SHBG gene polymorphisms and their influence on serum SHBG, total and free testosterone concentrations in men.

CONTEXT: Genetic variation in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) structure may affect estimates of sex steroid exposure by altering the affinity of the protein for its ligand. Consequently, free hormone calculations assuming constant binding affinity may, for certain genetic variations, lead to incorrect diagnoses if genetic variation is not taken into consideration. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of genetic variation in SHBG on calculated and measured serum free testosterone (T) in men. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based sibling-pair study in 999 healthy men aged 25 to 45 (mean: 34.5) years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Genotyping using microarray (Illumina®) for SNPs suggested to affect binding affinity and/or concentration of SHBG or T. SHBG concentrations were measured using immunoassay and in a subset (n = 32) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Total T was measured using LC-MS/MS. Free T was calculated and in a subset (n = 314) measured directly using LC-MS/MS after equilibrium dialysis. RESULTS: Allelic frequencies of analyzed SNPs ranged from 0.5% to 58.2%. Compared to wild-type, SHBG concentrations were lower in rs6258 heterozygotes (-24.7%; p < 0.05) and higher in rs6259 heterozygotes, rs727428 homozygotes, and carriers of rs1799941 (+10.8 to 23.1%; all p < 0.05). Total T was higher in rs727428 homozygotes and carriers of rs5934505, rs1799941and rs6259 (+3.9 to 21.4%; all p < 0.05). No clear effects on measured free T were found, except for a trend towards higher values in rs6259 homozygotes, significant for calculated free T (+18.7%; p < 0.05) in the larger global study population. CONCLUSION: In these men, analyzed SNPs were relatively prevalent and affected serum concentrations of total T and SHBG but not calculated or measured free T except for a higher trend in rs6259 homozygotes.

Physiological declines in sex steroid exposure in relation to changes in body composition in healthy men-a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Androgen levels decline from early adulthood and decreases are steeper in men with increasing body mass index. It is, however, unclear to what extent changes in other indices of body composition and metabolism associate with changes in sex steroid levels in healthy men. Therefore, this study investigated longitudinal changes in body composition and metabolic health in relation to sex steroid levels in healthy adult men. DESIGN: This is a longitudinal, population-based study. A total of 676 healthy men aged 24-46 years were measured at baseline and after ±12 years. METHODS: Serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was measured by immunoassay, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and dihydrotestosterone byliquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), calculated free T and calculated free E2 (cFE2), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. Grip strength was measured by hand-grip dynamometry. Body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography. RESULTS: Mean fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and HOMA-IR increased (all P < .001). Decreasing androgen and SHBG levels was associated with increasing FM, whereas decreasing (cF)E2 levels were associated with decreasing FM (all P < .005). Decreasing (cF)E2 levels and increasing SHBG levels associated with decreasing LM (all P < .002). Changes in sex steroid levels and HOMA-IR or grip strength were not interrelated. CONCLUSION: Aging leads to increases in FM indices and insulin resistance, whereas changes in parameters of LM are less unequivocal. In healthy adult men, physiological changes in sex steroid exposure clearly correlate with changes in adiposity but not so with lean mass, insulin resistance, or grip strength. CLINICAL TRIAL: The SIBEX study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (#NVT02997033).

Changes in Serum Testosterone and Adrenal Androgen Levels in Transgender Women With and Without Gonadectomy.

