The urogenital microbiome in chronic kidney disease patients on peritoneal dialysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes, dyslipidemia, older age, gender, urinary tract infections, and recent antibiotic intake have been associated with a decrease in the urobiome richness and other fluctuations in this microbiome. Gut and blood microbiome have been reported to be altered in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and specifically in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Still, there are currently no studies describing the urogenital microbiome in CKD-PD patients. In this study we characterized the urobiome profile in 46 PD patients and analyzed its clinical and inflammatory parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mid-stream urine, fecal and blood samples were collected from 46 patients undergoing PD at Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ) in Porto, Portugal. Exclusion criteria were age under 18 years old, inability to give informed consent, history of infection in the last three months, and antibiotic intake in the last three months. The microbiome communities were analyzed by amplification and sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Correlations with the patients' clinical data and inflammatory profile were performed. RESULTS: CKD-PD patients presented a unique urobiome profile dominated by Bacillota, Actinomycetota and Pseudomonadota and characterized by a lower Shannon diversity than fecal and blood microbiome. The taxonomic profiles of urogenital samples were organized in multiple subtypes dominated by populations of Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Gardnerella, Prevotella, Escherichia-Shigella, being similar to other non-PD-CKD patients. Gender, sCD14, residual diuresis and history of peritonitis were significantly associated to variations in the urobiome. Although not reaching statistical significance, diabetes and the time on PD also showed association with particular taxonomic groups. Depletion of Gardnerella, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus or Dermabacter populations correlated with CKD-PD patients with history of diabetes, history of peritonitis and altered levels of sCD14. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight urogenital microbiome as a potential partner and/or marker in the overall health state of CKD-PD patients.

The urogenital microbiome in chronic kidney disease patients on peritoneal dialysis / El microbioma urogenital en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis peritoneal

Introduction and objectives: Diabetes, dyslipidemia, older age, gender, urinary tract infections, and recent antibiotic intake have been associated with a decrease in the urobiome richness and other fluctuations in this microbiome. Gut and blood microbiome have been reported to be altered in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and specifically in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Still, there are currently no studies describing the urogenital microbiome in CKD-PD patients. In this study we characterized the urobiome profile in 46 PD patients and analyzed its clinical and inflammatory parameters. Materials and methods: Mid-stream urine, fecal and blood samples were collected from 46 patients undergoing PD at Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ) in Porto, Portugal. Exclusion criteria were age under 18 years old, inability to give informed consent, history of infection in the last three months, and antibiotic intake in the last three months. The microbiome communities were analyzed by amplification and sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Correlations with the patients’ clinical data and inflammatory profile were performed. Results: CKD-PD patients presented a unique urobiome profile dominated by Bacillota, Actinomycetota and Pseudomonadota and characterized by a lower Shannon diversity than fecal and blood microbiome. The taxonomic profiles of urogenital samples were organized in multiple subtypes dominated by populations of Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Gardnerella, Prevotella, Escherichia-Shigella, being similar to other non-PD-CKD patients. Gender, sCD14, residual diuresis and history of peritonitis were significantly associated to variations in the urobiome. Although not reaching statistical significance, diabetes and the time on PD also showed association with particular taxonomic groups... (AU)

Introducción y objetivos: Diabetes, dislipemia, edad avanzada, género, infecciones del tracto urinario y toma reciente de antibióticos, entre otras, se han asociado a una disminución en la riqueza del urobioma y a otras fluctuaciones de dicho microbioma.Recientemente, se han descrito alteraciones en losmicrobiomas intestinal y en sangreen pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y, específicamente, en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal (DP).A pesar de ello, aún no existen estudios que describan el microbioma urogenital en pacientes en DP. En el presente trabajo, caracterizamos el urobioma en 46 pacientes en DP. Pacientes y métodos: Se recogieron muestras de orina (micción espontánea), heces y sangre de 46 pacientes en DP del Centro HospitalarUniversitário de São João en Oporto, Portugal. Los criterios de exclusión fueron edad menor a 18 años, incapacidad para entenderel consentimiento informado, e historia de infección y toma de antibióticos en los últimos 3 meses. Las comunidades microbiológicas fueron analizadas por amplificación y secuenciación de las regiones V3-V4 del 16S rRNA bacteriano. Se realizaron correlaciones con los datos clínicos y el perfil inflamatorio de los pacientes. Resultados: Los pacientes en DP presentaron un urobioma único dominado por Bacillota, Actinomycetota yPseudomonadota, y caracterizado por una menor diversidad de Shannon que los microbiomas en sangre e intestinal. Los perfiles taxonómicos de las muestras urogenitales se organizaron en múltiples subtipos dominados por poblaciones de Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Gardnerella, Prevotella, Escherichia-Shigella, siendo similar al descrito para otros pacientes con ERC no en DP.Género, factor sCD14, diuresis residual yantecedentes de peritonitis se asociaron de forma significativa a cambios en el urobioma... (AU)

Treatment patterns and outcomes for Hodgkin Lymphoma patients aged 60 and older: a report from the Brazilian Prospective Hodgkin Lymphoma Registry.

