ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The presence of antibiotic residues in milk and other products livestock is a health problem which can endanger public health. Antibiotics are used widely in animal husbandry to treat diseases related to bacterial infections. Antimicrobial drugs have been in use for decades in industry. They are commonly used in livestock facilities to treat mastitis. AIM: This study aimed to investigate antibiotic residues in pasteurized milk distributed in schools, in milk collection centers, and in milk production factories in Gonabad city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 251 samples of commercial pasteurized milk packet distributed in schools (code A), raw milk collection centers in Gonabad city (code B), and pasteurized milk production factories (code C) in Gonabad city. The Copan test kit of Denmark Christian Hansen Company was used to monitor antibiotic residues in milk. The data were analysed employing Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significant differences using SPSS software version 20. The significant level was considered at p<0.05. RESULTS: In total, 251 milk samples were collected out of which 143 (57%) were code A, 84 (33.5%) code B and 24 (9.6%) code C. Total number of 189 samples (75.2%) were negative and 62 (24.8%) were positive. From the three types of milk samples, 41 samples (28.7%) of the code A, 18 samples (21.4%) of the code B and 3 samples (12.5%) of the code C were positive. In general, from the milk samples most contaminated with antibiotics, 17 samples were positive in January and regarding code A, 13 samples were positive in the same month. There was not a significant difference among the three types of milk (p>0.05). The highest number of milk samples (n=7) contaminated with antibiotics were related to code B (38.5%). Most positive cases were related to code A in winter. Also, there was no significant difference among the three types of contaminated milk regarding the year and month (p=0.164 and p=0.917, respectively). CONCLUSION: Pasteurized milk supplied in the studied city has high level of contamination due to high use of antibiotics. A standard limit needs to be set for the right level of residue of antibiotics in milk to avoid the harmful effects.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Rabies is acute encephalitis caused by rabies virus and is transmissible between humans and warm blooded animals. The virus is belong to the family of Rabdoviridae and, of Lissavirus genus. AIM: To find out the success of rabies surveillance system to prevent victims of this deadly disease and to identify its risk factors in the community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research is a cross-sectional analysis and the information pertaining to bite incidents was obtained from documents of the Centers for Disease Control of Rabies from 2011 to 2013. A questionnaire was used which included questions on demographics information (sex and age) of the victims, and the others. RESULTS: A total of 616 cases (animal rabies) were brought to rabies treatment center during 2011- 2013 of which 81.2% of the cases were males and 18.8% were females. Most animal bites (37.5%) reported in 2011. The difference between the months and the number of biting were statistically significant (p = 0.001). Animal biting was more frequent among people of age group 21-30 years than other age groups which constituted roughly 27.2% of the cases. There was no significant relationship between the variables of gender and site of the bites victims, (p> 0.05). Domestic dog bite was most frequent, found in 66.7% cases. 83.9% victims had been uncompleted vaccinated and 16.1% were completed. CONCLUSION: Since, the cost of conservation was high for the health system after biting, preventive programs should be concentrated on public health instructions, particularly in villagers, free occupation and emphasis to ranchers that have collar dogs during the day.
