Antibacterial Properties of Ag-Cu Alloy Nanoparticles Against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Through Inhibition of Quorum Sensing Pathway and Virulence-Related Genes.

Objective: To evaluate the application of Ag-Cu NPs as quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors and attenuate virulence expression to overcome the global crisis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa. Methods: Ag-Cu NPs were synthesized by co-reduction of silver-nitrate and copper-nitrate (Ag:Cu = 1:1 0.75 µM). In this cross-sectional study, a total of eighty clinical strains of P. aeruginosa were collected from patients with burns. The antibacterial and resistance pattern of the clinical isolated was determined using the microdilution and Kirby Bauer disk methods. The effect of sub-MIC of Ag-Cu NPs on the expression of lasI, exoS and toxA in five clinical isolates of imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa was performed using qRT-PCR. Results: The characterization methods confirm the formation of the Ag-Cu alloy NPs with agglomerated spherical morphology and particle sizes of about 30-40 nm. We observed that the MIC and MBC of Ag-Cu alloy NPs against MDR P. aeruginosa was found to be 2.5 and 5 µg ml-1, respectively. The effects of a sub-inhibitory concentration of Ag-Cu NPs on MDR P. aeruginosa QS and virulence-related genes showed that the expression level of QS regulatory and virulence genes significantly decreased in both MDR P. aeruginosa and reference strain under Ag-Cu sub-MIC treatment. Conclusion: Ag-Cu NPs could be potentially used as a promising QS inhibitor and anti-virulence compound against P. aeruginosa.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIABETICS AND INTESTINAL CANCER WITH THE RISK OF MUTATION IN CD38 GENE IN IRANIAN POPULATION.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal cancer often occurs in type 2 diabetic patients. The concept of increasing insulin levels and insulin-like growth factor in the blood with type 2 diabetes are stimulated with the growth and depletion of cloned cell walls, and the continuation of this process leads to the cellular deformation. This is the evidence for intestinal cancer in type 2 diabetes in population. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to find out the relationship between diabetics and intestinal cancer based on CD38 gene mutation. METHODS: Samples were collected from 200 population including normal and case ones. PCR products related to rs 6449181 of CD38 gene was amplified with ARMS-PCR technique, and a 420-bp sharp banding was observed as well. According three ARMS-PCR techniques, three primers were designed by oligo7 software. Primers include F1, F2 and R (amplifying for normal, mutant and reverse primer respectively). RESULTS: This band was observed using a primer F1 that carries the wild type nucleotide using a primer, and when it is used with the F2 primer, it brings the mutant primer to populations of patients with diabetes and diabetes-cancer. In addition, the clinical results including body mass index, blood glucose and insulin level were analyzed. The means ±SD and Tuckey's post hoc test were significant between the clinical characterization parameters between cases and healthy populations. The allelic gene frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium between nucleotides were evaluated, and the significant level between the alleles and gene frequencies was observed. CONCLUSION: In general, the current study found that there is a relationship between diabetes and intestinal cancer among the studied populations.

Associação entre diabéticos e câncer intestinal com o risco de mutação no gene CD38 na população iraniana / Association between diabetics and intestinal cancer with the risk of mutation in cd38 gene in iranian population

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Intestinal cancer often occurs in type 2 diabetic patients. The concept of increasing insulin levels and insulin-like growth factor in the blood with type 2 diabetes are stimulated with the growth and depletion of cloned cell walls, and the continuation of this process leads to the cellular deformation. This is the evidence for intestinal cancer in type 2 diabetes in population. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to find out the relationship between diabetics and intestinal cancer based on CD38 gene mutation. METHODS: Samples were collected from 200 population including normal and case ones. PCR products related to rs 6449181 of CD38 gene was amplified with ARMS-PCR technique, and a 420-bp sharp banding was observed as well. According three ARMS-PCR techniques, three primers were designed by oligo7 software. Primers include F1, F2 and R (amplifying for normal, mutant and reverse primer respectively). RESULTS: This band was observed using a primer F1 that carries the wild type nucleotide using a primer, and when it is used with the F2 primer, it brings the mutant primer to populations of patients with diabetes and diabetes-cancer. In addition, the clinical results including body mass index, blood glucose and insulin level were analyzed. The means ±SD and Tuckey's post hoc test were significant between the clinical characterization parameters between cases and healthy populations. The allelic gene frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium between nucleotides were evaluated, and the significant level between the alleles and gene frequencies was observed. CONCLUSION: In general, the current study found that there is a relationship between diabetes and intestinal cancer among the studied populations.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O câncer intestinal ocorre frequentemente em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. O conceito que aumento dos níveis de insulina e fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina no sangue com diabetes tipo 2 sejam estimulados com o crescimento e esgotamento das paredes celulares clonadas, e a continuação desse processo levaria à deformação celular. Esta é a evidência para câncer intestinal em diabetes tipo 2 na população. OBJETIVO: Neste estudo, buscou-se descobrir a relação entre diabéticos e câncer intestinal com base na mutação genética CD38. MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas amostras de duzentos habitantes, incluindo os normais e os casos. Produtos PCR relacionados ao rs 6449181do gene CD38 foi amplificado com a técnica ARMS-PCR, e uma banda afiada de 420 bp também foi observada. De acordo com três técnicas ARMS-PCR, três primers foram projetados pelo software Oligo7. Os primers incluem F1, F2 e R (amplificando para primer normal, mutante e reverso, respectivamente). RESULTADOS: Esta banda foi observada usando um primer F1 que carrega o nucleotídeo do tipo selvagem usando um primer e quando é usado com o primer F2, ele traz o primer mutante para populações de pacientes com diabetes e diabetes-câncer. Além disso, foram analisados os resultados clínicos, incluindo índice de massa corporal, glicemia e nível de insulina. As médias ±SD e Tuckey's post hoc test foram significativas entre os parâmetros de caracterização clínica entre os casos e populações saudáveis. Foram avaliadas as frequências genéticas alélicas e o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg entre nucleotídeos e observou-se o nível significativo entre os alelos e as frequências genéticas. CONCLUSÃO: Em geral, o presente estudo constatou que há relação entre diabetes e câncer intestinal entre as populações estudadas.

