ABSTRACT
The 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) sequences of 33 GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) obtained from different geographic areas were determined through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and dideoxy chain termination sequencing, the alignment of sequences, the estimation of the number of nucleotide substitution per site, and construction of phylogenetic trees. The 5'-UTR of GBV-HGV was found to be heterogeneous, with 70.9-99.5% homology. Three distinct phylogenetic branches were observed consistently in all phylogenetic trees. GBV-C is the prototype for one, HGV for another, and there is a new branch which consisted of GBV-C/HGV isolates from Asia. Genotype-specific restriction sites for the restriction enzymes, ScrFI and BsmFI, were identified, and a simple restriction fragment polymorphism analysis was developed for genotyping. These data provide evidence that GBV-C/HGV consists of three different genotypes. Our simple genotyping assay will also provide a tool for epidemiological studies of GBV-C/HGV infection.
Subject(s)
Flaviviridae/classification , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , RNA, Viral/genetics , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , Genotype , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Sequence Homology, Nucleic AcidABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The management of bile leaks has evolved in the laparoscopic era. This study characterizes risk factors for their developmental and their clinical course and management. METHODS: Data on a cohort of patients who developed bile leaks after cholecystectomy in the laparoscopic era were gathered prospectively and retrospectively from an ongoing surgical database and following a review of hospital charts. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients (mean age 56 +/- 17.1 years, 72% women) were included over a 5-year study period. The incidence of leaks was 1.1% among patients entered in a laparoscopic cholecystectomy database. Intraoperative complications were encountered in 36%. Rates of intraoperative complication and conversion to open surgery were greater among patients who developed leaks (5.2% vs 0.6% and 33% vs 6.3%, respectively, p < 0.00001). Patients presented 5.3 +/- 4.2 days following surgery with abdominal pain (89%), fever (74%), and tenderness (81%). Ultrasound diagnosed a suspected leak in 73%, which ERCP showed as originating from the cystic duct stump in 77%. Biliary obstruction was noted in 20 (31%) patients (14 with stones). Treatments included percutaneous (13%), endoscopic (28%), primary or secondary operative procedures (14%), or a combination thereof (45%). CONCLUSION: A complication at laparoscopic cholecystectomy increases the likelihood of a subsequent bile leak. Most patients present early with a patent cystic duct stump in the absence of biliary obstruction. Endoscopic therapy is successful in the majority of cases, but otherwise percutaneous or operative procedures may be needed.
Subject(s)
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/adverse effects , Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/etiology , Cystic Duct/injuries , Intraoperative Complications/etiology , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde , Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/diagnosis , Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/therapy , Contrast Media , Drainage , Female , Gallbladder Diseases/surgery , Humans , Imino Acids , Intraoperative Complications/diagnosis , Intraoperative Complications/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/diagnosis , Postoperative Complications/therapy , Prospective Studies , Reoperation , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Cyclosporine/therapeutic use , Liver Transplantation/immunology , Administration, Oral , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Cyclosporine/adverse effects , Cyclosporine/pharmacokinetics , Eating , Fasting , Female , Humans , Intestinal Absorption , Male , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Middle Aged , Monitoring, PhysiologicABSTRACT
Twenty-nine patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) at the University of Toronto. Four patients did not have cirrhosis. Of the 25 patients with cirrhosis, 19 had known or suspected HCC before OLTx. Eleven patients tested positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). No patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. None of the patients have developed recurrent HCC in a follow-up of 9 to 87 months (mean: 33 months). The actuarial post-transplant survival of all patients at 3 months, 1 year and 3 years was 75%, 61%, and 46%, respectively. The survival of HBsAg-negative patients was 69% at 3 years, whereas HBsAg-negative patients had a 3-year survival of 18% (p = 0.045). These results suggest that OLTx for carefully selected patients with otherwise unresectable HCC is associated with a low risk of recurrence. HBsAg-positive patients with HCC have a high mortality, suggesting that they make poor candidates for OLTx.