The treatment of older patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) remains a challenge. We sought to identify the treatment patterns and outcomes in older HL patients included in the Brazilian HL registry (NCT02589548). A total of 136 patients with HIV-negative classic HL, aged ≥ 60 years, diagnosed between 2009 and 2018, were analyzed. The median age was 66 years old (60-90), 72% had advanced disease, 62% had a high IPS, and 49% had a nodular sclerosis subtype. Median follow-up was 64 months for alive patients. ABVD was the front-line treatment in 96% of patients. Twenty-one patients (15%) died during front-line treatment. The 5-year PFS and 5-year OS rates were 55% and 59%, respectively. The 5-year OS rates in localized and advanced disease were 81% and 51% (p=0.013). Lung toxicity developed in 11% of the patients treated with ABVD. Bleomycin was administered for > 2 cycles in 65% of patients. Compared with 2009-2014, there was a decrease in the use of bleomycin for > 2 cycles in 2015-2018 (88% × 45%, p<0.0001). The impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on outcomes was studied in patients treated with ABVD. After adjusting for potential confounders, lower SES remained independently associated with poorer survival (HR 2.22 [1.14-4.31] for OS and HR 2.84 [1.48-5.45] for PFS). Treatment outcomes were inferior to those observed in developed countries. These inferior outcomes were due to an excess of deaths during front-line treatment and the excessive use of bleomycin. SES was an independent factor for shorter survival.

Vascular Calcification and the Gut and Blood Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: A Pilot Study.

Vascular calcification (VC) is a frequent condition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a well-established risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Gut dysbiosis may contribute to CVD and inflammation in CKD patients. Nonetheless, the role of gut and blood microbiomes in CKD-associated VC remains unknown. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to explore the link between gut and blood microbiomes and VC in CKD patients on peritoneal dialysis (CKD-PD). Our results showed relative changes in specific taxa between CKD-PD patients with and without VC, namely Coprobacter, Coprococcus 3, Lactobacillus, and Eubacterium eligens group in the gut, and Cutibacterium, Pajaroellobacter, Devosia, Hyphomicrobium, and Pelomonas in the blood. An association between VC and all-cause mortality risk in CKD-PD patients was also observed, and patients with higher mortality risk corroborate the changes of Eubacterium eligens in the gut and Devosia genus in the blood. Although we did not find differences in uremic toxins, intestinal translocation markers, and inflammatory parameters among CKD-PD patients with and without VC, soluble CD14 (sCD14), a nonspecific marker of monocyte activation, positively correlated with VC severity. Therefore, gut Eubacterium eligens group, blood Devosia, and circulating sCD14 should be further explored as biomarkers for VC, CVD, and mortality risk in CKD.

Multi-organ involvement and intratubular calcium phosphate deposition in the kidney biopsy: what should we investigate?

BACKGROUND: Anorexia nervosa is frequently associated with alcohol use disorder. Both of them may adversely affect almost every body system, leading to worse clinical outcomes and high mortality risk. Nonetheless, there is little evidence interrelating anorexia nervosa, alcohol use disorder, and kidney failure. CASE: We report a case of a 30-year-old male with multi-organ involvement at admission, including pancytopenia, electrolyte alterations, impaired liver function, and renal failure. The kidney biopsy revealed calcium phosphate crystalline nephropathy and IgA nephropathy. The bone marrow biopsy and aspiration showed a hypocellular bone marrow and a focal spindle cell infiltrate with atypical vascular proliferation. Nonspecific liver disease was revealed by ultrasound. Further investigation was performed, uncovering a possible masked diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and alcohol use disorder. With the restoration of adequate nutrition and the withdrawal of possible external triggers, a partial recovery was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Anorexia nervosa and alcohol use disorder may promote tissue injury, including kidney failure, specifically calcium phosphate crystalline nephropathy and IgA nephropathy. This multi-organ involvement may lose its reversibility if anorexia nervosa and alcohol use disorder remain persistent. An early diagnosis and a successful multidisciplinary approach may prevent life-threatening complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, case report.

Concordance between Laboratory and Field Methods for the Assessment of Body Fat in Olympic Combat Athletes: Analysis of the Influence of Adiposity.