The Effect of Environmental Stresses on lipL32 Gene Expression in Pathogenic Leptospira spp. through Real-Time PCR.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide infectious and zoonotic disease. The incidence of this disease is high in temperate regions, especially in northern Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature, pH, and Phyllanthus amarus plant extract on the lipL32 gene expression in pathogenic Leptospira spp. Fifty water samples were collected. Culture and PCR technique were used to isolate and identify the bacterium and the presence of the lipL32 gene. The samples were exposed to different temperatures and pH levels for one day and the Ph. amarus plant extract at different concentrations for one and seven days. RNA was extracted, and cDNA synthesis was performed for all the samples. All cDNAs were evaluated by the real-time PCR (SYBR green) technique. Out of the 50 samples, ten samples (20%), using PCR were determined to contain the pathogenic Leptospira. Fold change of the expression of the lipL32 gene associated with stresses was as follows: temperature stress of 40°C, 35°C, and 25°C reduced the lipL32 gene expression in all three isolates, especially in the isolates type 1. The pH stress, i.e., pH values equal to 8 or 9 reduced the gene expression in three types of isolates, and pH = 6 stress increases the lipL32 gene expression in the isolates of type 1. Ph. amarus plant extract stress reduced the mentioned gene expression only in isolates of type 2. Temperature and pH stresses could lead to differences in the expression level and cause the lipL32 gene expression decrease in three pathogenic isolates. The MIC results showed anti-leptospiral effect of Ph. amarus plant extract.

The evaluation of the mitochondrial genomics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

The mitochondrial genomic of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was sequenced and deposited in GenBank accession no. LC012541.1. In this study for the evolutionary analysis of Mtgenomic between S. salar and other salmonid species such as S. t. fario, S.t. trutta and S.t. caspius were conducted by using MEGA Software Version 7. The results showed that there is a major homology between S. salar and other salmonids like S.t. fario and S.t. trutta, and we can see it in Figure 1 showing the close relationship between them.

Studies of mitochondrial genomics in Salmo trutta fario.

Salmo trutta fario population is an important species for aquaculture and livestock industry. Moreover, these species were used for studies on the molecular markers. Mitochondrial genomic is also beneficial for phylogenetic studies in salmonid species. They applied maternal traits for mitogenome, whereas paternal traits related to nuclear genomics. It will be genetically highly divergent indicating that they may represent distinct and potentially locally adapted gene pools (Apostolidis et al., 2011). Evolutionary history has been studied on the Salmo taxa such as brown trout, Salmo salar, Salmo trutta populations (Kottelat & Freyhof, 2007; Simonovic et al., 2007).

Evaluation of mitochondrial genomics in Salmo trutta caspius.

Salmo trutta caspius population is an important species for aquaculture and livestock industry. Moreover, these species are used for studies on molecular markers. Mitochondrial genomic is also beneficial for phylogenetic studies in salmonid species. They are applied for maternal traits whereas paternal traits are related to nuclear genomics. Mtgenomics will be genetically highly divergent indicating that they may represent distinct and potentially locally adapted gene pools. Evolutionary history of the salmo taxa such as brown trout, salmo salar, and s. trutta populations has been studied. In the present study, 50 samples of the Iranian S.t. caspius population were collected from three regions [Tonekabon (Cheshmekileh Roud), Ramsar (Safa Roud), and Talesh (Nav roud)]. The PCR product was carried out for machinery sequencing. Mtgenomic in S.t. caspius was deposited in GenBank under accession no. LC011387.1. Evolutionary analyses were conducted using MEGA7 software. The analysis involved 50 nucleotide sequences. A close relationship was observed between the samples.

Male Age Affects Female Mate Preference, Quantity of Accessory Gland Proteins, and Sperm Traits and Female Fitness in D. melanogaster.

For species in which mating is resource-independent and offspring do not receive parental care, theoretical models of age-based female mate preference predict that females should prefer to mate with older males as they have demonstrated ability to survive. Thus, females should obtain a fitness benefit from mating with older males. However, male aging is often associated with reductions in quantity of sperm. The adaptive significance of age-based mate choice is therefore unclear. Various hypotheses have made conflicting predictions concerning this issue, because published studies have not investigated the effect of age on accessory gland proteins and sperm traits. D. melanogaster exhibits resource-independent mating, and offspring do not receive parental care, making this an appropriate model for studying age-based mate choice. In the present study, we found that D. melanogaster females of all ages preferred to mate with the younger of two competing males. Young males performed significantly greater courtship attempts and females showed least rejection for the same than middle-aged and old males. Young males had small accessory glands that contained very few main cells that were larger than average. Nevertheless, compared with middle-aged or old males, the young males transferred greater quantities of accessory gland proteins and sperm to mated females. As a result, females that mated with young male produced more eggs and progeny than those that mated with older males. Furthermore, mating with young male reduced female's lifespan. These studies indicate that quantity of accessory gland proteins and sperm traits decreased with male age and females obtain direct fitness benefit from mating with preferred young males.