Bilateral acute angle closure after venlafaxine intake in a young patient with a narrow iridocorneal angle.

We report a case of bilateral and acute angle closure after a single dose of antidepressant venlafaxine in a 40-year-old woman with no previous pathologies, who asked for consultation for blurred vision and pain in the left eye. Initial evaluation included visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscopy and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement using Goldmann's applanation tonometer. Gonioscopy and fundus examination were also performed in both eyes. Examination and IOP supported the diagnosis of acute glaucoma in the left eye. The patient's evolution was satisfactory after bilateral peripheral iridotomy was performed with Nd-YAG laser, as described in the cases reported in the international literature. The pathophysiology of angle closure and its relationship with venlafaxine intake were also discussed.

Geographical distribution of Lasaia Bates, 1868 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) across the biogeographical provinces of Mexico.

Riodinidae are one of the most diverse families of Lepidoptera, mainly in the Neotropical region; however, their biology, ethology, taxonomy, systematics, and biogeography are poorly known. In Mexico, the regional and local distributions of the family are still incomplete. We review the distributional data of the genus Lasaia Bates (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), based on records from four national and seven international collections. We record five species and seven subspecies in Mexico, with 2722 records, distributed in 314 localities of 24 states. The states with higher species richness are Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Veracruz; also, the genus was recorded in 11 of the 14 biogeographical provinces of Mexico. The tropical semi-deciduous and deciduous forests, below of 1000 m a.s.l., contain most of the diversity of Lasaia. Historical data are crucial for the study of local and regional diversity and ecological patterns at large temporal scales. Data presented here show the morphological and ecological variation of Lasaia over the last 80 years, mostly from the XX century when anthropogenic disturbances were intensified. This kind of studies is the first step in recording the historical distribution of these taxa, which will lead to more complex analyses on distribution range shifts, their causes and consequences.

Gut microbiota density influences host physiology and is shaped by host and microbial factors.

To identify factors that regulate gut microbiota density and the impact of varied microbiota density on health, we assayed this fundamental ecosystem property in fecal samples across mammals, human disease, and therapeutic interventions. Physiologic features of the host (carrying capacity) and the fitness of the gut microbiota shape microbiota density. Therapeutic manipulation of microbiota density in mice altered host metabolic and immune homeostasis. In humans, gut microbiota density was reduced in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The gut microbiota in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection had lower density and reduced fitness that were restored by fecal microbiota transplantation. Understanding the interplay between microbiota and disease in terms of microbiota density, host carrying capacity, and microbiota fitness provide new insights into microbiome structure and microbiome targeted therapeutics. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).

The geographic distribution of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus and Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Acari: Argasidae) in America, with morphological and molecular diagnoses from Brazil, Chile and Cuba.

High similarity of morphological traits has historically overshadowed the identities and distributions of poultry-associated soft ticks Argas (Persicargas) miniatus and Argas (Persicargas) persicus in America. In order to model the occurrence of both parasites in the continent, in the current study we performed morphological and molecular analyses to identify ticks collected in hen houses from Brazil and northern Chile. Combining these results with literature data, and the examination of Argas allotments deposited in the tick collections "Coleção Nacional de Carrapatos Danilo Gonçalves Saraiva" (Brazil), the "Coleção Acarológica do Instituto Butantan São Paulo" (Brazil), and the "Colección Zoológica de la Academia de Ciencia de Cuba" (Cuba), we present a critical list with the localities where A. (P.) miniatus and A. (P.) persicus have been reported in the American continent. Our results confirmed the presence of A. (P.) miniatus in Brazil and Cuba, and A. (P.) persicus in Chile, which in particular, constitutes the first molecularly confirmed report of the later species for South America. Although A. (P.) miniatus and A. (P.) persicus have been documented in 21 American countries, the identity of some reports must still be considered as uncertain until detailed morphological and/or molecular studies are performed. When contrasted to a Köppen-Geiger climate classification, A. (P.) miniatus predominantly occurs in equatorial and A. (P.) persicus in arid climates. However, until undetermined reports of both species are correctly identified, any conclusion on their geo-climatological occurrence throughout the American continent would be rather speculative.

