of carbohydrates is needed for survival, their potent reinforcing properties drive obesity worldwide. In turn, sugar overconsumption reveals a major role for brain reward systems in regulating sugar intake. However, it remains elusive how different cell types within the reward circuitries control the initiation and termination of sugary meals. Here, we identified the distinct nucleus accumbens cell types that mediate the chemosensory versus postprandial properties of sweet sugars. Specifically, D1 neurons enhance sugar intake via specialized connections to taste ganglia, whereas D2 neurons mediate the termination of sugary meals via anatomical connections to circuits involved in appetite suppression. Consistently, D2, but not D1, neurons partially mediate the satiating effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists. Thus, these nucleus accumbens cell types function as a behavioral switch, enabling positive versus negative control over sugar intake. Our study contributes to unveiling the cellular and circuit substrates of sugar overconsumption.
Subject(s)
Neurons , Nucleus Accumbens , Mice , Animals , Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism , Neurons/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Sugars/metabolism , Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the six-month clinical outcome of restorations of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL) with two composite resins: Bulk-Fill and nanohybrid resin. Materials and methods: Fifty-one patients, with three NCCLs each, were randomly allocated into three restoration groups: Tetric-N-Ceram Bulk-Fill (TB); Filtek Bulk-Fill (FB); y Filtek Z350XT (Z350). Adhesive techniques and restorative procedures were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions for the different materials. A 4mm increment was applied in TB and FB, and increments of ≤2mm depth were applied in Z350. Restorations were assessed by two calibrated examiners at baseline and at six months according to the FDI World Dental Federation guidelines (1: excellent, 2: acceptable, 3: sufficient, 4: unsatisfactory, 5: unacceptable) in Marginal Staining (MS), Fracture-Retention (FR), Marginal Adaptation (MA), Postoperative Sensitivity (S) and Caries (C). Wilcoxon test was used for the comparison between baseline and 6 months, and Kruskal-Wallis for the comparison of the three groups at six months (95% significance). Results: Forty-six patients with a total of 138 restorations attended a check-up at six months and were evaluated with excellent clinical outcome. In MS, 91.2% for Z350 and 97.8% for FB and TB; in FR, 97.8% for Z350 and 100% for FB and TB; in MA, 95.6% for Z350, 97.8% for FB and 100% for TN; in S, 95.6% for all three groups; and 100% for C. No statistically significant differences were found between the three groups nor in the comparison between the baseline and 6 months (p>0.05) Conclusion: No significant differences are observed between the three groups of resins in the parameters of MS, MA, S, FR and C regarding clinical outcome at six months.
Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento clínico a 6 meses en restauraciones de lesiones cervicales no cariosas (LCNC) con dos resinas compuestas Bulk-Fill y una resina nanohíbrida. Materiales y métodos: En 51 pacientes se restauraron 3 LCNC distribuidas aleatoriamente en 3 grupos, TB: Tetric-N-Ceram Bulk-Fill, FB: Filtek Bulk-Fill y Z350: Filtek Z350XT. Las técnicas adhesivas y procedimientos restauradores fueron realizados según las instrucciones de los fabricantes para los diferentes materiales. En TB y FB se aplicó un incremento de 4mm y en Z350 se aplicó incrementos ≤2mm de profundidad. Dos operadores calibrados evaluaron las restauraciones al baseline y 6 meses mediante los criterios clínicos FDI (1: excelente, 2: aceptable, 3: suficiente, 4: insatisfactorio, 5: inaceptable) en Tinción Marginal (TM), Fractura-Retención (FR), Adaptación Marginal (AM), Sensibilidad Postoperatoria (S) y Caries (C). Se utilizó Wilcoxon para la comparación entre baseline 6 meses y Kruskal-Wallis para la comparación de los 3 grupos a 6 meses (significancia de 95%). Resultados: A los 6 meses asistieron 46 pacientes con un total de 138 restauraciones siendo evaluados con comportamiento clínico excelente; en TM 91,2% para Z350 y 97,8% para FB y TB; en FR, Z350 presentó 97,8% y en FB y TB el 100%; en AM, 95,6% para Z350, 97,8% para FB y 100% para TN; en S presentó 95,6% para los tres grupos; en C se presentó el 100%. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los 3 grupos y en la comparación de baseline - 6 meses (p>0.05). Conclusión: No existen diferencias significativas en el comportamiento clínico a 6 meses entre los 3 grupos de resinas en los parámetros TM, AM, S, FR Y C.
