ABSTRACT
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reduced:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 are phase II enzymes important in response to oxidative stress, such as occurs during exposure to ozone. We examined the relationship between functionally significant polymorphisms in NQO1 (Pro187Ser) and GSTM1 (homozygous deletion) and asthma risk in children with high lifetime exposure to ozone. We enrolled children with asthma from the allergy referral clinic at a public pediatric hospital in Mexico City, together with their parents. We assayed for the Pro187Ser polymorphism in NQO1 using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and for the presence of GSTM1 by polymerase chain reaction among 218 case-parent triads. We did not find strong evidence of an association between NQO1 genotype alone and asthma risk. However, among subjects with homozygous deletion of GSTM1, carriers of a serine allele were at significantly reduced risk of asthma compared with Pro/Pro homozygotes (relative risk = 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.8). The p value for difference in relative risk for NQO1 by GSTM1 genotype = 0.013. These data are consistent with a protective effect of the NQO1 Ser allele in this population of GSTM1-null children with high ozone exposure.
Subject(s)
Asthma/genetics , Glutathione Transferase/genetics , Loss of Heterozygosity/genetics , NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)/genetics , NADP/genetics , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Humans , Male , Oxidants, Photochemical/adverse effects , Ozone/adverse effects , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, with inherited predisposition. It has typical morphology and distribution. Patients generally can be controlled with the use of moisturizers and topical steroids. In severe cases, it is recommended the use of alternative management. Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressor drug which inhibit the expression of T activated cells. Many open and placebo-controlled trials have been made evaluating its use, efficacy and security, in adults and children. The results suggest an initial dose of 5-6 mg/kg per day and reducing the amount according to response (load dose and maintenance dose) at long term in order to reach complete remission after withdrawal of treatment and limit adverse effects, like renal toxicity and hypertension. The immunological changes in AD patients treated with cyclosporine include eosinophil count reduction, besides lower levels of E-selectin, and soluble CD30 (known as disease markers), but overall, it corrects the imbalance between Th1 and Th2 response present in these kinds of diseases.
Subject(s)
Cyclosporine/therapeutic use , Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Adult , Child , Clinical Trials as Topic , Cyclosporine/adverse effects , Cyclosporine/pharmacology , Cytokines/metabolism , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , Kidney Diseases/chemically induced , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Multicenter Studies as Topic , T-Lymphocytes/drug effectsABSTRACT
To evaluate whether acute effects of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulates with mass median diameter less than 10 micro m could be attenuated by antioxidant vitamin supplementation, we conducted a randomized trial using a double-blinded design. Children with asthma (n = 158) who were residents of Mexico City were randomly given a daily supplement of vitamins (50 mg/day of vitamin E and 250 mg/day of vitamin C) or a placebo and were followed from October 1998 to April 2000. Pulmonary function tests were carried out twice a week in the morning. During the follow-up observation period, the mean 1-hour maximum ozone level was 102 ppb (SD = 47), and the mean 24-hour average PM(10) level was 56.7 micro g/m(3) (SD = 27.4). In children with moderate and severe asthma, ozone levels 1 day before spirometry were inversely associated significantly with forced expiratory flow (FEF(25-75)) (-13.32 ml/second/10 ppb; p = 0.000), FEV(1) (-4.59 ml/10 ppb; p = 0.036), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) (-15.01 ml/second/10 ppb; p = 0.04) in the placebo group after adjusting for potential confounding factors. No association between ozone and lung functions was observed in the supplement group. We observed significant differences in lung function decrements between groups for FEF(25-75) and PEF. Our results suggest that supplementation with antioxidants might modulate the impact of ozone exposure on the small airways of children with moderate to severe asthma.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Ascorbic Acid/administration & dosage , Asthma/therapy , Vitamin E/administration & dosage , Asthma/physiopathology , Child , Dietary Supplements , Double-Blind Method , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Nitrogen Dioxide/adverse effects , Ozone/adverse effects , Reference Values , Respiratory Function Tests , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The food-induced eosinophilic proctocolitis is a major cause of blood-tinged stools and appears in the first two months of life. The infant is generally described as well, but the clinical features and laboratory results are often nonspecific. We present an early infant with fresh blood stools at 50 days. The colonoscopy and biopsy of the rectum and lower sigmoid revealed lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of the submucose and eosinophil infiltration (40 to 50 per high power field) of the lamina propria and intraepithelial. Elimination of the offending protein from the diet, through the use of an extensively hydrolyzed casein-based formula and soy, lead to clinical resolution of bleeding at 48 hours. We made a review of the case.