Combat sports athletes competing in the same discipline exhibit notable and substantial differences in body weight, body composition (BC) and adiposity. No studies have considered the influence of adiposity levels in the agreement between different BC assessment methods. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of adiposity in the agreement between different methods used to estimate relative body fat (%BF) in Olympic combat sport athletes. A total of 38 male athletes were evaluated using air displacement plethysmography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as laboratory methods, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), near-infrared interactance (NIR) and anthropometry as field methods. All methods were compared to DXA. Agreement analyses were performed by means of individual intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each method compared to DXA, Bland−Altman plots and paired Student t-tests. The ICCs for the different methods compared to DXA were analyzed, considering tertiles of %BF, tertiles of body weight and type of sport. For the whole group, individual ICCs oscillated between 0.806 for BIA and 0.942 for anthropometry. BIA showed a statistically significant underestimation of %BF when compared to DXA. The agreement between every method and DXA was not affected by %BF, but it was highest in athletes at the highest %BF tertile (>13%). The ICC between NIR and DXA was poor in 72−82 kg athletes. Our results indicate that field methods are useful for routine %BF analysis, and that anthropometry is particularly appropriate, as it showed the highest accuracy irrespective of the athletes' adiposity.

Gut microbiome in hemodialysis patients treated with calcium acetate or treated with sucroferric oxyhydroxide: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: It has been proved that the gut microbiome is altered in patients with chronic kidney disease. This contributes to chronic inflammation and increases cardiovascular risk and mortality, especially in those undergoing hemodialysis. Phosphate binders may potentially induce changes in their microbiome. This trial aimed to compare the changes in the gut microbiome of hemodialysis patients treated with calcium acetate to those treated with sucroferric oxyhydroxide. METHODS: Twelve hemodialysis patients were distributed to receive calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide for 5 months. Blood samples (for biochemical analysis) and stool samples (for microbiome analysis) were collected at baseline, 4, 12, and 20 weeks after treatment initiation. Fecal DNA was extracted and a 16S rRNA sequencing library was constructed targeting the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions. RESULTS: Regarding clinical variables and laboratory parameters, no statistically significant differences were observed between calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide groups. When analyzing stool samples, we found that all patients were different (p = 0.001) among themselves and these differences were kept along the 20 weeks of treatment. The clustering analysis in microbial profiles grouped the samples of the same patient independently of the treatment followed and the stage of the treatment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a 5-month treatment with either calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide did not modify baseline diversity or baseline bacterial composition in hemodialysis patients, also about the high-variability profiles of the gut microbiome found among these patients.

Characterization of Oral Enterobacteriaceae Prevalence and Resistance Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a growing public-health concern worldwide. Patients exhibit compromised immunity and are more prone to infection than other populations. Therefore, oral colonization by clinically relevant members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, major agents of both nosocomial and dialysis-associated infections with frequent prevalence of antibiotic resistances, may constitute a serious risk. Thus, this study aimed to assess the occurrence of clinically relevant enterobacteria and their antibiotic resistance profiles in the oral cavity of CKD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (CKD-PD) and compare it to healthy controls. Saliva samples from all the participants were cultured on MacConkey Agar and evaluated regarding the levels of urea, ammonia, and pH. Bacterial isolates were identified and characterized for antibiotic resistance phenotype and genotype. The results showed that CKD-PD patients exhibited significantly higher salivary pH, urea, and ammonia levels than controls, that was accompanied by higher prevalence and diversity of oral enterobacteria. Out of all the species isolated, only the prevalence of Raoultella ornithinolytica varied significantly between groups, colonizing the oral cavity of approximately 30% of CKD-PD patients while absent from controls. Antibiotic resistance phenotyping revealed mostly putative intrinsic resistance phenotypes (to amoxicillin, ticarcillin, and cephalothin), and resistance to sulfamethoxazole (~43% of isolates) and streptomycin (~17%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested and multidrug resistance isolates were only found in CKD-PD group (31,6%). Mobile genetic elements and resistance genes were detected in isolates of the species Raoultella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter asburiae, mostly originated from CKD-PD patients. PD-related infection history revealed that Enterobacteriaceae were responsible for ~8% of peritonitis and ~ 16% of exit-site infections episodes in CKD-PD patients, although no association was found to oral enterobacteria colonization at the time of sampling. The results suggest that the CKD-induced alterations of the oral milieu might promote a dysbiosis of the commensal oral microbiome, namely the proliferation of clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae potentially harboring acquired antibiotic resistance genes. This study highlights the importance of the oral cavity as a reservoir for pathobionts and antibiotic resistances in CKD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

Poor agreement between clinical screening and universal pre-procedure SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing prior to endoscopy.

