Cuidados perinatales del prematuro moderado y tardío en España. Impacto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 / Perinatal care of moderate and late preterm in Spain. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

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[Follow-up recommendations for the late preterm infant]. / Recomendaciones de seguimiento del prematuro tardío.

The population of late preterm infants (PT), those born between 34+0 and 36+6 weeks of gestation, accounts for 70-74% of all premature infants, and is not specifically included in most of the follow-up protocols for preterm infants. For many years, PTs have been handled as if they were term newborns, which has led to a limited knowledge of their outcome in the medium and long term. Their neonatal morbidity is associated with a higher incidence of postnatal complications, with an increased rate of hospital re-admissions due to malnutrition, hyperbilirubinaemia, and respiratory problems, when compared to term infants. Cerebral immaturity may be the main cause of the deficits observed in the long-term neurodevelopment of this population, making them more vulnerable. Several issues have been described, such as delays or disabilities in the pre-school stage, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, intellectual disability, schizophrenia, and psychological development of behavioural and emotional disorders. The SEN34-36 Group of the Spanish Society of Neonatology, in collaboration with the Spanish Association of Primary Care Paediatrics, have developed these follow-up recommendations with the main objective of reducing the impact of prematurity on PT development. The secondary objectives of the document are to make neonatologists and paediatricians aware of the risks of sequelae of PTs, to determine and unify the evaluations and / or interventions that should be carried out, to offer clinical follow-up tools for the early detection of developmental delays, and to coordinate the care by all the professionals involved.

Recomendaciones de seguimiento del prematuro tardío / Recommendations for the follow-up of the late preterm infant

La prematuridad continúa siendo la primera causa de morbimortalidad neonatal e infantil y constituye uno de los problemas de salud más importantes, sobre todo en la sociedad industrializada. La población de prematuros tardíos, que incluye a los niños nacidos entre las 340 y 366 semanas de edad gestacional, representa el 70-74% de todos los prematuros. Los prematuros tardíos presentan mayor incidencia de patología comparados con los recién nacidos a término y no solo en el periodo neonatal sino también durante la infancia, con unas mayores tasas de rehospitalización y consulta a los servicios de urgencias, un mayor riesgo de infecciones, de fallo de medro, de problemas respiratorios y de trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Nuestro objetivo debe ser poder realizar diagnósticos e intervenciones precoces, principalmente a nivel del neurodesarrollo, que multiplicarán la probabilidad de buena evolución. En esta línea, desde el grupo de trabajo SEN34-36 de la Sociedad Española de Neonatología, en colaboración con la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria, se ha desarrollado este documento de Recomendaciones de seguimiento del prematuro tardío, con el objetivo de sensibilizar a pediatras y neonatólogos de las patologías en las que los prematuros tardíos presentan mayor riesgo y sobre las que debemos focalizar nuestra atención, facilitando una guía de trabajo a los profesionales implicados en el seguimiento de este grupo de prematuros

Prematurity continues to be the leading cause of neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality and stands as one of the most important health problems, especially in industrialized countries. Late preterm infants are those born between 34 and 36 weeks of gestational age and represent 70-74% of all premature births. Late preterm infants show a higher incidence of pathology compared to term infant and not only in the neonatal period but also during childhood, with higher rates of hospital readmissions and visits to emergency services, an increased risk of infections, of failure to thrive, respiratory problems and neurodevelopmental disorders. Our objective will be to anticipate diagnoses and apply early interventions, mainly at the level of neurodevelopment, which will increase the likelihood of better outcomes. In this line, from the working group SEN34-36 of the Spanish Society of Neonatology and in collaboration with the Spanish Association of Pediatrics of Primary Care, this document of Recommendations for the follow-up of the late preterm infant has been edited in order to raise awareness among pediatricians and neonatologists about the most common pathologies in these babies, and on which we must focus our attention, thereby providing a working guide to the professionals involved in the follow-up of this group of premature infants

Prematuro tardío en España: experiencia del Grupo SEN34-36 / Late preterm infants in Spain: Experience of the 34-36 Neonatal Group

