Morfología de la placenta en recién nacidos con defecto congénito / Morphology of the placenta in newborns with congenital defects

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el índice de madurez placentaria y las alteraciones histopatológicas en placentas de recién nacidos/óbitos con y sin defecto congénito (DC). Se realizó un estudio tipo casos y controles. Se incluyeron n=25 casos yn=50 controles sin DC. Los casos se clasificaron de acuerdo a la presencia de DC aislado (n=17) omúltiple (n=8). Se incluyeron recién nacidos/óbitos (RN) con una edad gestacional (EG) > 20 semanas. Se excluyeron embarazos gemelares. Se recolectó información sobre las características clínicas del producto y de la madre, antropometría del RN y su evaluación de APGAR. Se examinó la placenta, macroscópica y microscópicamente, para determinar la presencia y extensión de alteraciones histopatológicas. Se determinó el índice de madurez placentaria (IMP), calculado dividiendo el número de membranas vásculo sinciciales en 1 mm2 entre el grosor de las mismas (µ). El IMP (media ±DE) fue de 27.77±14 en el grupo de controles, 30.31±12 en el grupo de casos aislados y 16.76± 1 en el grupo de DC múltiple (p<0.05).El resto de las variables evaluadas no mostraron diferencias significativas entre grupos. En conclusión este trabajo muestra una menor madurez placentaria asociada con la presencia de DC múltiple.

The objective of the study was to compare the placental maturity index (PMI) and pathohistological alterations of placentas from newborn/stillborns (NB) with or without congenital defects (CD). A case control study was carried out. N=25 CD cases and n=50 controls without CD were included. Cases were classified according to the presence of simple (n=17) or multiple (n=8) CD. Newborn/stillborns with gestational age >20 weeks were included. Twin pregnancies were excluded. We collected information on clinical characteristics of the NB and the mother, NB anthropometry and APGAR score. The placenta was macro and microscopically examined to determine the presence and extension of histological alterations. The PMI was obtained by dividing the number of vasculo-syncytial membranes in 1 mm2, by their thickness (µ). The PMI (Mean ± SD) was 27.77 ± 14 in the control group, 30.31 ± 12 in the group diagnosed with simple CD, and 16.76 ± 1 in the group diagnosed with multiple CD (p<0.05. The rest of the assessed variables did not show significant difference between groups. In conclusion, this work shows a lower placental maturity associated with the presence of multiple CD.

Obesogenic phenotype of offspring of dams fed a high multivitamin diet is prevented by a post-weaning high multivitamin or high folate diet.

BACKGROUND: High multivitamin (10-fold AIN-93G, HV) diets fed during pregnancy to Wistar rats increase characteristics of metabolic syndrome in offspring when weaned to the recommended vitamin (RV) diet. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the effects of HV gestational diets on obesogenic phenotypes in the offspring arise as a consequence of altered hypothalamic control of feeding behavior and if their increased food intake could be prevented by feeding them HV or high folate (10-fold folate, HFol) diets. METHODS: Male offspring of dams fed HV diet during pregnancy weaned to RV, HV or HFol diets were compared with those born to RV dams and weaned to RV diet for 29 weeks. Food intake over 72 h and body weight were measured bi-weekly and weekly, respectively. Glucose response to a glucose load was measured at 18 weeks post weaning. Hypothalamic gene expression of feeding-related neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), insulin receptor, leptin receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), receptors for dopamine (DopaR1/2/5) and serotonin (SeroR1A/2A/2C), as well as global DNA methylation and brain and plasma folate concentrations were measured at 29 weeks post weaning. RESULTS: HV or HFol pup diets increased brain and plasma folate concentrations and prevented the increase in food intake (5%, P=0.03), body weight (8%, P=0.0006) and glucose response to a glucose load (36%, P=0.02) found in those fed the RV diet. Expression of anorexigenic POMC (P=0.004) and BDNF (P=0.02) was higher, and DopaR1 was lower (P=0.06) in pups fed the HV diet. The HFol pup diet partially brought BDNF to the control level (P=0.02) and lowered SeroR2A (P=0.008). Expression of other genes was unaffected. Global DNA methylation was similar among the diet groups. CONCLUSION: The obesogenic phenotype in offspring from HV-fed dams is prevented by feeding HV or HFol pup diets, possibly due to post-weaning modulation of food intake regulatory mechanisms.

The effect of high multivitamin diet during pregnancy on food intake and glucose metabolism in Wistar rat offspring fed low-vitamin diets post weaning.

Rat offspring born to dams fed a high multivitamin diet (HV) are shown to have increased risks of obesity and metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that a low-vitamin postweaning diet would enhance these characteristics in offspring born to HV dams. During pregnancy, Wistar rats were fed the AIN-93G diet with or without a 10-fold increase in vitamin content. In Experiment 1, at weaning, males were fed the recommended diet (RV) or a diet with 1/3 the vitamin content (1/3 RV) for 12 weeks. In Experiment 2, males and females were fed the RV diet or 1/6 RV diet for 35 weeks. Body weight was measured on a weekly basis, food intake on a daily basis, and for 1 h after an overnight fast following glucose gavage at 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Blood glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose load were measured at 30 weeks. Males from HV dams, compared with those from RV dams, gained more weight in Experiment 1 (+7%, P < 0.05) and Experiment 2 (+11%, P < 0.0001), along with higher glucose response (+33%, P < 0.05). The 1/6 RV pup diet led to lower weight gain in males (-16%, P < 0.0001) and females (-13%, P < 0.0005), and lower food intake in males (-9%, P < 0.01) independent of the gestational diet. Females on the 1/6 RV diet and from HV dams had higher 1 h food intake (+36%, P < 0.05) and lower insulin response (-25%, P < 0.05) compared with those from RV dams. Exposure of the offspring to low-vitamin diets did not amplify the expression of the metabolic syndrome observed in those born to dams fed an HV diet.

[Relationship between pregestational body mass index and body composition in the immediate puerperium]. / Relación entre el índice de masa corporal pregestacional y la composición corporal en el puerperio inmediato.

To determine the correlation between pregestational body mass index and certain body composition parameters measured by bioelectric impedance (percentage of fat weight, fat mass, and lean weight) and to compare the body composition of women in immediate puerperal period with non-pregnant women, a cross sectional study was done including 86 women in physiologic puerperal period and 90 healthy non-pregnant women, from the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, in Chihuahua, Mexico, aged 16 to 40 years old. The variables considered were the body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, percentage of fat, fat mass, lean weight, total water and bio-resistance. Body composition was measured by bioelectric impedance (BIO) from 4 to 12 hours after delivery. Correlation coefFicient for BMI and percentage of fat was r = 0.66 (p < 0.01), and for BMI and fat mass, it was r = 0.74 (p < 0.01). In non-pregnant women the total water was 35.5 +/- 5 L and in women in the immediate puerperal period 38.5 +/- 5 L (p < 0.01). In conclusion, BMI before pregnancy is a suitable predictor for body composition in the puerperal period. However, it does not discriminate important variables such as total body water, so it may be convenient to use BIA for surveillance of body composition during pregnancy.