BACKGROUND: Initiating feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in transgender women causes a steep decline in serum testosterone. It is unknown if testosterone concentrations change further and whether adrenal androgen levels change during feminizing GAHT and after gonadectomy. This limits clinical decision making in transgender women with symptoms attributed to GAHT or gonadectomy. METHODS: Transgender women (n = 275) initiating estradiol and cyproterone acetate (CPA) were included at baseline, and had follow-up visits after 3 months, 12 months, and 2 to 4 years. During follow-up, 49.5% of transgender women underwent a gonadectomy. Total testosterone (TT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and androstenedione (A4) were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: After 3 months of GAHT, mean TT, calculated free testosterone (cFT), and A4 decreased by 18.4 nmol/L (95% CI, -19.4 to -17.4, P < 0.001 [ie, -97.1%]), 383 pmol/L (95% CI, -405 to -362, P < 0.001 [ie, -98.3%]), and 1.2 nmol/L (95% CI, -1.4 to -1.0, P < 0.001 [ie, -36.5%]), respectively, and remained stable thereafter. DHEA and DHEAS decreased by 7.4 nmol/L (95% CI, -9.7 to -5.1 [ie, -28.0%]) and 1.8 µmol/L (95% CI, -2.2 to -1.4 [ie, -20.1%]), respectively, after 1 year and did not change thereafter. After gonadectomy, CPA therapy is stopped, which induced no further change in TT, cFT, DHEA, DHEAS, and A4 compared with those who did not undergo gonadectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that after an initial drop, testosterone levels in transgender women remain stable. Adrenal androgens decrease in the first year of CPA and estrogen supplementation and remain unchanged after gonadectomy. Androgens did not change after gonadectomy and cessation of CPA. Correlates with clinical symptoms remain to be elucidated.

Cov-MS: A Community-Based Template Assay for Mass-Spectrometry-Based Protein Detection in SARS-CoV-2 Patients.

Rising population density and global mobility are among the reasons why pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, spread so rapidly across the globe. The policy response to such pandemics will always have to include accurate monitoring of the spread, as this provides one of the few alternatives to total lockdown. However, COVID-19 diagnosis is currently performed almost exclusively by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Although this is efficient, automatable, and acceptably cheap, reliance on one type of technology comes with serious caveats, as illustrated by recurring reagent and test shortages. We therefore developed an alternative diagnostic test that detects proteolytically digested SARS-CoV-2 proteins using mass spectrometry (MS). We established the Cov-MS consortium, consisting of 15 academic laboratories and several industrial partners to increase applicability, accessibility, sensitivity, and robustness of this kind of SARS-CoV-2 detection. This, in turn, gave rise to the Cov-MS Digital Incubator that allows other laboratories to join the effort, navigate, and share their optimizations and translate the assay into their clinic. As this test relies on viral proteins instead of RNA, it provides an orthogonal and complementary approach to RT-PCR using other reagents that are relatively inexpensive and widely available, as well as orthogonally skilled personnel and different instruments. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022550.

Metabolism of testosterone during weight loss in men with obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Men with obesity often have low total and, with increasing adiposity, also low free testosterone (T) levels, which can partially restore during weight loss. Although this is partly explained by lower sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) production and hypothalamic-pituitary downregulation, it is still not unravelled whether changes in androgen metabolism contribute to this phenomenon. Therefore, early changes in urinary excretion of T and its metabolites, during weight loss, in men with obesity are investigated. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. METHODS: Fourteen men with obesity (age 52(45-60)years, BMI 42.6(41.8-44.8)kg/m²) underwent gastric bypass surgery (GBS). Before surgery and 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year thereafter, 24 h urine and fasting serum samples were collected. Serum T and estradiol (E2) levels were analyzed using LC-MS/MS and urinary metabolites of T with GC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Already three weeks after GBS, serum SHBG and total T levels increased and remained increased as compared to baseline (all,p < 0.0125). Gonadotropins and (free) E2 levels were unchanged, serum E2/T ratio decreased (p < 0.0125). Total amount of urinary T increased non-significantly with mean increases of 53 % one year after GBS (p = 0.026). Urinary E2/T, estrone/T, 3α-androstanediol/T and androsterone/T ratios decreased after GBS (p < 0.0125). CONCLUSIONS: Restoration of circulating T levels during weight loss in this population is not only brought about by normalization of circulating SHBG levels, but increased production of and alterations in T metabolism also contribute. More specifically, relative decreases in aromatization and lower 5α-reductase activity might also be involved in restoring T levels in men with obesity.

