Predictors of Smoking Preventive Behavior Based on Empowerment Components among Male Students of High Schools: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.

Background: Smoking among adolescents and young adults is believed to be one of the most important preventable health problems. The etiology of smoking is one of the most pivotal activities in designing prevention programs. The aim of this study was to determine the correlates between components of empowerment in the context of smoking prevention in adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 422 high school male students in spring 2020. The data collection tool of this study was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire containing demographic characteristics, items related to various components of empowerment, and items related to the smoking preventive behavior (SPB). A linear regression model was used, where the "SPB" outcome variable assumed three possible values: sensation seeking, problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, self-esteem, dependence on group, and attitude towards smoking reported in the previous literature were taken as independent variables, and smoking preventive behavior was considered as a dependent variable. Results: The results revealed that 10.42% of the students were active smokers and 40.75% of them had the experience of smoking. The results also showed a positive and significant relationship between problem-solving skills (r = 0.394, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (r = 0.340, P < 0.001), self-esteem (r = 0.310, P < 0.001), and attitude (r = 0.333, P < 0.001) with the SPB. In addition, a negative and significant correlation was observed between group dependence (r = -0.313, P < 0.001) and the SPB. Overall, the components of empowerment were able to explain 26.5% of the variance in the SPB. Among the components, problem-solving skills solely explained 15.5% of variance of the SPB. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that most adolescents are at risk of smoking. Explanatory factors for adopting the SPB include improving problem-solving skills, creating a negative attitude towards smoking, increasing self-efficacy to prevent smoking, reducing group dependence, and increasing self-esteem in adolescents. Multilevel interventions and actions by policymakers, educators, and related organizations to prevent adolescent smoking and educate them about adolescent empowerment skills to prevent smoking should be considered.

Predictors of colorectal cancer screening intention based on the integrated theory of planned behavior among the average-risk individuals.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the predictors of colorectal cancer screening intention based on the integrated theory of planned behavior among average -risk individuals in Urmia. Identifying these predictors will help design and implement various interventions, including educational interventions, according to the needs of this group, thereby taking a step towards improving the colorectal cancer screening index. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study was performed on 410 individuals at average risk of colorectal cancer referring to the comprehensive health services centers of Urmia in Iran. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts. The first part captured the demographic information and medical history of the participants. The second part involved questions designed based on constructs of motivational phase of health action process approach, and theory of planned behavior, as well as behavioral intent to perform colorectal cancer screening. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Outcome expectancies, risk perception, action self-efficacy, and normative beliefs, respectively had the largest impact and were significant and positive predictors of colorectal cancer screening intention. The study's conceptual framework explained about 36% of the variance of behavioral intention among the average-risk individuals in Urmia. CONCLUSIONS: Constructs of motivational phase of health action process approach, and theory of planned behavior are valuable and appropriate to identify the factors affecting the intention to undergo colorectal cancer screening as well as to design and implement educational interventions in this field. The four constructs of outcome expectancies, risk perception, action self-efficacy, and normative beliefs are suggested to be integrated into all educational interventions designed and implemented to improve the colorectal cancer screening index.

Determinants of Skin Cancer Preventive Behaviors Among Rural Farmers in Iran: an Application of Protection Motivation Theory.

Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers, worldwide, which happens more among those with more sunlight exposure like farmers. The aim of this study was to explore the determinants of skin cancer preventive behaviors (SCPBs) among rural farmers using Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). In this cross-sectional study, multistage random sampling was employed to enroll 238 farmers referring to rural health houses (HH) in Chaldoran County, Iran. A valid and reliable instrument based on PMT variables was used. Significant correlations were found between all PMT variables with SCPBs (p < 0.05). Hierarchical multiple linear regressions were performed with Protection Motivation and SCPBs as outcome variables. Predictors for these two outcome variables were classified in two different blocks according to their natures. Demographic characteristics (p > 0.05) and PMT constructs (p < 0.001) explained 3 and 63.6 % of the observed variance in Protection Motivation, respectively. Also, no significant effect was found on SCPBs by demographic variables, in the first block (∆R 2 = 0.025); however, in the second block, Perceived Susceptibility (p = 0.000), Rewards (p = 0.022), Self-efficacy (p = 0.000), and Response Cost (p = 0.001) were significant predictors of SCPBs (∆R 2 = 0.432). Health care providers may consider PMT as a framework for developing educational interventions aiming at improving SCPBs among rural farmers.

"Theory Based Health Education: Application of Health Belief Model for Iranian Obese and Overweight Students about Physical Activity" in Urmia, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major problem in both developed and underdeveloped countries. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a physical education program (PEP) on promoting health belief model (HBM) scores, increasing physical activity (PA), and reducing obesity among Iranian high school students. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was accomplished at four high schools that were randomly divided into two groups of experiment (forty) and control (forty) male students in junior high schools in Urmia, Iran. Students in the experimental group received a PEP during 6 months. The essential parameters were used for evaluating the effects of educational program on HBM, PA, and body mass index (BMI) of students. RESULTS: After the intervention of 3 and 6 months, the experimental group showed a significant difference on the results of HBM constructs. According to the result of repeated-measures ANOVA, there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups about the components of PA constructs. Analysis of covariance showed that although BMI reduced in 6 months after intervention, there was no significant difference in BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the study revealed that implementation of PEP was effective on increasing the score of the components of HBM and PA of students.

School-Based and PRECEDE-PROCEED-Model Intervention to Promote Physical Activity in the High School Students: Case Study of Iran.

OBJECTIVES: Students attend sedentary life style and less like vigorous physical activity. This study investigated the effects of School-based intervention on increasing physical activity for decreasing obesity among high-school obese and overweight boys, based on the components of PRECEDE PROCEED Model, to participate in median - vigorous physical activity among the first Period of high school boys in the city of Urmia, Iran. METHODS: This study was an experimental intervention that conducted at 4 high schools that were divided into 2 groups of intervention (40) and the control (40) male students, schools in junior high schools in Urmia. RESULTS: Three and six months after the intervention, significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups of schools, in the amount of students' participation in vigorous physical activity (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, the school-based intervention and components of PRECEDE PROCEED Model had a positive impact on the improvement of physical activity and decrease in physical inactivity among the students.