ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of retained placenta (RP) and clinical mastitis (CM) on the reproductive efficiency of crossbred dairy cows during the postpartum period and the effect in some innate immune system indicators. For this, two experiments were carried out. In the first, a total of 232 cows were evaluated and divided as: healthy control (n = 184), RP (n = 22), and CM (n = 26) groups. The RP and CM was evaluated until 30 days postpartum (DPP) and reproductive rates were measured. In experiment 2, cows were divided in control (n = 10), RP (n = 10), and CM (n = 30) groups. Between 40 and 50 DPP, clinical, gynecological examination and endometrial cytobrush were performed to evaluate subclinical endometritis (SE) and gene expression of interleukins 1ß (IL-1ß) and 6 (IL-6), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), estrogen α (ESR1), and progesterone (PGR) receptors by qRT-PCR analysis. In experiment 1, the conception rate at 1st artificial insemination (AI) was lower in RP and CM groups and pregnancy rate at 150 days decreased in CM group. Calving-to-1st AI interval and days open were shorter in healthy cows. In experiment 2, the occurrence of SE was 26.7% and higher in RP and CM groups. The expression of IL-1ß increased in RP and CM groups, while IL-6 was less expressed in RP group. The CCL5, ESR1, and PGR were similar between groups. In conclusion, cows with RP and CM had their reproductive efficiency negatively affected and had they initial pro-inflammatory response improved by the increase of IL-ß.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Endometritis , Mastitis , Placenta, Retained , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Endometritis/veterinary , Female , Gene Expression , Immunity , Interleukin-6/pharmacology , Lactation , Mastitis/veterinary , Placenta, Retained/genetics , Placenta, Retained/veterinary , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy , ReproductionABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of gestation length, season at calving (autumn-winter vs. spring-summer) and calf sex on birth weight and incidence of retained placenta (RP) in crossbred lactating dairy cows. A total of 187 parturitions were evaluated in a commercial dairy farm at Alto Paranaiba region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cows that did not release the placental membranes within the first 12 hours after calf expulsion were diagnosed with RP. At birth, calf sex was registered, and birth weight was estimated by using a weighing tape. The incidence of RP was 36.89% (69/187). The mean birth weight of the calves (41.73 kg) did not differ among the calf sexes and seasons of the year at birth (P > 0.05), but the cows with below-average gestation lengths (274.4 days) calved lighter calves. Furthermore, the season of the year at calving and calf sex had no influence on RP incidence (P > 0.05), although a higher incidence of RP was observed in cows that had shorter gestation lengths (49.44%) and calves below-average birth weights (51.76%). In conclusion, cows with shorter gestation lengths produce lighter offspring and have a high predisposition to RP.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da duração da gestação, da estação do ano ao parto (outono-inverno vs. primavera-verão) e do sexo do bezerro sobre o peso ao nascimento, bem como os efeitos destas variáveis sobre a incidência de retenção de placenta (RP) em vacas leiteiras mestiças. Foram avaliados 187 partos em uma fazenda comercial leiteira na região do Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Vacas que não liberaram os anexos placentários nas primeiras 12 horas após a expulsão do feto foram diagnosticadas com RP. Ao parto, o sexo da cria foi registrado e o peso ao nascer foi obtido por meio da fita de pesagem. A incidência de RP foi de 36,89% (69/187). O peso médio ao nascer dos bezerros (41,73 kg) não diferiu entre sexo e estação do ano ao nascimento (P > 0,05), porém vacas cuja gestação teve duração abaixo da média (274,4 dias) pariram bezerros mais leves. A estação do ano ao parto e o sexo da cria também não influenciaram a incidência de RP (P > 0,05), no entanto uma maior incidência de RP foi observada em vacas que apresentaram gestações de menor duração (49,44%) e cujas crias tiveram peso ao nascer abaixo da média (51,76%). Conclui-se que vacas com período de gestação curto comprometem o peso ao nascer dos bezerros e são mais susceptíveis à desenvolver retenção de placenta.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Cattle , Birth Weight , Placenta, Retained/etiology , Placenta, Retained/veterinary , Pregnancy, Animal , Animals, Newborn , SeasonsABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of gestation length, season at calving (autumn-winter vs. spring-summer) and calf sex on birth weight and incidence of retained placenta (RP) in crossbred lactating dairy cows. A total of 187 parturitions were evaluated in a commercial dairy farm at Alto Paranaiba region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cows that did not release the placental membranes within the first 12 hours after calf expulsion were diagnosed with RP. At birth, calf sex was registered, and birth weight was estimated by using a weighing tape. The incidence of RP was 36.89% (69/187). The mean birth weight of the calves (41.73 kg) did not differ among the calf sexes and seasons of the year at birth (P > 0.05), but the cows with below-average gestation lengths (274.4 days) calved lighter calves. Furthermore, the season of the year at calving and calf sex had no influence on RP incidence (P > 0.05), although a higher incidence of RP was observed in cows that had shorter gestation lengths (49.44%) and calves below-average birth weights (51.76%). In conclusion, cows with shorter gestation lengths produce lighter offspring and have a high predisposition to RP.
Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da duração da gestação, da estação do ano ao parto (outono-inverno vs. primavera-verão) e do sexo do bezerro sobre o peso ao nascimento, bem como os efeitos destas variáveis sobre a incidência de retenção de placenta (RP) em vacas leiteiras mestiças. Foram avaliados 187 partos em uma fazenda comercial leiteira na região do Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Vacas que não liberaram os anexos placentários nas primeiras 12 horas após a expulsão do feto foram diagnosticadas com RP. Ao parto, o sexo da cria foi registrado e o peso ao nascer foi obtido por meio da fita de pesagem. A incidência de RP foi de 36,89% (69/187). O peso médio ao nascer dos bezerros (41,73 kg) não diferiu entre sexo e estação do ano ao nascimento (P > 0,05), porém vacas cuja gestação teve duração abaixo da média (274,4 dias) pariram bezerros mais leves. A estação do ano ao parto e o sexo da cria também não influenciaram a incidência de RP (P > 0,05), no entanto uma maior incidência de RP foi observada em vacas que apresentaram gestações de menor duração (49,44%) e cujas crias tiveram peso ao nascer abaixo da média (51,76%). Conclui-se que vacas com período de gestação curto comprometem o peso ao nascer dos bezerros e são mais susceptíveis à desenvolver retenção de placenta.
Subject(s)
Female , Animals , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Cattle , Animals, Newborn , Birth Weight , Placenta, Retained/etiology , Placenta, Retained/veterinary , Pregnancy, Animal , SeasonsABSTRACT
Anestrous postpartum is a state of complete sexual inactivity without estrous manifestations and the return of ovarian activity in postpartum may be negatively affected by several factors, such as negative energy balance (NEB), loss of body condition score (BCS), season in which the calving occurs, nutritional deficiencies, dystocic calving, retained placenta, uterine infections and metabolic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of BCS and number of days in milk (DIM) on ovarian cyclicity of Holstein dairy cows. Ovarian conditions of 168 cows between 30 to 90 days in milk (DIM) were evaluated twice by ultrasonography with seven days of interval and cows were classified in four categories: ovaries with presence of small follicles (Category 1: up to 10 mm); ovaries with medium follicles (Category 2: 10 to 18 mm); ovaries with large follicles (Category 3: over 20 mm) and ovaries with presence of corpus luteum (CL) (Category 4). The cows classified in categories 1, 2 and 3 were considered in anestrous. Data were analyzed by logistic regression at Minitab (P<0.05). As a result 15 cows (8.93%) were in Category 1, 34 (20.24%) in Category 2, 4 (2.38%) in Category 3 and 115 (68.45%) in Category 4. There was no effect (P>0.05) of DIM in the percentage of cycling cows, however there was a tendency (P=0.074) that cows with greater BCS (≥ 2.75) had a higher cyclicity rate (74.44% vs. 61.54%) than cows with lower BCS. Days in milk effect was not detected in cyclicity rate in cows between 30 and 90 DIM, but there was a tendency of Holstein cows with greater body condition score to had higher cyclicity rate.(AU)