Early Decline of Androgen Levels in Healthy Adult Men: An Effect of Aging Per Se? A Prospective Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: Androgen levels have been shown to decline in aging men. However, there is no consensus on the effect of aging, (changes in) body mass index (BMI), lifestyle factors, and intercurrent disease. OBJECTIVE: Investigating longitudinal changes in serum androgen levels in healthy men in relation to body composition, lifestyle factors, and intercurrent disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Longitudinal, population-based sibling pair study at a university research center. 999 healthy men aged 24 to 46 years of whom 691 were reevaluated after a mean period of 12 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum SHBG, LH, and FSH levels measured using immuno-assays. Testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), dihydro-testosterone (DHT), and androstenedione (Adione) measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectometry, free T calculated (cFT). RESULTS: Baseline age was 34 ±â€…6 years. Mean BMI increased by 1.19 kg/m2, T levels decreased by 14.2% (20.8 nmol/L vs. 17.8 nmol/L), cFT by 19.1% (392 pmol/L vs. 317 pmol/L), DHT by 15.6% (1.5 nmol/L vs.1.3 nmol/L), and Adione by 10.7% (3.7 nmol/L vs. 3.3 nmol/L; all P < 0.001). E2 did not change over time. SHBG increased by 3.0% (39.8 nmol/L vs. 41.0 nmol/L), LH by 5.8% (4.6 U/L vs. 4.9 U/L) and FSH by 14.7% (4.3 U/L vs. 5.1 U/L) (all P < 0.001). For T, cFT, DHT, Adione, and SHBG, these longitudinal changes persisted after adjustment for confounders (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Serum androgen levels start declining early during adult life and independently from changes in BMI and other lifestyle factors, suggesting that aging per se leads to an altered sex steroid status. Given the concurrent rise in gonadotropin levels, the decline in androgen status most likely arises from primary decrease in testicular function.

The effects of age and obesity on postprandial dynamics of serum testosterone levels in men.

OBJECTIVE: Guidelines recommend using fasting samples to evaluate testosterone (T) levels in men, as free and total T levels decrease postprandially. However, it is not clear whether these dynamics are affected by age or obesity. This could be relevant given the obesity epidemic, ageing population and the barrier for screening which fasting could impose. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 43 men underwent a solid mixed meal tolerance test. Serum samples were taken fasting, and at 30, 60 and 120 minutes postprandially. A commercial immunoassay was used to determine sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectroscopy for total T concentrations and free T levels were calculated. RESULTS: Postprandially, both total and free T were lower at all-time points compared with fasting (all, P < .005). At 60 minutes, maximum mean decreases of 15 ± 15% and 17 ± 16% were seen for total and free T levels, respectively. Younger men had greater decreases in both total and free T levels compared with men older than 40 years (all, P < .05). A greater decrease at 30 and 60 minutes postprandially was observed for both total and free T levels in nonobese vs obese men (all, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: After a mixed meal, total and free T serum levels decreased whereas SHBG levels did not change. Interestingly, postprandial decreases were less pronounced in men older than 40 years and/or with obesity. Although this study indicates less pronounced decreases in certain men, fasting samples remain a prerequisite for establishing correct diagnosis of male hypogonadism.

Prevalence of therapeutic drugs in blood of drivers involved in traffic crashes in the area of Bologna, Italy.