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los prematuros tardíos (PT) (34-36 semanas de gestación) son el grupo más amplio de prematuros y menos estudiado hasta ahora. Para mejorar sus cuidados y disminuir el impacto de su mayor morbimortalidad, es primordial conocer su realidad en nuestro país. Población y método: Se recogen prospectivamente variables clínico-epidemiológicas de la población de PT de 34 hospitales participantes, desde el 1 de abril del 2011 al 31 de marzo del 2016. Se comparan con las de la base de datos Conjunto Mínimo de Datos Perinatales para nacidos a término. RESULTADOS: Se estudia a 9.121 PT, el 21,7% de 34, el 30,8% de 35 y el 47,5% de 36 semanas de gestación. Falleció el 2,8‰. El 27,7% fueron embarazos múltiples, el 47,1% identificó enfermedades maternas y el 41,4% patología gestacional. Nacieron por cesárea el 47,9%, el 18,8% de origen no conocido o injustificado. En un 29% no se encontró causa conocida de prematuridad y el 3,1% se reconoció como injustificada. Lactancia materna en el 47%. El 58,6% precisó ingreso en neonatología, el 15,2% en UCIN. El 46,2% codificó algún diagnóstico, los más frecuentes: ictericia (43,5%), hipoglucemia (30%) y trastornos respiratorios (28,7%). CONCLUSIONES: La numerosa muestra de PT estudiada nos ayuda a poner en relieve la mayor morbimortalidad neonatal que presenta esta población y la ineludible relación de su incidencia con la multiparidad, el envejecimiento materno y las aún numerosas inducciones de parto y cesáreas electivas no justificadas

INTRODUCTION: Late preterm (LP) infants (34 -36 weeks of gestation) are the largest group of preterm infants and also the least studied so far. In order to improve their care and reduce the impact of their increased morbidity and mortality, it is essential to know the current situation in Spain. Population and method: Clinical-epidemiological variables of the LP population of 34 participating hospitals were prospectively collected from 1 April 2011 to 31 March 2016, and were then compared with the Minimum Perinatal Data Set for term births in the database. RESULTS: Of the 9,121 LP studied, 21.7% of 34, 30.8% of 35, and 47.5% of 36 weeks of gestation. The mortality rate was 2.8%. More than one-quarter (27.7%) were multiple pregnancies. Maternal disease were identified in 47.1% and 41.4% were pathological gestation. Just under half (47.9%) were by Caesarean section and 18.8% were of unknown origin or unjustified. No known cause of prematurity was found in 29%, and 3.1% were recognized as unjustified?caesarean?. Just under half (47%) of the LP were breastfed, and 58.6% required admission to neonatology, with 15.2% to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Coded diagnoses were recorded in 46.2%, with the most frequent being jaundice, 43.5%, hypoglycaemia, 30%, and respiratory disorders with 28.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The large sample of LP studied helps us to highlight the higher neonatal mortality and morbidity that this population suffers and the unavoidable relationship of its incidence with multiparity, maternal aging, and the still numerous inductions of labour and unjustified elective caesareans

[Late preterm infants in Spain: Experience of the 34-36 Neonatal Group]. / Prematuro tardío en España: experiencia del Grupo SEN34-36.

INTRODUCTION: Late preterm (LP) infants (34 -36 weeks of gestation) are the largest group of preterm infants and also the least studied so far. In order to improve their care and reduce the impact of their increased morbidity and mortality, it is essential to know the current situation in Spain. POPULATION AND METHOD: Clinical-epidemiological variables of the LP population of 34 participating hospitals were prospectively collected from 1 April 2011 to 31 March 2016, and were then compared with the Minimum Perinatal Data Set for term births in the database. RESULTS: Of the 9,121 LP studied, 21.7% of 34, 30.8% of 35, and 47.5% of 36 weeks of gestation. The mortality rate was 2.8%. More than one-quarter (27.7%) were multiple pregnancies. Maternal disease were identified in 47.1% and 41.4% were pathological gestation. Just under half (47.9%) were by Caesarean section and 18.8% were of unknown origin or unjustified. No known cause of prematurity was found in 29%, and 3.1% were recognized as unjustified?caesarean?. Just under half (47%) of the LP were breastfed, and 58.6% required admission to neonatology, with 15.2% to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Coded diagnoses were recorded in 46.2%, with the most frequent being jaundice, 43.5%, hypoglycaemia, 30%, and respiratory disorders with 28.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The large sample of LP studied helps us to highlight the higher neonatal mortality and morbidity that this population suffers and the unavoidable relationship of its incidence with multiparity, maternal aging, and the still numerous inductions of labour and unjustified elective caesareans.

