ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to evaluate the technical feasibility of using both oil-extracted microalgae (M) and glycerol (G) in co-digestion with chicken litter (CL), thereby improving biochemical methane potential (BMP). Different feedstock ratios of M (0-30%), G (0-3%) and CL (67-100%) were investigated to determine the best co-digestion condition under mesophilic conditions. According to the modified Gompertz model, the best BMP (131.1mLCH4gVSfed-1) was obtained with the triple co-digestion (M:G:CL) in a proportion of 30:3:67. This yielded a methane production rate (µm) of 3.3mLCH4gVSfed-1d-1 and a lag time (λ) of 17.4d. This treatment reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 91.02% and increased the methane yield 15.8% with respect to the CL control.
Subject(s)
Glycerol/metabolism , Methane/biosynthesis , Microalgae/metabolism , Oils/isolation & purification , Refuse Disposal/methods , Waste Products , Acetates/metabolism , Anaerobiosis , Animals , Biofuels/analysis , Butyric Acid/metabolism , Chickens , Fatty Acids, Volatile/analysis , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Models, Theoretical , Principal Component Analysis , Propionates/pharmacologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Health economics studies play an important role in all healthcare systems. The purpose of the latter is to offer effective and low-cost treatments. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the costs and the economic impact of the comprehensive ACL treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An average cost study was done of primary ACL reconstruction. We studied 104 patients during 2005, 79 males and 25 females, with mean age 31.5 years. The assessment of the preoperative, operative and postoperative costs was related to each patient's socioeconomic stratum (SES). RESULTS: The hamstrings were the most frequently used graft (71%) versus the bone-patellar tendon-bone graft (BTB) (29%). Socioeconomic strata 2 and 3 were predominant. The following were the most frequent hamstrings implants used: Rigidfix/Intrafix and Endobutton/Xtralok, while the most frequent BTB grafts used were the metallic interference screws. No difference was found between the types of grafts and the SES in the preoperative and postoperative costs, including imaging studies, hospital say and rehabilitation. However, differences were found among the different groups in the cost of surgery, resulting from the type of implant used. The mean cost for SES 1 and 2 was $6475.20, for SES 3 and 4, $8057.51, and for SES 5 and 6, $16,242.5. The vulnerable population (SES 1) needs 7.34-fold its monthly income to pay for the comprehensive treatment, while the middle stratum (SES 3) needs 3.27-fold its monthly income. CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive cost of treatment is proportionally higher than the patients' income. It is important to point out that the systems using state-of-the-art technology, which in another setting would be inaccessible, have significant advantages when compared with the less expensive systems. Thus the economically vulnerable SES benefit from the subsidy granted by the National Institutes of Health.
Subject(s)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery , Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafting/economics , Costs and Cost Analysis , Knee Joint/surgery , Orthopedic Procedures/economics , Tendons/transplantation , Adult , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Female , Humans , Male , Orthopedic Fixation Devices , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Retrospectivamente, foram analisadas 284 trabeculectomias realizadas em glaucomas primários com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do tratamento pré-operatório prolongado com colírios antiglaucomatosos na eficácia do procedimento. 176 pacientes fizeram uso de medicaçäo tópica por 26,5 + ou - 20 meses e 45 por um período näo superior a um mês. Constatou-se uma maior proporçäo de sucesso estatisticamente significante (96,29 por cento) no grupo sem medicaçäo em relaçäo ao do grupo com medicaçäo (83,91 por cento). Os resultados sugerem que o uso prolongado de antiglaucomatosos tópicos pode predispor ao insucesso da cirurgia
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Glaucoma/therapy , Ophthalmic Solutions/pharmacology , Trabeculectomy/rehabilitationABSTRACT
Partiendo del concepto de salud utilizada por los organismos internacionales, se llevó a cabo un análisis de las posibilidades de integración académica de las escuelas del área de la salud de la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla y el Hospital Universitario, estableciendo una propuesta basada en las necesidades sociales en salud de la población en nuestro pais en lo general y del estado de Puebla en particular. Para tal efecto se revisaron diversos reglamentos, leyes y programas de salud y educativos nacionales, presentándose un Modelo de Integración Docencia, Servicio de Investigación como alternativa educativa frente al diagnóstico académico de esa institución