Comparison of autogenous and commercial H9N2 avian influenza vaccines in a challenge with recent dominant virus.

BACKGROUND: Avian influenza (AI) caused by AI virus subtype H9N2 is a prevalent viral disease with enormous economic losses in poultry farms through significant respiratory and gastrointestinal manifestations. The degree of protection obtained from a vaccine strongly depends on the level of antigenic similarity between challenge and vaccine virus. AIMS: The study aimed at investigating the possible effects of continuous antigenic changes occurring in circulating Iranian viruses since 1998 on the commercial vaccines outcome by using vaccine seeds from earlier outbreaks for inhibiting viral replication in target organs of broilers challenged with the recent isolate. METHODS: Ninety broilers at one day of age were randomly allocated into 5 groups and vaccinated with autogenous or commercial vaccines (A or B). Two remaining groups consisted of challenged without vaccination and intact birds. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on the trachea and faecal samples of challenged chickens with recent H9N2 virus to determine viral load. Moreover, humoral antibodies titers were evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in H9N2 viral load in the trachea among vaccinated groups on 5 days post challenge (DPC), but on 15 DPC, the autogenous vaccine significantly lowered viral load compared to commercial vaccines (P≤0.05). No significant differences in faecal swab's viral load was observed between autogenous and commercial vaccine A, and both of them significantly inhibited viral load compared to unvaccinated group (P≤0.05). In addition, the autogenous vaccine elicited the highest HI titer. CONCLUSION: Inactivated vaccines that use isolates from previous outbreaks are no longer able to induce proper immunity against recent H9N2 viruses. It seems the time to change vaccine strains to more recent isolates that have better antigenic similarity with current circulating H9N2 viruses in the region has come.

Molecular Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Gilan Province.

Coronaviruses (AvCoV) which include infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and other bird coronaviruses belong to the genus gammacoronavirus, subfamily Coronavirinae. One of the most prominent representatives of gammacoronavirus genus is infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) which is a highly contagious viral pathogen of chickens causing considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. IBVs mostly affect the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts leading to a substantial drop in production. Backyard poultry in the villages usually share their food and water with free flight birds which puts them at serious risk of disease transmission. Furthermore, the poor hygienic measurements which are often used in backyard flocks make them a potential reservoir for diseases that can be transferred to commercial poultry flocks. Live bird markets (LBMs) which receive live poultry to be resold or slaughtered and sold onsite play a significant role in spreading infectious diseases among the different bird species. In the present study, a number of 354 cloacal swab samples were collected from different bird species from LBMs of Gilan province. Subsequently, after RNA extraction, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was carried out using specific primers of S1 gene to detect coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Two samples from backyard chickens were reported to be positive to coronavirus which were named Iran/Backyardchicken 96/2017 and Iran/Backyardchicken 94/2017. The results of the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these two isolates are placed in QX and IS-1494 strains, respectively. On a final note, the obtained results highlighted the role of live birds offered in LBMs in the epidemiology of IBV and the transmission of the virus to the industrial flock.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis in a transplant kidney.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe necrotizing infection of the kidney and its surrounding tissues. It is characterized by the production of gas within the kidney and perinephric structures. EPN often affects diabetic women but can also occur in nondiabetic patients who have ureteral obstruction and in immunocompromised patients. Herein, we report EPN in a 23-year-old woman who had a renal transplantation.