Caracterización de cafés torrefactados, provenientes del ecotopo E-220A / Characterization of roasted coffees from the ecotopo E-220A

Resumen Antecedente. Los ecotopos son entornos con condiciones edafológicas, acuíferas, y ambientales bien definidas, en las cuales se producen granos con características de calidad que cautivan mercados locales e internacionales. Objetivo. Correlacionar fisicoquímicamente café crudo y torrefactado proveniente de 2 zonas del Ecotopo_E-220A. Materiales y método. La investigación, se desarrolló en cuatro etapas con cafés variedad Colombia de tipo supremo y extra especial, provenientes del departamento de Nariño de los municipios de La Unión y de Buesaco, siguiendo un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con análisis multivariado, complementado con la técnica de componentes principales. Resultados. Se correlacionaron las zonas de estudio con las características intrínsecas del café crudo_ mayor altura, color verde intenso, granos grandes más uniformes y de mayor acidez titulable. Y a menor altura mayor contenido de lípidos. Los cafés de la zona 2_ mayor altura_ tienen menor acidez titulable, menor contenido de lípidos, presentan la mayor pérdida de estos durante la torrefacción y genera cafés torrefactados de color entre medio y medio ligero. La zona 1 por el mayor contenido de lípidos genera cafés más aromáticos. Igualmente, con la metodología de componentes principales se determinó que la de pérdida de peso en café tostado, los carbohidratos y la densidad aparente explican el primer componente en 0.846, 0.745, 0.845 respectivamente y el segundo componente agrupa al contenido de lípidos en 0.801 y el contenido de proteína cruda en 0.620.

Abstract Background. Ecotopos are environments with well-defined soil, aquifer and environmental conditions, in which grains with quality characteristics are produced that captivate local and international markets. Objective. Physically and chemically correlate raw and roasted coffee beans from 2 zones of Ecotopo E-220A. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in four stages with Colombian varieties of supreme and extra special type, from the department of Nariño of the municipalities of the Union and Buesaco, following an experimental design of random blocks with multivariate analysis, complemented with the technique of main components. Results. The study areas were correlated with the intrinsic characteristics of raw coffee - higher height, intense green color, larger, more uniform grain and higher titratable acidity. And at lower height, higher lipid content. The coffees of zone 2_ greater height_ have lower titratable acidity, lower lipid content, they present the greater loss of these during the roasting and generates roasted cafes of color between medium and light medium. Zone 1 due to its higher content of lipids produces more aromatic coffees. Likewise with the main components methodology it was determined that the loss of weight in roasted coffee, carbohydrates and apparent density explain the first component in 0.846, 0.745, 0.845 respectively and the second component groups the lipid content in 0.801 and The crude protein content at 0.620.

Histerectomía laparoscópica total, curva de aprendizaje: experiencia de Clínica del Prado, Medellín, Colombia / Total laparoscopic hysterectomy and learning curve: experience of Clínica del Prado, Medellín, Colombia

Objetivos: Comparar la curva de aprendizaje en histerectomía laparoscópica total (HLT) de 4 ginecólogos en la Clínica del Prado, Medellín, Colombia. Determinar el número de cirugías necesarias para alcanzar un tiempo quirúrgico promedio de 90 minutos, disminuir la laparoconversiones a un 3 por ciento o menos y disminuir las complicaciones totales a menos del 10 por ciento. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo que incluyó 626 pacientes operadas por 4 ginecólogos laparoscopistas con técnica y equipamiento quirúrgico similar. Se formaron 4 grupos de pacientes de acuerdo al orden en la casuística de cada uno de ellos. Resultados: El tiempo quirúrgico promedio de 93 minutos se logra con las primeras 50 HLT. El realizar entre 50-100 HLT baja las tasas de laparoconversión a 1,9 por ciento. La tasa de complicaciones en la sumatoria de la primera y segunda cohorte es de 19,4 por ciento y la tasa de complicaciones totales en la tercera cohorte es de 8,7 por ciento (RR: 0,45; IC95 por ciento: 0,26-0,78) la cual permanece en el límite deseado (10 por ciento) en la cuarta cohorte. Conclusiones: La curva de aprendizaje en HLT para lograr un promedio de tiempo de cirugía de 90 minutos se logra con las primeras 50 histerectomías. A pesar de las limitaciones metodológicas, el presente estudia revela que para lograr la destreza máxima toma entre 50-100 histerectomías para lograr laparoconversiones menores del 3 por ciento y entre 100-150 histerectomías para lograr complicaciones totales inferiores a 10 por ciento.