Estudio clínico epidemiológico de varicela en niños en el departamento de paysandú: año 2013 / Clinical-epidemiological study of varicella in children in the department of paysandú in 2013

Introducción: a pesar de la vacunación universal antivaricela al año de vida (1999), en nuestro país persisten brotes de varicela modificada. Objetivos: 1) Realizar una descripción clínico epidemiológica de un número inusualmente alto de casos de varicela en menores de 15 años en todos los centros educativos del departamento de Paysandú, Uruguay, durante un período de ocho meses. 2) Comparar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los infectados. Material y método: estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo de casos de varicela en menores de 15 años, informados en los centros educativos de Paysandú, entre marzo y octubre del 2013. Resultados: se detectaron 151 casos. El 97% ocurrió en niños vacunados. La edad media fue de 7,4 años. No hubo casos graves. El mayor número de lesiones se asoció a mayor edad y mayor persistencia de la fiebre (p<0,05). La frecuencia de complicaciones fue baja (4%). Provocó 995 días de ausentismo escolar. El 4% tuvo contacto con un familiar que presentaba factores de riesgo de varicela grave. Solo un tercio de los casos fueron denunciados al Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP). Conclusiones: más del 80% de los casos se produjeron en mayores de 5 años. La sintomatología fue más intensa y provocó mayor ausentismo en mayores de 10 años. No hubo casos graves, pero sí contacto con familiares que presentaban factores de riesgo de varicela grave. La baja tasa de denuncia al MSP puede subestimar las cifras oficiales sanitarias. Una segunda dosis podría ser útil en disminuir la carga de enfermedad en los brotes de niños vacunados, estando esta medida en concordancia con la conducta que se tomó en el 2014 por parte de las autoridades sanitarias de incorporar al esquema obligatorio de vacunación la segunda dosis a los 5 años de edad.

Introduction: in spite of the universal varicella vaccination at one year of age (1999), there are still modified varicella outbreaks in our country. Objectives: 1) To perform a clinical-epidemiological description of an unusually high number of cases of varicella in children under 15 years old in all educational centers of the Department of Paysandú, Uruguay, during an eight month period. 2) To compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of infected children. Method: descriptive, observational and retrospective study of varicella cases in children under 15 years old, reported in the educational centers of Paysandú, from March through October, 2013. Results: 151 cases were identified. Ninety seven per cent occurred in vaccinated children. Average age was 7.4 years old. There were no severe cases. The largest number of lesions was associated to older patients and a higher persistence of temperature (p<0,05). Frequency of complications was low (4%). It was responsible for 995 days of school absenteeism. Four per cent of them were in contact with relatives who presented risk factors for severe varicella. Only one third of cases were reported to the Ministry of Public Health. Conclusions: over 80% of cases occurred in children older than 5 years old. Symptoms were more intense and caused greater absenteeism in children older than 10 years old. There were non-severe cases, although they were in contact with relatives who presented risk factors for severe varicella. Low reporting rates to the Ministry of Health may underestimate the official health figures. A second dose could be useful to reduce the burden of disease in the outbreaks of vaccinated children, this measure agreeing with the decision made in 2014 by the health authorities, when they included the second dose upon 5 years of age in the mandatory vaccination program.

Introdução: apesar da vacinação universal antivaricela no primeiro ano de vida ser obrigatória desde 1999, persistem no nosso país surtos de varicela modificada. Objetivos: 1) Realizar uma descrição clínico epidemiológica de um número excepcionalmente alto de casos de varicela em menores de 15 anos em todos os centros educativos do departamento de Paysandú, Uruguai, durante um período de oito meses. 2) Comparar as características clínicas e epidemiológicas dos infectados. Material e métodos: estudo descritivo, observacional, retrospectivo de casos de varicela em menores de 15 anos, informados nos centros educativos de Paysandú, entre março e outubro de 2013. Resultados: 151 casos foram detectados sendo 97% em crianças vacinadas. A idade media foi 7,4 anos. Não foram registrados casos graves. Um número maior de lesões esteve associado a maior idade e maior persistência de febre (p<0,05). A frequência de complicações foi baixa (4%). Foram registrados 995 dias de absenteísmo escolar por esta causa. 4% das crianças teve contacto com um familiar que apresentava fatores de risco de varicela grave. Somente um terço dos casos foi notificado ao Ministério de Saúde Pública (MSP). Conclusões: mais de 80% dos casos foram observados em crianças maiores de cinco anos. A sintomatologia foi mais intensa e causou maior absenteísmo em crianças maiores de 10 anos. Não foram registrados casos graves, porém em alguns casos houve contacto com familiares que apresentavam fatores de risco de varicela grave. A baixa taxa de notificação ao MSP pode subestimar as taxas oficiais sanitárias. Uma segunda dose poderia ser útil para diminuir a carga da doença em surtos em crianças vacinadas; esta medida está alinhada com a decisão tomada em 2014 pelas autoridades sanitárias de incorporar ao esquema obrigatório de vacinação a segunda dose aos 5 anos de idade.