INTRODUCTION: scientific societies recommend screening for SARS-CoV-2 in patients prior to endoscopy. There is no solid evidence regarding the efficiency of universal screening by PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. The present study aimed to assess the usefulness of clinical screening and universal pre-procedure PCR testing for the identification of patients capable of transmitting the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Concordance between both strategies was also evaluated. METHOD: a retrospective review was performed in a consecutive cohort of patients undergoing endoscopy at a tertiary teaching hospital between April 22 and June 22, 2020, following a screening protocol. RESULTS: three hundred and sixty-one patients were included. Clinical screening detected 13 patients with a high risk of infection (3.6 %, 95 % CI: 2.62-4.58) while the pre-procedure PCR test was positive in five patients (1.40 %, 95 % CI: 0.20-2.60). Three patients developed COVID-19 and one died from the disease. Agreement between both strategies was poor, with a kappa value of 0.093 (95 % CI: 0.001-0.185). Clinical screening only identified one of the five patients with a positive PCR test. CONCLUSION: clinical screening prior to endoscopy has a poor agreement with pre-procedure PCR testing.

Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib.

Few cases of immunoallergic tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been described. We describe the first report case associated with vandetanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of aggressive and symptomatic medullary thyroid cancer (CMT) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-resectable disease.

Defining and assessing key behavioral indicators of the Shifting Cultural Lenses model of cultural competence.

Models of cultural competence highlight the importance of the sociocultural world that is inhabited by patients, and the question of how best to integrate sociocultural factors into clinical assessment and intervention. However, one significant limitation of such approaches is that they leave unclear what type of in-session therapist behaviors actually reflect cultural competence. We draw on the Shifting Cultural Lenses model to operationalize culturally competent in-session behaviors. We argue that a key component of cultural competence is the collaborative relationship between therapists and patients, in which therapists shift between their own cultural lenses and those of their clients, as they co-construct shared narratives together. Accordingly, we propose that culturally competent therapist behaviors include accessing the client's views, explicitly presenting their own views as mental health care professionals, and working towards a shared understanding. We further specify the latter set of behaviors as including the practitioner's integration of the patient's view, their encouragement of the patient to consider their professional view, and the negotiation of a shared view. We developed a coding system to identify these therapist behaviors and examined the reliability of raters across 11 couple and 4 individual therapy sessions. We assessed whether the behavioral codes varied in expected ways over the first 3 sessions of 2 therapists' couple therapy as well. Operationalizing the behavioral indicators of the Shifting Cultural Lenses model opens the door to the integration of both process- and content-oriented approaches to cultural competence.

Diagnóstico microbiológico de la infección por Clostridium difficile / Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile es la primera causa de diarrea nosocomial en los países desarrollados y uno de los principales agentes etiológicos de diarrea comunitaria. La irrupción de la cepa hipervirulenta BI/NAP1/027 ha dado lugar a un incremento de la morbimortalidad de la infección por C.difficile (ICD). Este documento pretende revisar tanto los principales cuadros clínicos de la ICD como el diagnóstico de laboratorio, incluyendo la toma de la muestra, su transporte y conservación, su procesamiento, los distintos procedimientos diagnósticos disponibles, las pruebas de sensibilidad a antibióticos y la caracterización molecular de los aislados. El propósito principal de los autores ha sido elaborar un documento eminentemente práctico que dé respuesta a las principales dudas que surgen en el diagnóstico de laboratorio de la ICD

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in developed countries, and is one of the main aetiologic agents of community diarrhea. The eruption of the hypervirulent strain BI/NAP1/027 has given rise to an increase in the morbidity and mortality of C.difficileinfection (CDI). This document aims to review the main clinical pictures of CDI and the laboratory diagnosis, including sampling, transport and storage of specimens, specimen processing, diagnostic procedures, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and molecular characterisation of the isolates. The main purpose of the article is to develop a practical document that provides answers to the main questions that arise in the laboratory diagnosis of CDI

[Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection]. / Diagnóstico microbiológico de la infección por Clostridium difficile.

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in developed countries, and is one of the main aetiologic agents of community diarrhea. The eruption of the hypervirulent strain BI/NAP1/027 has given rise to an increase in the morbidity and mortality of C.difficile infection (CDI). This document aims to review the main clinical pictures of CDI and the laboratory diagnosis, including sampling, transport and storage of specimens, specimen processing, diagnostic procedures, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and molecular characterisation of the isolates. The main purpose of the article is to develop a practical document that provides answers to the main questions that arise in the laboratory diagnosis of CDI.