INTRODUCTION: Psychoactive medicines, such as benzodiazepines and Z-drugs (BdZ), antidepressants and antipsychotics (AA) and medical opioids (MO), have an impairing effect on driving ability. In previous epidemiological studies performed on impaired and/or injured drivers, not all relevant psychoactive substances were included in the toxicological assessment, and their prevalence may be underestimated. This study aims to assess the prevalence of a large set of psychoactive substances (n=53) in Italian drivers involved in a road traffic crash and in predefined population subgroups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The toxicological analyses were performed on the whole blood of 1026 drivers involved in a road traffic crash in the area of Bologna, Italy, from January 2017 to March 2018. Analyses were performed using GC-FID (alcohol), GCMS (illicit drugs) and LC/HRMS (psychoactive drugs). The population was divided into subgroups according to gender, age and crash time. Descriptive statistics were used in order to assess differences among sub-groups. RESULTS: The highest prevalence was found for alcohol (17.3%), followed by medicinal drugs (13.6%) and illicit drugs (5.5%). The prevalence of BdZ, AA and MO were 7.3%, 7.2% and 3.1%, respectively. The frequency of BDZ and AA was significantly higher in female drivers and showed higher prevalence at increasing age. The presence of medicinal drugs was significantly higher during the week and in crashes occurring during the day. CONCLUSION: Results for alcohol and illicit drugs partially overlap with those reported in previous European and Italian studies, but the prevalence of BdZ was much higher. We also found a high prevalence of AA, which are rarely investigated in epidemiological studies performed on drivers, but may cause impairment of the ability to drive, especially when taken in combination with alcohol or other drugs. The pattern of medication use differs from that involving drugs of abuse, since it is mainly observed in female subjects and older drivers and does not follow the same weekly trend observed for alcohol and other illicit drugs.

Human urine contamination with environmental pollutants: simultaneous determination using UPLC-MS/MS.

Paraben derivatives are widely used as an antifungal, antimicrobial preservative in cosmetic products, pharmaceuticals, and food. These molecules are called endocrine disruptors (EDCs). The exposure of the human body to paraben derivatives needs further study and for this purpose 200 urine samples were collected from Tunisian men and women aged between 5 and 90 years to determine three paraben derivatives: methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP) and propylparaben (PP) using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). The three major parabens were found in 95 urine samples. The obtained results indicate that MP, EP, and PP were detected in 57%, 46%, and 40% of all samples, respectively. Urinary concentration for the three parabens was in the range of 0.88-84.46 ng/mL, 0.52-29.2 ng/mL, and 0.51-28.17 ng/mL of PP, MP, and EP, respectively. In addition, the concentrations of the paraben derivatives in women were higher than those of men. These findings indicate that the exposure occurs from common products (foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals). The Tunisian authorities should control the composition of packaging of these common products in order to protect humans against EDCs.

Simultaneous determination of parabens, bisphenols and alkylphenols in human placenta by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

This study presents de development and validation of an ultra- high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of four parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-paraben (MeP, EtP, PrP, BuP), four bisphenols (BP) (BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS) and two alkylphenols (nonyl phenol (NP) and tert-octylphenol (OP) in human placenta samples. After a short sample preparation time the extracts are analysed by UHPLC-MS/MS using negative electrospray ionization. Labeled internal standards and matrix-matched calibration are used for quantification of the compounds. The method was validated according FDA guideline for bio analytical methods using spiked samples at three concentration levels (0.5-5 and 25 ng g-1). The parameters accuracy and precision fulfill the criteria. Calibration curves are linear between 0.5 and 50 ng -1. The limits of detection and quantification are in the range of 0.1-0.3 ng g-1 and 0.2-0.7 ng g-1, respectively. The applicability of the method was demonstrated on 71 human placenta samples from a Belgian cohort. The detection frequency was highest for OP (95%), EtP (86%), BPA (49%) and BPS (44%). Among the quantified compounds the highest quantification frequency was observed for OP (85%), EtP (65%) and BPA (25%). The concentrations of parabens ranged from 0.5 to 7.1 ng g-1 for MeP, from 0.5 to 4.5 ng g-1 for EtP and from 0.5 to 9.1 ng g-1 for PrP. The levels of bisphenols ranged from 0.5 to 3.9 ng g-1 for BPA, from 0.6 to 2.1 ng g-1 for BPF and from 0.8 to 1.3 ng g-1 for BPS. BPB and NP were not detected and OP levels ranged from 0.5 to 3.7 ng g g-1. The results demonstrate that the developed analytical method is very sensitive and that levels of several compounds with known /suspected endocrine disrupting properties could be detected or quantified in human placenta samples. The results therefore suggest that fetal exposure to these compounds occurs. The method will be useful for studies to evaluate the health effects associated with this prenatal exposure.