Etiologic and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children from Extremadura in Spain. Their relationship with insulin resistance and plasma adipocytokine levels.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate etiologic and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children from Extremadura, Spain, and their relationship with insulin resistance and plasma adipocytokine levels. METHODS: The study included 373 children (age, 3-13 years) who were randomly selected from schools in the city and province of Badajoz and from two health centers in the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura. RESULTS: Some 9.5% of children were obese. Compared with normal weight children, obese children exhibited a greater weight gain in the first year of life (7.3+/-1.5 kg vs. 6.3+/-0.8 kg), were less physically active (9.6+/-7.2 h/week vs. 13.1+/-8.1 h/week), and had more screen time (18.0+/-12.4 h/week vs. 12.8+/-8.2 h/week), a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (46.0+/-11.4 mg/dL vs. 64.6+/-22.9 mg/dL), higher arterial systolic pressure (102.3+/-8.5 mmHg vs. 89.9+/-13.4 mmHg), increased insulin resistance (6.2+/-3.6 vs. 4.6+/-4.5), a higher level of leptinemia (24.8+/-13.8 ng/mL vs. 12.9+/-10.8 ng/mL) and a lower level of adiponectinemia (8.4+/-5.7 microg/mL vs. 15.6+/-7.9 microg/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that there is a relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and the development of insulin resistance and altered adipocytokines levels in obese children, and that these changes are related to a number of cardiovascular risk factors.

Factores etiológicos y de riesgo cardiovascular en niños extremeños con obesidad. Su relación con la resistencia a la insulina y la concentración plasmática de adipocitocinas / Etiologic and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children from extremadura in Spain. Their relationship with insulin resistance and plasma adipocytokine levels

Introducción y objetivos. Se estudian factores etiológicos y de riesgo cardiovascular en niños extremeños obesos y su relación con la resistencia a la insulina y la concentración plasmática de adipocitocinas. Métodos. Se estudió a 373 niños (de 3 a 13 años de edad) seleccionados aleatoriamente en colegios de Badajoz capital y provincia y en dos centros de salud de la Comunidad de Extremadura. Resultados. Un 9,5% de los niños eran obesos. Respecto a los normopesos, en los obesos el incremento de peso al primer año de vida estaba aumentado (7,3 ± 1,5 frente a 6,3 ± 0,8 kg), la actividad física total estaba disminuida (9,6 ± 7,2 frente a 13,1 ± 8,1 h/semana), el tiempo de pantalla estaba aumentado (18 ± 12,4 frente a 12,8 ± 8,2 h/semana), el colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad estaba disminuido (46 ± 11,4 frente a 64,6 ± 22,9 mg/dl), la presión arterial sistólica estaba aumentada (102,3 ± 8,5 frente a 89,9 ± 13,4 mmHg), la resistencia a la insulina estaba aumentada (6,2 ± 3,6 frente a 4,6 ± 4,5), la leptinemia estaba aumentada (24,8 ± 13,8 frente a 12,9 ± 10,8 ng/ml) y la adiponectinemia estaba disminuida (8,4 ± 5,7 frente a 15,6 ± 7,9 mg/ml). Conclusiones. Se muestra la relación entre sedentarismo y desarrollo de insulinorresistencia y alteraciones de la concentración de adipocitocinas en la obesidad infantil y su relación con algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular (AU)

Introduction and objectives. The aim was to investigate etiologic and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children from Extremadura, Spain, and their relationship with insulin resistance and plasma adipocytokine levels. Methods. The study included 373 children (age, 3-13 years) who were randomly selected from schools in the city and province of Badajoz and from two health centers in the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura. Results. Some 9.5% of children were obese. Compared with normal weight children, obese children exhibited a greater weight gain in the first year of life (7.3±1.5 kg vs. 6.3±0.8 kg), were less physically active (9.6±7.2 h/week vs. 13.1±8.1 h/week), and had more screen time (18.0±12.4 h/week vs. 12.8±8.2 h/week), a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (46.0±11.4 mg/dL vs. 64.6±22.9 mg/dL), higher arterial systolic pressure (102.3±8.5 mmHg vs. 89.9±13.4 mmHg), increased insulin resistance (6.2±3.6 vs. 4.6±4.5), a higher level of leptinemia (24.8±13.8 ng/mL vs. 12.9±10.8 ng/mL) and a lower level of adiponectinemia (8.4±5.7 mg/mL vs. 15.6±7.9 mg/mL). Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate that there is a relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and the development of insulin resistance and altered adipocytokines levels in obese children, and that these changes are related to a number of cardiovascular risk factors (AU)