Subject(s)
Colitis/etiology , Eosinophilia/etiology , Food Hypersensitivity/complications , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Infant Food/adverse effects , Proctitis/etiology , Food Hypersensitivity/diet therapy , Humans , Infant , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Male , Milk Proteins/administration & dosage , Pseudolymphoma/etiology , Pseudolymphoma/pathology , Soybean Proteins/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Antecedentes: el asma es el padecimiento crónico de las vías respiratorias más frecuente de la edad pediátrica. Material y método: estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, doble ciego, al azar con 40 pacientes (divididos en dos grupos) con crisis asmática con edades de 8 a 15 años. A todos se les realizaron pruebas de funcionamiento pulmonar efectuadas de manera basal y posterior a la inhalación del medicamento. Los medicamentos se administraron en dos inhalaciones por tres ocasiones y con intervalos de 10 minutos entre cada dosis. Se consideró que el tratamiento fue efectivo si la mejoría de las pruebas de función pulmonar (VEF1) presentaban un incremento del 15 por ciento de su valor inicial. Resultados: para cada una de las pruebas realizadas en los diferentes tiempos se encontraron incrementos significativos en VEF1 (p <0.05) en ambos grupos comparados con la basal y permanecieron significativos hasta ocho horas después de la administración de ambos esquemas terapéuticos. Conclusión: el efecto broncodilatador del salbutamol solo y en combinación con bromuro de ipratropio es similar en intensidad y en tiempo de acción demostrado por el VEF1.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacokinetics , Asthma/drug therapy , Ipratropium/pharmacokinetics , Albuterol/pharmacokinetics , Respiratory Tract Diseases/drug therapyABSTRACT
Las sibilancias son un síntoma común en lactantes, especialmente cuando padecen infecciones del aparato respiratorio. Son comunes en 75 a 85 por ciento de los niños, quienes tienen sibilancias durante alguna etapa de su desarrollo entre los 2 a 5 años de edad. Pueden relacionarse con tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo, exposición al humo del tabaco en la etapa posterior al nacimiento, exposición a factores ambientales y ciertas infecciones virales. Las sibilancias en pacientes con atopia quizá se relacionen con una IgE dos desviaciones estándar por arriba de lo normal y persistan como asma en etapas tardías. La sibilancia es una afección sindromática por lo que es obligatorio buscar el factor desencadenante para llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo
Subject(s)
Asthma/diagnosis , Infant , Respiratory Sounds/diagnosis , Respiratory Sounds/physiopathology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo. Determinar la obstrucción del flujo aéreo por flujimetría posterior a la aplicación de pruebas cutáneas específicas (dermathophagoides pteronisinnus), en niños sensibles a éste. Material y método. Se estudiaron 44 pacientes de uno y otro sexo con diagnóstico de asma y antecedente de sensibilidad al ácaro Dermathophagoides pteronisinnus mediante pruebas cutáneas por prick, con una edad promedio de 6 a 16 años, captados de la consulta externa del servicio de alergia del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Es un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, ciego cruzado, en el que previamente se hizo una prueba de reto con antígeno estandarizado de Dermatophagoides pteronisinnus o glicerina, previa lectura de flujimetría. Resultados. De los pacientes retados con antígeno en 23 hubo descenso del flujo espiratorio máximo, con una p<0.05, pero sin significado clínico. Cuando se retaron con placebo sólo disminuyó en siete pacientes el flujo espiratorio máximo, también estadísticamente significativo, pero sin relevancia clínica. Conclusión. Las pruebas cutáneas son una herramienta útil en alergia y seguras, pues casi no producen reacciones sistémicas graves
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Forced Expiratory Flow Rates , Hypersensitivity/physiopathology , Mites , Skin TestsABSTRACT
Background. Previous reports have shown that undernourished children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a poorer long-term survival as compared withchildren with normal nourishment status. It has been shown that both the relapse and mortality rates of undernourished children with ALL are higher during the continuation phase of the chemotherapy and are apparently related to a poor tolerance of ablative chemotherapy. No previous artichles have analyzed the aerly mortality rate of these patients. Methods. We carried out a case-control study, and have studied the effect of severe malnutrition on the mortality of 17 children with ALL during the initial induction-to-remission phase of the treatment. These 17 cases were compared with 76 controls who had survived at least the phases of induction and consolidation. Results. It was found that the chance of dying during the initial phase of the treatment was 2.6 times higher (confidence interval 95 percent: 0.55-11.89) in undernourished children with ALL than in those children with normal nourishment status. The risk of death increades with the severity of undernorisment (p= 0.04). Conclusions. These data confirm the prognostic value of malnutrition in children with ALL and suggest that undernourishment may also influence aerly mortality during the induction-to-remission phase of the treatment
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/complications , Disease Progression , Remission Induction , Child Nutrition Disorders/etiology , Case-Control Studies , PrognosisABSTRACT
Introducción. El asma es la enfermedad crónica más frecuente de la infancia, de etiología múltiple, la cual se caracteriza por: hiperreactividad bronquial, obstrucción de las vías aéreas, tos sibilancias y dificultad respiratoria. En el diagnóstico diferencial hay que descartar patología extrapulmonar como cardiopatía, debido a la interrelación entre el sistema pulmonar y cardiovascular. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un escolar femenino que durante la infancia presentó cuadros de sibilancias y falta de aire catalogados como crisis asmática pero que con estudios de estensión se le detectó coartación de aorta sin otros defectos. Después de ser corregida quirúrgicamente, los eventos de sibilancias desaparecieron encontrándose asintomática a los 5 años de seguimiento. Conclusión. Se considera importante la presentación de este caso ya que el cuadro de tos, sibilancias y falta de aire se diagnostica comúnmente como asma, que por su frecuencia hace que el clínico no busque, ante lo que considera evidente, otro diagnóstico o causa de dicho cuadro