UPLC-MS/MS analysis of antibiotics in pharmaceutical effluent in Tunisia: ecotoxicological impact and multi-resistant bacteria dissemination.

The UPLC MS/MS analysis showed the presence of the two antibiotics in the pharmaceutical industry discharges during 3 months; norfloxacin and spiramycin which were quantified with the mean concentrations of 226.7 and 84.2 ng mL-1, respectively. Sixteen resistant isolates were obtained from the pharmaceutical effluent and identified by sequencing. These isolates belong to different genera, namely Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Delftia, Shewanella, and Rheinheimera. The antibiotic resistance phenotypes of these isolates were determined (27 tested antibiotics-discs). All the studied isolates were found resistant to amoxicillin and gentamicin, and 83.33% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Multiple antibiotic resistances were revealed against ß-lactams, quinolones, and aminoglycosides families. Our overall results suggest that the obtained bacterial isolates may constitute potential candidates for bioremediation and can be useful for biotechnological applications. Genotoxic effects were assessed by a battery of biotests; the pharmaceutical wastewater was genotoxic according to the bacterial Vitotox test and micronuclei test. Genotoxicity was also evaluated by the comet test; the tail DNA damages reached 38 and 22% for concentrated sample (10×) and non-concentrated sample (1×), respectively. However, the histological sections of kidney and liver's mice treated by pharmaceutical effluent showed normal histology and no visible structural effects or alterations as cytolysis, edema, or ulcerative necrosis were observed. Residual antibiotics can reach water environment through wastewater and provoke dissemination of the antibiotics resistance and induce genotoxic effects.

Persistent plasticizers and bisphenol in the cheese of Tunisian markets induced biochemical and histopathological alterations in male BALB/c mice.

Clinical evidences, experimental models, and epidemiology of many studies suggest that phthalate-based plasticizers, aliphatic ester, and bisphenol A (BPA) have major risks for humans by targeting different organs and body systems. The current study has been designed firstly to analyze three categories of cheese with and without their exposure to the sun and packed in packages with an inner surface plastic-covered film in order to identify the dibutyl phthalate (DBP); benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP); bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP); diisononyl phthalate (DiNP); and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) by GC-MS/MS, except for the bisphenol A, which is by UPLC-MS/MS, and secondly to assess the toxicity of the identified chemical molecules and cheese samples on the liver and kidney of mice. Our results showed that the cheese contains high quantities of DBP and DEHP with the concentrations up to 0.46 and 2.339 mg/kg, respectively. Other types of cheese, such as rolled and triangular cheeses, contain little quantities of the all substances at concentrations below the standard limits. In vivo, the obtained data clearly demonstrated that the acute administration of DBP, DEHP, and the tested cheese significantly induced liver and kidney injuries in mice manifested by a rise in plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine, and uric acid when compared with control animals. In addition, the histopathological study confirmed the perturbation of biochemical parameters and showed that the hepatic and renal structures were altered. Indeed, the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects are more pronounced when cheese was exposed to the sun.

Identification and risk assessment of human and veterinary antibiotics in the wastewater treatment plants and the adjacent sea in Tunisia.

In the following study, we came up with and validated a prompt, sensitive and precise method for the simultaneous determination of 56 antimicrobial drugs (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, ß-lactams, macrolides and quinolones) using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). This method was implemented with success to determine antibiotics in samples collected from four wastewater treatment plants and five coasts in Tunisia. Results showed the presence of high concentrations of antibiotics that ranged from 0.1 to 646 ng mL-1, which can induce many negative impacts on health and the environment. For this reason, we have opted to evaluate toxicity of wastewater samples using a battery of biotests. In fact, genotoxicity was assessed using three tests: Vitotox, comet and micronucleus assays. The input and output of wastewater treatment plants induced a strongly genotoxic effect on the Salmonella typhimurium TA104 prokaryotic Vitotox assay. This result was confirmed using the comet and the micronucleus assays performed on the human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The genotoxic power of the tested wastewater treatment plants' samples could be attributed to the presence of the higher quantities of antibiotics that are detected in these samples and to the antibiotic and organic compound cocktails.

