Big Five traits predict stress and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence for the role of neuroticism.

The rapid outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected citizens' daily lives in an unprecedented way. To curb the spread of the pandemic, governments have taken numerous measures such as social distancing and quarantine, which may be associated with psychological consequences, namely stress and loneliness globally. To understand differential associations of personality traits with psychological consequences of COVID-19, we utilize data from a sample of 99,217 individuals from 41 countries collected as part of the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey. Data were analyzed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel regression models. Findings showed that while some of the associations were rather weak, Big Five personality traits were significantly associated with perceived stress and loneliness during the pandemic. Our study illustrates that neuroticism especially can be a vulnerability factor for stress and loneliness in times of crisis and can contribute to detection of at-risk individuals and optimization of psychological treatments during or after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Higher Cognitive Reserve Is Associated with Better Working Memory Performance and Working-Memory-Related P300 Modulation.

This study aims to examine how two levels of cognitive reserve, as evidenced by reading syntactic skill, modify performance and neural activity in a two-load-level (high vs. low) working memory (WM) task. Two groups of participants with different reading skills, high and low, were obtained from clustering analysis. We collected the P300 event-related potential component during the performance of the WM Sternberg task. The high reading performance (HRP) group showed a higher percentage of correct answers than the low reading performance (LRP) group in the negative probes of the WM task, which were probe stimuli not included in the memory set presented immediately before. Both groups showed P300 amplitude modulations, that is, larger WM-related P300 amplitudes for low than for high WM loads. Following the behavioral results, the HRP group displayed smaller WM-related amplitude modulations than the LRP group in the negative probes. The findings together suggest that higher levels of reading skill are associated with improved neural efficiency, which reflects in a better working memory performance.

Social engagement as a measurement of cognitive reserve and how it relates to different cognitive skills in college students / Compromisso social como medida de reserva cognitiva e sua relação com diferentes processos cognitivos em jovens universitários / Compromiso social como medida de reserva cognitiva y su relación con distintos procesos cognitivos en jóvenes universitarios

Abstract Greater social engagement is commonly associated with more efficient cognitive processing, as it improves cognitive reserve. The aim of this research is to assess the relationship between social engagement (in the dimensions of social contact, support and conflict) and certain cognitive skills (cognitive flexibility, planning, verbal fluency, processing speed, and verbal comprehension) in young college students. This cross-sectional rank correlation study was carried out in a sample of 49 college students. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed relationship between: social contact and verbal fluency (r = -.299, p = .037); social support and planning (r = .368, p = .009); and social conflict and processing speed (r = .306, p = .032). The results outline a measurable relationship between social engagement and certain cognitive skills, even when said results are not entirely conclusive. Thus, the need for more detailed studies on these processes becomes clear.

Resumo A literatura científica indica que um maior compromisso social está relacionado com um pensamento cognitivo mais eficiente, devido ao fato de que tal compromisso aumenta a reserva cognitiva. Levando isso em consideração, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi identificar a relação existente entre o compromisso social (em suas dimensões de contato, apoio e conflito social) e alguns processos cognitivos (como flexibilidade mental, planejamento, fluidez verbal, velocidade de processamento e compreensão verbal) em jovens universitários. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo correlacional com um desenho transversal em uma amostra de 49 estudantes. A análise de correlação de Spearman revelou correlações entre contato social e fluidez verbal (r = -.299, p = .037), apoio social e planejamento (r = .368, p = .009) e conflito social e velocidade de processamento (r = .306, p = .032). Esses resultados constituem uma associação entre o compromisso social e algumas funções cognitivas. Apesar dos resultados não serem completamente conclusivos, fica clara a necessidade de um estudo mais detalhado desses processos.