O anestro é um estado de completa inatividade sexual, sem manifestações de cio e o retorno à atividade ovariana no pós-parto pode ser afetado negativamente por diversos fatores, como o balanço energético negativo (BEN), perda de escore de condição corporal (ECC), estação do ano na qual ocorre o parto, deficiências nutricionais, ocorrência de distocia, retenção de placenta, infecções uterinas e doenças metabólicas. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do ECC e donúmero de dias em lactação (DEL) sobre a ciclicidade ovariana de vacas leiteiras Holandesas. A condição ovariana de 168 vacas entre 30 e 90 dias em lactação (DEL) foi avaliada em dois exames de ultrassonografia com intervalo de sete dias, e as vacas foram classificadas em quatro categorias: ovários com presença de pequenos folículos (Categoria 1: até 10 mm); ovários com médios folículos (Categoria 2: 10 a 18 mm); ovários com grandes folículos (Categoria 3: acima de 20 mm) e ovários com presença de corpo lúteo (CL) (Categoria 4). As vacas classificadas nas B. Indústr. Anim., Nova Odessa,v.71, n.1, p.34-38, 2014 categorias 1, 2 e 3 foram consideradas em anestro. Os dados foram analisados por regressão logística usando o programa Minitab (P<0,05). Como resultado 15 vacas (8,93%) foram classificadas na Categoria 1, 34 (20,24%) na Categoria 2, 4 (2,38%) na Categoria 3 e 115 (68,45%) na Categoria 4. Não foi detectado efeito (P>0,05) de DEL sobre a porcentagem de vacas ciclando (com CL), porém houve uma tendência (P=0,074) das vacas com maior ECC (≥ 2,75) apresentarem maiores taxas de ciclicidade (74,44% vs. 61,54%) do que vacas com baixo ECC. Conclui-se que os dias em lactação não afetam a taxa de ciclicidade de vacas Holandesas, porém há uma tendência das vacas com melhor condição corporal apresentarem maiores taxas de ciclicidade.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Parturition/physiology , Ovary/anatomy & histology , Lactation/metabolism , Anestrus/geneticsABSTRACT
Anestrous postpartum is a state of complete sexual inactivity without estrous manifestations and the return of ovarian activity in postpartum may be negatively affected by several factors, such as negative energy balance (NEB), loss of body condition score (BCS), season in which the calving occurs, nutritional deficiencies, dystocic calving, retained placenta, uterine infections and metabolic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of BCS and number of days in milk (DIM) on ovarian cyclicity of Holstein dairy cows. Ovarian conditions of 168 cows between 30 to 90 days in milk (DIM) were evaluated twice by ultrasonography with seven days of interval and cows were classified in four categories: ovaries with presence of small follicles (Category 1: up to 10 mm); ovaries with medium follicles (Category 2: 10 to 18 mm); ovaries with large follicles (Category 3: over 20 mm) and ovaries with presence of corpus luteum (CL) (Category 4). The cows classified in categories 1, 2 and 3 were considered in anestrous. Data were analyzed by logistic regression at Minitab (P0.05) of DIM in the percentage of cycling cows, however there was a tendency (P=0.074) that cows with greater BCS (≥ 2.75) had a higher cyclicity rate (74.44% vs. 61.54%) than cows with lower BCS. Days in milk effect was not detected in cyclicity rate in cows between 30 and 90 DIM, but there was a tendency of Holstein cows with greater body condition score to had higher cyclicity rate.