Plasticizers and bisphenol A, in packaged foods sold in the Tunisian markets: study of their acute in vivo toxicity and their environmental fate.

Today, processed and packaged foods are considered as among the major sources of human exposure to plasticizers and bisphenol which migrate from plastic packing. In the present study, a wide range of food products sold on the Tunisian market such as grain and grain products, milk and dairy products, fats and oil, drink, fish, and sweets have been analyzed firstly in order to identify the presence of phthalates and bisphenol. Then, the identified chemical molecules were studied for their environmental fate and tested in vivo for its toxicity in mice models. The food products analyzed using GC-MS/MS indicated the presence of the benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINC) and which using UPLC-MS/MS demonstrated the presence of bisphenol A of all food products. However, compared to other phthalates, BBP was found at high concentrations in the puff pastry (123 mg/kg), milk (2.59 mg/kg), butter (1.5 mg/kg), yogurt (2.23 mg/kg), oil (6.94 mg/kg), water (0.57 mg/kg), candy 1 (2.35 mg/kg), candy 2 (0.81 mg/kg), orange juice (1.25 mg/kg), peach juice (1.26 mg/kg), fruit juices (0.4 mg/kg), and chocolate (0.884 mg/kg). The obtained data in vivo clearly showed that the acute administration of BBP caused hepatic and renal damage as demonstrated by an increase in biochemical parameters as well as the activities of plasma marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, urea, creatinine, and uric acid when compared to the control group. By the same occurrence, the histopathological study revealed that BBP strongly modified the structure of hepatic and renal tissues. In addition, the plasticizers and BBP will therefore discharge via wastewater treatment plants in aquatic system and could reach marine organisms such as fish. We have followed the fate of BBP in bream Sparus aurata. In fact, chemical analysis showed the contamination of wild S. aurata by BBP from Sousse Coast (1.5 mg/kg) and wild S. aurata from Monastir Coast (0.33 mg/kg).

Designation of pathogenic resistant bacteria in the Sparusaurata sea collected in Tunisia coastlines: Correlation with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of antibiotics.

Vibrio is characterized by a large number of species and some of them are human pathogens causing gastro intestinal and wound infections through the ingestion or manipulation of contaminated fishes including Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus. In this study, we reported the phenotypic and molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated from wild and farm sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) along the Tunisian coast from December 2015 to April 2016. Therefore, the antibiograms indicate a difference between farmed and wild fish. Resistance against amoxicillin antibiotic appears for the bacteria isolated from wild fish, while those from aquaculture farming presented sensitivity to amoxicillin and resistance to antibiotics colistin and fusidic acid. The chloramphenicol antibiotic exhibited a high sensitivity in all isolated bacteria. In fact, traces of amoxicillin in the organs of the fish from Hergla farm were detected by UPLC-MS/MS analysis during December 2016 to April 2016. In addition, antibiotics were detected in January 2014 with high concentration of norfloxacin 2262 ng/g in fish from Hergla coast. The results obtained in this work indicated that the use and presence of antibiotics in water impacts on the occurrence of resistant bacteria and the detection of antibiotic in fish.

Occurrence of antibiotics in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater, wastewater treatment plant and sea waters in Tunisia.