Resumen La literatura científica indica que un mayor compromiso social se relaciona con un procesamiento cognitivo más eficiente, debido a que dicho compromiso incrementa la reserva cognitiva. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar la relación existente entre el compromiso social (en sus dimensiones de contacto, apoyo y conflicto social) y algunos procesos cognitivos (como flexibilidad mental, planeación, fluidez verbal, velocidad de procesamiento y comprensión verbal) en jóvenes universitarios. Para esto, se realizó un estudio correlacional con un diseño transversal en una muestra de 49 estudiantes. El análisis de correlación de Spearman reveló correlaciones entre contacto social y fluidez verbal (r = -.299, p = .037), apoyo social y planeación (r = .368, p = .009), y conflicto social y velocidad de procesamiento (r = .306, p = .032). Estos resultados perfilan una asociación entre el compromiso social y algunas funciones cognitivas. A pesar de que los resultados no son del todo concluyentes, queda claro que se necesita de un estudio más detallado de estos procesos.

Verbal fluency in Mexican Spanish-speaking subjects with high educational level: Ranking of letters and semantic categories.

Introduction: Verbal fluency tasks are useful tools in clinical practice and research studies across languages and contexts, but specific data obtained using Spanish phonological tasks and semantic tasks with different levels of difficulty are lacking. The present study aimed to determine the difficulty level of a phonological tasks and semantic tasks among Spanish-speakers. Method: Both tasks were ordered across five difficulty levels based on the frequency of use in Mexican Spanish (phonological) and the number of elements given by a group of participants (semantic). One hundred healthy Mexican Spanish-speaking participants (aged 24-63 years; 55 females) were presented with five phonological and five semantic categories. The participants also underwent a neuropsychological test and sociodemographic interview. The number of words correctly produced in each category within one minute was calculated. An ANOVA and a Kruskal-Wallis analysis were conducted in order to know if there were different levels of difficulty in the tasks. Additionally, correlation analyzes were performed to test the effect of the sociodemographic and cognitive variables on the participants' responses. Results: According to the analyzes, there were different levels of difficulty in the categories; P was the easiest and O was the most difficult category in the phonological tasks, and body parts and precious stones were the easiest and most difficult, respectively, in the semantic tasks. Age had a negative correlation with four-legged animals and a positive correlation with O; Positive correlations were also found between education and professions, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages; and between IQ and D, N, musical instruments, sports, vegetables, and trees. Conclusions: Both tasks offer categories with different level of difficulty based on the performance of a highly educated Mexican population. These data may be useful for clinical and research purposes.

Principales efectos de la reserva cognitiva sobre diversas enfermedades: una revisión sistemática / Main effects of cognitive reserve on different disorders: A systematic review

Introducción: Se considera la reserva cognitiva (RC) como la optimización de los recursos cerebrales al emplear redes neuronales y estrategias cognitivas alternativas. Se piensa que la RC es una explicación plausible a un mecanismo potencial que permite al cerebro compensar deficiencias, ya sean causadas por el deterioro cerebral o por el declive funcional. Objetivo: Analizar la información de la literatura científica acerca de los efectos de la RC sobre variables clínicas y cognitivas en pacientes con diversas enfermedades distintas a las demencias. Desarrollo: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases PubMed/Medline y ScienceDirect de artículos que evaluaran la influencia de la RC sobre variables clínicas y cognitivas en pacientes con enfermedades distintas a las demencias, incluyendo estudios empíricos con diseño longitudinal/transversal y observacional/cuasiexperimental. Se incluyeron 107 artículos. Resultados: Mayores niveles de RC se relacionan con un menor deterioro cognitivo en una gran variedad de trastornos y con una mejor recuperación en pacientes con enfermedad neurológica, psiquiátrica, infecciosa, cáncer, etc. También hay evidencia sobre el papel de la RC como factor protector para el retraso en el desarrollo de enfermedades neurológicas, neuropsiquiátricas, infecciosas, etc. Limitaciones: Podría existir más bibliografía, pues solo exploramos 2 bases. Conclusión: Una aproximación a la RC podría estar constituida por un conjunto de variables (cognitivas, demográficas, físicas, etc.) que parecen influir de manera importante sobre aspectos cognitivos, clínicos y funcionales de diversas enfermedades. Se subraya la necesidad de investigar a profundidad el papel de la RC en el proceso de recuperación y como factor protector en diferentes dolencias