O anestro é um estado de completa inatividade sexual, sem manifestações de cio e o retorno à atividade ovariana no pós-parto pode ser afetado negativamente por diversos fatores, como o balanço energético negativo (BEN), perda de escore de condição corporal (ECC), estação do ano na qual ocorre o parto, deficiências nutricionais, ocorrência de distocia, retenção de placenta, infecções uterinas e doenças metabólicas. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do ECC e donúmero de dias em lactação (DEL) sobre a ciclicidade ovariana de vacas leiteiras Holandesas. A condição ovariana de 168 vacas entre 30 e 90 dias em lactação (DEL) foi avaliada em dois exames de ultrassonografia com intervalo de sete dias, e as vacas foram classificadas em quatro categorias: ovários com presença de pequenos folículos (Categoria 1: até 10 mm); ovários com médios folículos (Categoria 2: 10 a 18 mm); ovários com grandes folículos (Categoria 3: acima de 20 mm) e ovários com presença de corpo lúteo (CL) (Categoria 4). As vacas classificadas nas B. Indústr. Anim., Nova Odessa,v.71, n.1, p.34-38, 2014 categorias 1, 2 e 3 foram consideradas em anestro. Os dados foram analisados por regressão logística usando o programa Minitab (P0,05) de DEL sobre a porcentagem de vacas ciclando (com CL), porém houve uma tendência (P=0,074) das vacas com maior ECC (≥ 2,75) apresentarem maiores taxas de ciclicidade (74,44% vs. 61,54%) do que vacas com baixo ECC. Conclui-se que os dias em lactação não afetam a taxa de ciclicidade de vacas Holandesas, porém há uma tendência das vacas com melhor condição corporal apresentarem maiores taxas de ciclicidade.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Lactation/metabolism , Ovary/anatomy & histology , Parturition/physiology , Anestrus/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: Retained placenta (RP) is failure on fetal membranes expulsion in first 12 h postpartum. RP promotes delay in uterine involution and resumption of ovarian postpartum activity, besides increasing risk of uterine infections, being the major reason for low fertility of dairy cows. There are many treatments for RP however there are controversies about the efficacy of these methods, thus limited treatments effectiveness emphasize the importance of RP prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of parity and calving season in RP incidence, in milk production and in calving to conception interval (CCI), as well as RP effects on these variables. Materials, Methods & Results: Data were collected at a farm located in Rio Paranaíba city, Minas Gerais state, Brazil during 2012, whose herd was composed by 700 Holstein dairy cows producing 32 kg of milk production per day. Calving of 291 cows was registered during the experiment period. To diagnose RP occurrence, cows were observed immediately after calving, and when was possible also during calving, and those cows that had not eliminated all of placenta until 12 h after fetal expulsion was considered with RP. The effects of parity and calving season on RP incidence were analyzed by logistic regression, and the effects of parity, calving season and RP occurrence on milk production and on CCI duration were evaluated by analysis of variance, both using SAS program. The incidence of RP in herd was 13.75% (40/291). The RP incidence was not affected by parity and calving season, however there was a tendency (P = 0.066) of lowest incidence of RP for calvings that had occurred during winter. The effects of parity, calving season and RP occurrence on milk production adjusted to 305 days of lactation were not verifi ed (P > 0.05). CCI duration was infl uenced (P = 0.007) by parity, cows with three or more lactations had higher interval from parturition to conception. The effects of calving season (P = 0.001) and RP occurrence (P = 0.043) were also detected on CCI duration. Calvings that had occurred during summer resulted in signifi cant increase on CCI. Cows that developed RP had an interval from parturition to conception around 27 days longer than cows without RP. Discussion: Results of present study shows the negative effect of RP on reproductive efficiency of dairy cows, without compromise milk production. The increase on parity tends to increase the probability of RP development, these can be assigned by the fact that multiparous could have less efficient immune system when compared to primiparous, although this was not confirmed by the present study. The effect of calving season on CCI evidence that heat stress can damage cows postpartum recovery and, consequently delay conception, fact associated with higher CCI found for cows that had calving during summer. The incidence of RP and milk production was not affected by calving season, however heat stress in hot seasons of the year can be involve in another reproductive process, like oocyte, early embryonic and of corpus luteum developments, as well as endometrium and hypothalamic-pituitary axis that are sensitive to hyperthermia caused by heat stress. Environmental temperature control, using ventilation and automatic water sprinkling when temperature goes up to 18°C, and efficacy of RP treatment implemented by the farm could justify the absence of detectable effects of parity, calving season and RP occurrence on milk production, however they were not enough to overcome the negative effects of RP on Holstein cows fertility.