Social support and quality of life among Latinos with mental illness.

We examine the degree of social support and quality of life (QOL) among 60 Latinos with mental illness from a Community Mental Health Center of a large metropolitan Midwestern city. Additionally, we assess the relationship of both the quality and quantity of social support, and control for demographic factors as they all relate to QOL. Latinos had an average network of 3 contacts. Despite their small network, participants were satisfied with the quality of support they received. Their QOL was mixed, comparable to reports from non-Latinos with mental illness, and from the general population. Having better quality of social support being male and younger were associated with a higher QOL. Community treatment programs for Latinos with mental illness could benefit from focusing on nurturing existing networks, fostering social skills, and providing additional forms of support for those Latinos in need.

Descontinuidade do metodo anticoncepcional hormonal oral em adolescentes / Descontinuity of the hormonal-oral contraceptives method in teenagers

Apesar do aumento de consumo dos contraceptivos hormonais, vem se elevando em nosso pais as taxas de natalidade entre adolescentes. Atraves de pesquisa sequencial, utilizando-se protocolo pre-definido, sao levantados os aspectos psicossociais das usuarias de contraceptivos hormonais, bem como os fatores implicados em sua descontinuidade. Para tal foram estudadas 97 adolescentes que deram entrada no Servico Obstetrico da Maternidade Carmela Dutra (Florianopolis-SC) no periodo de 01/08/92 a 31/10/92 por parto, aborto ou tratamento clinico-obstetrico que ja haviam utilizado anticoncepcional hormonal oral (ACHO). Constatou-se que 69,10 por cento utilizaram o metodo sem indicacao medica e 21,63 por cento de maneira incorreta. O controle medico semestral ocorreu em somente 26,82 por cento dos casos. As intercorrencias mais relatadas durante o uso foram: nauseas (41,20 por cento ), cefaleia (40,17 por cento ), ganho ponderal (30,90 por cento ) e vomitos (22,66 por cento ). O desejo de gravidez foi o motivo de descontinuidade do metodo mais encontrado (28,84 por cento ), seguido de nauseas (19,57 por cento ), vomitos (14,42 por cento ), gravidez (13,39 por cento ), cefaleia (08,24 por cento ) e ganho ponderal (07,21 por cento ).60,86 por cento das pacientes pretendem retornar o uso de ACHO.

Resultados obtidos com o uso da cirurgia de Lind na prevencao ou tratamento da hernia hiatal e esofagite de refluxo / Results obtained with the use of the Lind's Surgery in the prevention or treatment of the hiatal hernia and peptic esophagitis

Foram analisados os resultados tardios obtidos com a cirurgia de LIND em 68 pacientes operados nos Hospitais Universitario e de Florianopolis/SC no periodo de 1983/93. Do total 34 por cento dos pacientes jamais retornaram para acompanhamento, 66 por cento fizeram acompanhamento esporadico, e destes, 23,5 por cento retornaram atraves da "busca ativa". Em 70 por cento dos casos havia mais de uma afeccao presente, sendo a ulcera peptica com 67,6 por cento e colecistopatia com 13,2 por cento as mais frequentes. A cirurgia de LIND foi realizada de forma isolada em somente 5,8 por cento dos casos, nos demais esteve associada a vagotomia em 54,8 por cento , a gastrectomia parcial em 30,8 por cento , a colecistectomia e cirurgia de HELLER em 14,7 por cento dos casos. Os indices de recidiva de hernia hiatal e esofagite de refluxo foram respectivamente 5,9 por cento e 14,7 por cento . No acompanhamento destes pacientes e fundamental a realizacao de endoscopia digestiva alta mesmo nos assintomaticos, ja que 7,7 por cento destes pacientes apresentam esofagite. O grau de satisfacao da cirurgia foi determinado baseado nos criterios de Visick, sendo que em 61,5 por cento dos casos o resultado foi considerado satisfatorio e em 38,5 por cento insatisfatorio.

Ataches de precisión en odontología

Prefacio. Reconocimientos. Plan de tratamiento. Las superficies oclusales. Prótesis sin pilar posterior. Ataches prefabricados. Ataches intracoronados. Ataches extracoronarios. Ataches internos. Barra ferulizadora para soporte de prótesis. Ataches auxiliares. prótesis seccionadas

Ataches de precisión en odontología

Prefacio. Reconocimientos. Plan de tratamiento. Las superficies oclusales. Prótesis sin pilar posterior. Ataches prefabricados. Ataches intracoronados. Ataches extracoronarios. Ataches internos. Barra ferulizadora para soporte de prótesis. Ataches auxiliares. prótesis seccionadas