Caracterización de pacientes peruanos operados de catarata traumática / Characterization of operated Peruvian patients with traumatic cataract

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 75 pacientes operados de catarata traumática, atendidos en el Centro Oftalmológico de Copacabana, Bolivia, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2007, a fin de determinar los resultados de la cirugía en los afectados. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: edad, sexo, tipo de trauma, alteraciones oculares asociadas, agudeza visual mejor corregida, conducta quirúrgica y complicaciones. Predominaron las cataratas por trauma contuso en el sexo masculino y el grupo etario de 36-55 años, así como la ruptura de cápsula posterior y la deformidad pupilar como las complicaciones más frecuentes. La mayoría de los pacientes lograron una visión mayor de 0,5, a los cuales se le implantó lente intraocular, lo que garantizó el buen pronóstico visual de los mismos; con ello se redujo el número de complicaciones y secuelas invalidantes(AU)

A descriptive and cross sectional study of 75 operated patients due to a traumatic cataract, assisted in the Ophthalmological Center in Copacabana, Bolivia was carried out from January to December, 2007, in order to determine the results of the surgery in those affected. Among the analyzed variables they were: age, sex, trauma type, associate ocular changes, better corrected visual acuity, surgical behaviour and complications. Cataracts due to contusion trauma prevailed in the male sex and in the age group 36-55, as well as the posterior capsular rupture and the pupillary deformity as the most frequent complications. Most of the patients achieved a vision higher than 0.5, to whom intraocular lens were implanted, what guaranteed their good visual prognosis; with this the number of complications and disabling sequels decreased(AU)

Caracterización de pacientes peruanos operados de catarata traumática / Characterization of operated Peruvian patients with traumatic cataract

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 75 pacientes operados de catarata traumática, atendidos en el Centro Oftalmológico de Copacabana, Bolivia, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2007, a fin de determinar los resultados de la cirugía en los afectados. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: edad, sexo, tipo de trauma, alteraciones oculares asociadas, agudeza visual mejor corregida, conducta quirúrgica y complicaciones. Predominaron las cataratas por trauma contuso en el sexo masculino y el grupo etario de 36-55 años, así como la ruptura de cápsula posterior y la deformidad pupilar como las complicaciones más frecuentes. La mayoría de los pacientes lograron una visión mayor de 0,5, a los cuales se le implantó lente intraocular, lo que garantizó el buen pronóstico visual de los mismos; con ello se redujo el número de complicaciones y secuelas invalidantes.

A descriptive and cross sectional study of 75 operated patients due to a traumatic cataract, assisted in the Ophthalmological Center in Copacabana, Bolivia was carried out from January to December, 2007, in order to determine the results of the surgery in those affected. Among the analyzed variables they were: age, sex, trauma type, associate ocular changes, better corrected visual acuity, surgical behaviour and complications. Cataracts due to contusion trauma prevailed in the male sex and in the age group 36-55, as well as the posterior capsular rupture and the pupillary deformity as the most frequent complications. Most of the patients achieved a vision higher than 0.5, to whom intraocular lens were implanted, what guaranteed their good visual prognosis; with this the number of complications and disabling sequels decreased.