Objective: To compare the learning curve in total laparoscopic hysterectomy (HLT) from four gynecologists in the Clínica del Prado, Medellín, Colombia. To determine the number of surgeries required to achieve an average surgical time of 90 minutes, to reduce laparoconversions to 3 percent or less and to reduce total complications to less than 10 percent. Method: We performed a prospective cohort study including 626 patients operated by four gynecologists laparoscopist with similar technique and surgical equipment. We made four groups of patients according to the order in the cases of each one. Results: The mean operative time of 93 minutes is achieved with the first 50 HLT. Doing 50-100 HLT, laparoconversions rates low to 1.9 percent. The complication rate in the sum of first and second cohort is 19.4 percent and the total complication rate in third cohort is 8.7 percent (RR: 0.45; 95 percentCI 0.26-0.78) which remains in the desired limit (10 percent) in fourth cohort. Conclusions: HLT learning curve to achieve an average surgical time of 90 minutes is achieved with the first 50 hysterectomies. Despite the methodological limitations this study, shows that to achieve máximum expertise, it takes between 50-100 hysterectomies to achieve laparoconversions less than 3 percent, and between 100-150 hysterectomies to achieve total complications lower than 10 percent.

[Isolated manifestation of necrotizing vasculitis of the bladder: a case report]. / Isolierte Manifestation einer nekrotisierenden Vaskulitis an der Harnblase: Ein Fallbericht.

Isolated vasculitis involving the bladder is rare. We describe a case of irritative voiding and hematuria with slightly elevated inflammatory parameters. In order to exclude a neoplastic process we performed cystoscopy and computed tomography. Secondary systemic causes such as lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis were excluded. Cytopathological examination of the biopsies showed necrotizing vasculitis of the small bladder vessels, which responded to treatment with steroids and cyclophosphamide.

Evaluation of a commercial ELISA test for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in atopic dogs.

A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed to detect allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies were evaluated in 36 atopic dogs and in 12 normal dogs. The test showed a sensitivity of 72.23% and a specificity of 41.6%. Positive and negative predictive values were 76.47 and 35.71% respectively. Correlation between the ELISA kit results and intradermal skin testing varied depending on the allergen and ranged from 47.1 to 80.4%, although positive correlation (i.e. allergens positive in both tests) ranged rom 2.7 to 19.4%. In conclusion, this serological test gave both false positive and false negative results. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values indicate that this ELISA may not be useful in canine atopy. Although correlation studies were hampered by the impossibility of using the same allergenic extracts, the correlation observed between intradermal and serological testing indicates that results from both tests are not interchangeable.

Results of orthotopic liver transplantation: a personal experience.

The authors report on their experience of 158 liver transplants performed on 135 patients. Nineteen underwent re-transplantation and four of these required a second re-transplantation; total number of re-transplantations: 23 (14.6%). Hepatic cirrhosis was the most common indication (50.6%), of which alcoholic cirrhosis was the most common type (32.5%). The authors briefly report on their operative techniques and the results of their procedures. The operative mortality (30 days) was 13.3% (18 out of 135 patients). Complications included nine cases of hepatic artery thrombosis (5.7%), four of arterial stenosis (2.5%), one case of portal venous stenosis (0.63%), four cases of post-operative portal venous thrombosis (2.5%), seven of biliary fistula (4.4%; five following choledochocholedochostomy and two following choledochojejunostomy), and two cases of common bile duct stenosis (1.3%). The actuarial survival rate at 48 months is 80%.