Antibiotics are among the most commonly used group of pharmaceuticals in human medicine. They can therefore reach surface and groundwater bodies through different routes, such as wastewater treatment plant effluents, surface runoff, or infiltration of water used for agricultural purposes. It is well known that antibiotics pose a significant risk to environmental and human health, even at low concentrations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of aminoglycosides and phenicol antibiotics in municipal wastewaters, sea water and pharmaceutical effluents in Tunisia. All analysed water samples contained detectable levels of aminoglycoside and phenicol antibiotics. The highest concentrations in wastewater influents were observed for neomycin and kanamycin B (16.4 ng mL(-1) and 7.5 ng mL(-1), respectively). Chloramphenicol was found in wastewater influents up to 3 ng mL(-1). It was observed that the waste water treatment plants were not efficient in completely removing these antibiotics. Chloramphenicol and florfenicol were found in sea water samples near aquaculture sites at levels up to, respectively, 15.6 ng mL(-1) and 18.4 ng mL(-1). Also aminoglycoside antibiotics were found near aquaculture sites with the highest concentration of 3.4 ng mL(-1) for streptomycin. In pharmaceutical effluents, only gentamycin was found at concentrations up to 19 ng mL(-1) over a sampling period of four months.

Ecotoxicological potential of antibiotic pollution-industrial wastewater: bioavailability, biomarkers, and occurrence in Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Environmental pollution by pharmaceutical residues has become a major problem in many countries worldwide. However, little is known about the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in water sources in Tunisia. Residues in the natural environment have been of increasing concern due to their impact on bacteria resistance development and toxicity to natural communities and ultimately to public health. In this work, we collected the wastewater sample from a pharmaceutical industry, which specializes in the antibiotics manufacture, during the years 2014-2015. Generally, this effluent is discharged into the marine environment and causes environmental problems. The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was commonly used as a model organism for its peculiar morphofunctional properties which also make it an excellent marine environmental biomonitoring species. The histological sections of mussel, which are exposed at different dilutions of pharmaceutical wastewater (PW), indicate a large pathological power revealed on the gills. On the other hand, genotoxicity of the studied effluent was evaluated using comet assay for quantification of DNA fragmentation in gill cells. Results show that PW exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.001) genotoxic effect in a dose-dependent manner. However, the toxic effects of PW decreased significantly after its treatment with Bacillus atrophaeus. Toxicities can be imputed to the presence of antibiotics. In fact, chemical analysis of the gills of mussel M. galloprovincialis using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) showed the presence of some antibiotic residues. These concentrations decrease to half in mussels treated with PW biodegraded by B. atrophaeus.

Isolation and characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from pharmaceutical industrial wastewaters.

Contamination of surface waters in underdeveloped countries is a great concern. Treated and untreated wastewaters have been discharged into rivers and streams, leading to possible waterborne infection outbreaks which may represent a significant dissemination mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes among pathogenic bacterial populations. The present study aims to determine the multi-drug resistance patterns among isolated and identified bacterial strains in a pharmaceutical wastewater effluent in north Tunisia. Fourteen isolates were obtained and seven of them were identified. These isolates belong to different genera namely, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Exiguobacterium, Delftia and Morganella. Susceptibility patterns of these isolates were studied toward commonly used antibiotics in Tunisia. All the identified isolates were found to have 100% susceptibility against colistin sulfate and 100% resistance against amoxicillin. Among the 11 antibiotics tested, six patterns of multi-drug resistance were obtained. The potential of the examined wastewater effluent in spreading multi-drug resistance and the associated public health implications are discussed.

Toxic textile dyes accumulate in wild European eel Anguilla anguilla.

Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. The presence of residues of sixteen dyes (triarylmethanes, xanthenes, phenothiazines and phenoxazines) and their metabolites was analyzed in muscle tissue samples of individual yellow-phased European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 91 locations in Belgian rivers, canals and lakes sampled between 2000 and 2009 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eel was contaminated by dyes in 77% of the sites. Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were present in 25-58% of the samples. Dye occurrence was related to the distribution of textile and dye production industries. This field study is the first large-scale survey to document the occurrence of artificial dyes in wildlife. Considering the annual amounts of dyes produced worldwide and the unintentional spillage during their use, our observations warrant additional research in other parts of the world. The presence of these highly toxic dyes in the European eel may form an additional threat to this critically endangered species. The contaminated eels should be considered as not suitable for consumption.