Evaluación de una estrategia docente para las prácticas de laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica en Medicina / Evaluation of a teaching strategy for lab practices of medical microbiology and parasitology in Medicine

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una estrategia didáctica diseñada para las clases prácticas de laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, en la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina. Métodos: la estrategia didáctica se sustentó en la enseñanza basada en problemas y el principio del aprendizaje cooperativo. La evaluación abarcó 5 cursos académicos (septiembre 2004 a julio 2009) e incluyó a la población de estudiantes matriculados en dichos cursos. Se analizaron los resultados docentes alcanzados en las clases prácticas de laboratorio y la retención de los conocimientos prácticos adquiridos por los estudiantes en la prueba final de la asignatura, los que se compararon con los datos históricos del curso 2002-2003 mediante tablas de contingencia y el estadígrafo c2 de Pearson. Las calificaciones y su calidad en el examen final se evaluaron por correlación (r) por rangos de Spearman. Se consideraron las diferencias significativas para p< 0,05. Resultados: la estrategia constó de 3 acciones básicas: a) enfoque del problema o tarea experimental; b) ejecución del experimento; c) control y evaluación del proceso. Durante el periodo evaluado las calificaciones y la calidad en las clases prácticas de laboratorio se comportaron estables y fueron significativamente superiores (p< 0,001) a las alcanzadas en el curso 2002-2003. Paralelamente, se encontró una frecuencia menor de errores en la prueba final de la asignatura en contenidos que tributaron a objetivos prácticos (p< 0,001). Conclusiones: la estrategia docente aplicada potenció el trabajo grupal, favoreció el rendimiento académico y la retención de los conocimientos relacionados con las principales esencialidades prácticas de la asignatura.

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of a didactic strategy designed for lab practices in Microbiology and Medical Parasitology at the Latin American Medical School. Methods: the didactic strategy was based on problem-based teaching and the principle of cooperative learning. The evaluation covered 5 academic courses (September 2004 to July 2009) in which the population of students registered in these courses was involved. The final academic results of the practical lab classes as well as the retention of acquired practical knowledge by the students reflected in the final test were analyzed; then they were compared with the historical data from the 2002-2003 academic year, using the contingency tables and the Pearson´s c2. The marks and the quality of the final exam were evaluated with Spearman´s rank correlations (r). The significant differences were considered for p< 0,05. Results: the strategy consisted of 3 basic actions: a) the approach of the problem or experimental task; b) carrying out the experiment; c) control and evaluation of the process. During the evaluative period, the marks and the quality of the practical lab classes were stable and significantly higher than those of the 2002-2003 course. At the same time, there was lower frequency of mistakes in the final test of the subject in terms of contents related to practical objectives (p< 0,001). Conclusions: the educational strategy encouraged the teamwork, and favoured the academic performance and the retention of knowledge about the practical essentials of the subject.

Evaluación de una estrategia docente para las prácticas de laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica en Medicina / Evaluation of a teaching strategy for lab practices of medical microbiology and parasitology in Medicine

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una estrategia didáctica diseñada para las clases prácticas de laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, en la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina. Métodos: la estrategia didáctica se sustentó en la enseñanza basada en problemas y el principio del aprendizaje cooperativo. La evaluación abarcó 5 cursos académicos (septiembre 2004 a julio 2009) e incluyó a la población de estudiantes matriculados en dichos cursos. Se analizaron los resultados docentes alcanzados en las clases prácticas de laboratorio y la retención de los conocimientos prácticos adquiridos por los estudiantes en la prueba final de la asignatura, los que se compararon con los datos históricos del curso 2002-2003 mediante tablas de contingencia y el estadígrafo c2 de Pearson. Las calificaciones y su calidad en el examen final se evaluaron por correlación (r) por rangos de Spearman. Se consideraron las diferencias significativas para p< 0,05. Resultados: la estrategia constó de 3 acciones básicas: a) enfoque del problema o tarea experimental; b) ejecución del experimento; c) control y evaluación del proceso. Durante el periodo evaluado las calificaciones y la calidad en las clases prácticas de laboratorio se comportaron estables y fueron significativamente superiores (p< 0,001) a las alcanzadas en el curso 2002-2003. Paralelamente, se encontró una frecuencia menor de errores en la prueba final de la asignatura en contenidos que tributaron a objetivos prácticos (p< 0,001). Conclusiones: la estrategia docente aplicada potenció el trabajo grupal, favoreció el rendimiento académico y la retención de los conocimientos relacionados con las principales esencialidades prácticas de la asignatura(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of a didactic strategy designed for lab practices in Microbiology and Medical Parasitology at the Latin American Medical School. Methods: the didactic strategy was based on problem-based teaching and the principle of cooperative learning. The evaluation covered 5 academic courses (September 2004 to July 2009) in which the population of students registered in these courses was involved. The final academic results of the practical lab classes as well as the retention of acquired practical knowledge by the students reflected in the final test were analyzed; then they were compared with the historical data from the 2002-2003 academic year, using the contingency tables and the Pearson´s c2. The marks and the quality of the final exam were evaluated with Spearman´s rank correlations (r). The significant differences were considered for p< 0,05. Results: the strategy consisted of 3 basic actions: a) the approach of the problem or experimental task; b) carrying out the experiment; c) control and evaluation of the process. During the evaluative period, the marks and the quality of the practical lab classes were stable and significantly higher than those of the 2002-2003 course. At the same time, there was lower frequency of mistakes in the final test of the subject in terms of contents related to practical objectives (p< 0,001). Conclusions: the educational strategy encouraged the teamwork, and favoured the academic performance and the retention of knowledge about the practical essentials of the subject(AU)

