Core-shell nanoparticles used in drug delivery-microfluidics: a review.

Developments in the fields of lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic technology have benefited nanomaterial production processes due to fluid miniaturization. The ability to acquire, manage, create, and modify structures on a nanoscale is of great interest in scientific and technological fields. Recently, more attention has been paid to the production of core-shell nanomaterials because of their use in various fields, such as drug delivery. Heterostructured nanomaterials have more reliable performance than the individual core or shell materials. Nanoparticle synthesis is a complex process; therefore, various techniques exist for the production of different types of nanoparticles. Among these techniques, microfluidic methods are unique and reliable routes, which can be used to produce nanoparticles for drug delivery applications.

Vermilion lower lip cross flap - An anatomic study on 22 fresh cadavers.

CONTEXT: Vermilion lower lip cross flap is indicated for reconstruction of upper lip in residual deformities following trauma or cleft lip. Flap survival depends on incorporation of inferior labial artery in pedicle. AIMS: This article reports measurement of vertical distance between inferior labial artery and vermilion surface under light microscope in midline sagittal cross-sectional specimens harvested from 22 fresh male cadavers, to design cross lip vermilion flap more accurately and reduce morbidity of donor site. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This study is designed to measure vertical distance between uppermost parts of inferior labial artery to vermilion surface in 22 fresh male cadavers. Tissue specimens were taken from lower lip midline in sagittal plane. Histological sections stained with Hematoxylin-eosin were reviewed by Pathologist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurements were done by staged micrometer which was calibrated in 10 µm subdivisions under light microscope. Vertical distance was measured in millimeter and artery location was defined as submucosal, in superficial muscle and deep muscular layer. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Descriptive study. RESULTS: Analysis of data shows that mean distance was 2.42 ± 1.67 mm. In 77.27% of cases, the artery was in submucosal layer and in 13.64% of cases this artery was located in superficial muscular layer. CONCLUSIONS: As a result 4-mm depth incision of lower lip vermilion that incorporate superficial layer of orbicularis oris muscle will ensure blood supply of lower lip vermilion cross flap.