Introduction: Cognitive reserve (CR) is considered as an optimisation of brain resources by using alternative neural networks and cognitive strategies. It is suggested that CR is a plausible explanation of a potential mechanism that allows the brain to compensate deficiencies caused either by brain damage or functional decline. Objective: To analyse the information from scientific literature about the effects of CR on clinical and cognitive variables of patients affected by disorders other than dementia. Development: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline and ScienceDirect databases. A review was performed on articles that assessed the influence of CR in clinical and cognitive variables associated with disorders other than dementia. Empirical, longitudinal/transactional, and observational/quasi-experimental design studies were considered. The study finally included 107 research papers that fulfilled the established criteria. Results: Higher CR levels were associated with lower cognitive impairment in a wide variety of disorders, as well as with a better recovery on neurological, psychiatric or infectious conditions. Moreover, there is evidence on the CR role as a protective factor that could delay the development of neurological, neuropsychiatric, or infectious disorders. Limitations: As only 2 databases were searched, there may be more literature references on CR. Conclusion: CR proxies constitute a set of variables (cognitive, demographic, physical, etc.) that may have a significant influence on cognitive, clinical and functional aspects of different disorders. The need to conduct more research about the role of CR in the recovery process and as a protective factor in different disorders is highlighted

Event-related brain potentials during a semantic priming task in children with learning disabilities not otherwise specified.

Learning disabilities (LDs) are the most common psychiatric disorders in children. LDs are classified either as "Specific" or "Learning Disorder Not Otherwise Specified". An important hypothesis suggests a failure in general domain process (i.e., attention) that explains global academic deficiencies. The aim of this study was to evaluate event-related potential (ERP) patterns of LD Not Otherwise Specified children with respect to a control group. Forty-one children (8-10.6 years old) participated and performed a semantic judgment priming task while ERPs were recorded. Twenty-one LD children had significantly lower scores in all academic skills (reading, writing and arithmetic) than twenty controls. Different ERP patterns were observed for each group. Control group showed smaller amplitudes of an anterior P200 for unrelated than related word pairs. This P200 effect was followed by a significant early N400a effect (greater amplitudes for unrelated than related word pairs; 350-550 ms) with a right topographical distribution. By contrast, LD Not Otherwise Specified group did not show a P200 effect or a significant N400a effect. This evidence suggests that LD Not Otherwise Specified children might be deficient in reading, writing and arithmetic domains because of their sluggish shifting of attention to process the incoming information.

Magnetoencefalografía: mapeo de la dinámica espaciotemporal de la actividad neuronal / Magnetoencephalography: mapping the spatiotemporal dynamics of neuronal activity

La magnetoencefalografía es una técnica de neuroimagen no invasiva que mide, con gran exactitud temporal, los campos magnéticos en la superficie de la cabeza producidos por corrientes neuronales en regiones cerebrales. Esta técnica es sumamente útil en la investigación básica y clínica, porque además permite ubicar el origen de la actividad neural en el cerebro. En esta revisión se abordan aspectos básicos de la biofísica del método y se discuten los hallazgos sobre procesos como la percepción del habla, la atención auditiva y la integración de la información visual y auditiva, que son importantes en la investigación. Igualmente, se ilustran sus ventajas, sus limitaciones y las nuevas tendencias en la investigación con magnetoencefalografía.

Magnetoencephalography is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures the magnetic fields on the surface of the head --produced by neuronal currents in brain regions -- and provides highly accurate temporal information. Magnetoencephalography is extremely useful in basic and clinical research as it can also locate the sources of neural activity in the brain. This review chiefly approaches biophysics-related aspects of the method; findings are also discussed on issues such as speech perception, auditory attention and integration of visual-auditory information, which are quintessential in this type of research. Lastly, this review discusses the benefits and limitations of magnetoencephalography and outlines new trends in research with this technique.