Effect of plant sterols on the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Randomised, experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have been conducted on supplementing the daily diet with plant sterol ester-enriched milk derivatives in order to reduce LDL-cholesterol levels and, consequently, cardiovascular risk. However, clinical practice guidelines on hypercholesterolaemia state that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend their use in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia. The main objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of the intake of 2 g of plant sterol esters a day in lowering LDL-cholesterol levels in patients diagnosed with hypercholesterolaemia. The specific objectives are: 1) to quantify the efficacy of the daily intake of plant sterol esters in lowering LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and cardiovascular risk in patients with hypercholesterolaemia; 2) to evaluate the occurrence of adverse effects of the daily intake of plant sterol esters; 3) to identify the factors that determine a greater reduction in lipid levels in subjects receiving plant sterol ester supplements. METHODS/DESIGN: Randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled experimental trial carried out at family doctors' surgeries at three health centres in the Health Area of Albacete (Spain). The study subjects will be adults diagnosed with "limit" or "defined" hypercholesterolaemia and who have LDL cholesterol levels of 130 mg/dl or over. A dairy product in the form of liquid yoghurt containing 2 g of plant sterol ester per container will be administered daily after the main meal, for a period of 24 months. The control group will receive a daily unit of yogurt not supplemented with plant sterol esters that has a similar appearance to the enriched yoghurt. The primary variable is the change in lipid profile at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The secondary variables are: change in cardiovascular risk, adherence to the dairy product, adverse effects, adherence to dietary recommendations, frequency of food consumption, basic physical examination data, health problems, lipid-lowering medication, physical activity, smoking habits and socio-demographic variables. DISCUSSION: If plant sterol ester supplements were effective a sounder recommendation for the consumption of plant sterols in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia could be made.

Androgenetic alopecia and insulin resistance in young men.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have associated androgenetic alopecia (AGA) with severe young-age coronary artery disease and hypertension, and linked it to insulin resistance. We carried out a case-control study in age- and weight-matched young males to study the link between AGA and insulin resistance using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index or metabolic syndrome clinical manifestations. METHODS: Eighty young males, 18-35 years old, with AGA > or = stage III in the Hamilton-Norwood classification, and 80 weight- and age-matched controls were included. Alopecia, glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR index, lipid profile and androgen levels, as well as metabolic syndrome criteria, were evaluated. RESULTS: The HOMA-IR index was significantly higher in cases than controls. Nonobese cases had a higher mean diastolic blood pressure and a more frequent family history of AGA than nonobese controls. A borderline difference in the HOMA-IR index was found in obese AGA cases vs. obese controls [P = 0.055, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36-4.20 vs. 1.75-2.73]. Free testosterone values were significantly higher in controls than cases, regardless of body mass index (BMI). A statistically significant additive effect for obesity plus alopecia was found, with significant trends for insulin, the HOMA-IR index, lipids and free testosterone when BMI and alopecia status were used to classify the participants. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the recommendation for assessing insulin resistance and cardiovascular-related features and disorders in all young males with stage III or higher AGA, according to the Hamilton-Norwood classification.

Papilionoidea de la Sierra de Huautla, Morelos y Puebla, México (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Papilionoidea from Sierra de Huautla, Morelos and Puebla, México (Insecta: Lepidoptera). The Cuenca del Balsas region has significant biodiversity and endemicity of its herpetofauna, avifauna and vascular plants. Despite this, our knowledge of the Papilionoidea of the region is poor. We analyzed the local and temporal distribution of Papilionoidea at 24 localities in the states of Morelos and Puebla. The study sites are situated between 900 and 1300 m. a. s. l., and are composed of dry tropical forest (dtf). We recorded 8790 individuals of 83 genera and 142 species of Papilionoidea (sensu Kristensen, 1975), over 79 days of field work, with 2-4 days at each of the 24 localities. Twenty five species were newly recorded for the state of Puebla. Our data render Morelos and Puebla among the seven richest Mexican states, in terms of Papilionoidea diversity. Our results show that the Sierra de Huautla has the lowest diversity, but the highest standard abundance, compared to other Mexican regions with similar vegetation. Patterns of diversity and seasonal abundance are atypical, in that individuals of many species are unusually abundant during the wet months. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 16771716. Epub 2008 December 12.

La Cuenca del Balsas es una región singular donde se encuentra una representación significativa de la riqueza y el endemismo de la flora, la herpetofauna y la avifauna mexicanas. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento respecto a los papilionoideos (Lepidoptera), en especial aquellos asociados con la selva baja caducifolia. Aquí se presenta un estudio sobre la distribución local y temporal de los Papilionoidea de la cuenca alta en su vertiente oriental al río Balsas, en particular de la sierra de Huautla y áreas adyacentes. Se efectuaron 25 periodos de trabajo en campo para 24 localidades de sbc de los estados de Morelos y Puebla, ubicadas en altitudes entre los 900 y 1300 m. Se capturaron 8790 ejemplares que corresponden a 83 géneros y 142 especies de Papilionoidea (sensu Kristensen, 1975: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae y Lycaenidae) 18 endémicas a México, además 25 especies constituyen nuevos registros para Puebla. Con este trabajo, ambos estados se ubican entre los siete más ricos de México. En el análisis de la distribución local de la riqueza y la abundancia de los Papilionoidea, se encontró que la sierra de Huautla es la que presenta la menor riqueza con respecto a otras regiones con sbc y uno de los valores más altos de abundancia estandarizada. El Tepehuaje (Morelos) fue la localidad donde se encontraron los valores máximos de todo el estudio. La lepidopterofauna de la sierra de Huautla presenta un patrón estacional atípico de la riqueza, mientras que su abundancia tiene un comportamiento claramente estacional en el que las poblaciones de papilionoideos fueron bastante mayores durante la época húmeda.

[Papilionoidea from Sierra de Huantla, Morelos and Puebla, México (Insecta: Lepidoptera)]. / Papilionoidea de la Sierra de Huautla, Morelos y Puebla, México (Insecta: Lepidoptera).

The Cuenca del Balsas region has significant biodiversity and endemicity of its herpetofauna, avifauna and vascular plants. Despite this, our knowledge of the Papilionoidea of the region is poor. We analyzed the local and temporal distribution of Papilionoidea at 24 localities in the states of Morelos and Puebla. The study sites are situated between 900 and 1300 m. a.s.l., and are composed of dry tropical forest (dtf). We recorded 8790 individuals of 83 genera and 142 species of Papilionoidea (sensu Kristensen, 1975), over 79 days of field work, with 2-4 days at each of the 24 localities. Twenty five species were newly recorded for the state of Puebla. Our data render Morelos and Puebla among the seven richest Mexican states, in terms of Papilionoidea diversity. Our results show that the Sierra de Huautla has the lowest diversity, but the highest standard abundance, compared to other Mexican regions with similar vegetation. Patterns of diversity and seasonal abundance are atypical, in that individuals of many species are unusually abundant during the wet months.