Intestinal parasitic infections: telephone health literacy with men in areas of poverty in the syndemic.

OBJECTIVES: to assess Popular Health Education practices on intestinal parasites, carried out by telephone contact with men living in urban communities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the COVID-19 syndemic. METHOD: a quasi-experimental, quantitative and descriptive study, carried out with men aged 20 to 59 years. Pre-test was applied, and participants were divided into two groups: control and experimental. Popular Education in Health practices were carried out with an experimental group, and post-test was applied for both. RESULTS: health education practices were significant in the experimental group, with a reduction in incorrect answers. There was an increase in incorrect answers in the control group's post-test. CONCLUSIONS: the Brazilian National Policy for Popular Education in Health contributed to qualify men's health literacy on intestinal parasites. Practice by telephone contact proved to be a powerful strategy for nursing and public policies to access this group and promote health in Primary Health Care.

Pharmacological Potential of cis-jasmone in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

This study evaluates the pharmacological potential of cis-jasmone (CJ) in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio; aZF). Initially, aZF (n = 6/group) were pretreated (20 µL; p. o.) with CJ (0.1 or 0.3 or 1.0 mg/mL) or vehicle (0.5% Tween 80). The animals were submitted to acute toxicity and locomotion tests, pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure, carrageenan-induced abdominal edema, and cinnamaldehyde-, capsaicin-, menthol-, glutamate-, and acid saline-induced orofacial nociception. The possible mechanisms of anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and antinociceptive action were evaluated. The involvement of central afferent fibers sensitive to cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin and the effect of CJ on the relative gene expression of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in the brain of aZF were also analyzed, in addition to the study of molecular docking between CJ and TRPA1, TRPV1 channels, and GABAA receptors. CJ did not alter the locomotor behavior and showed pharmacological potential in all tested models with no toxicity. The anticonvulsant effect of CJ was prevented by flumazenil (GABAergic antagonist). The anxiolytic-like effect of CJ was prevented by flumazenil and serotonergic antagonists. The antinociceptive effect was prevented by TRPA1 and TRPV1 antagonists. Chemical ablation with capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde prevented the orofacial antinociceptive effect of CJ. Molecular docking studies indicate that CJ interacted with TRPA1, TRPV1, and GABAA receptors. CJ inhibited the relative gene expression of TRPA1 and TRPV1. CJ has pharmacological potential for the treatment of seizures, anxiety, inflammation, and acute orofacial nociception. These effects are obtained by modulating the GABAergic and serotonergic systems, as well as the TRPs and ASIC channels.

Intestinal parasitic infections: telephone health literacy with men in areas of poverty in the syndemic / Enteropatías parasitarias: alfabetización telefónica en salud con hombres de zonas de pobreza en la sindemia / Enteropatias parasitárias: literacia em saúde por telefonia com homens em áreas de pobreza na sindemia

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess Popular Health Education practices on intestinal parasites, carried out by telephone contact with men living in urban communities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the COVID-19 syndemic. Method: a quasi-experimental, quantitative and descriptive study, carried out with men aged 20 to 59 years. Pre-test was applied, and participants were divided into two groups: control and experimental. Popular Education in Health practices were carried out with an experimental group, and post-test was applied for both. Results: health education practices were significant in the experimental group, with a reduction in incorrect answers. There was an increase in incorrect answers in the control group's post-test. Conclusions: the Brazilian National Policy for Popular Education in Health contributed to qualify men's health literacy on intestinal parasites. Practice by telephone contact proved to be a powerful strategy for nursing and public policies to access this group and promote health in Primary Health Care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar las prácticas de Educación Popular en Salud sobre parásitos intestinales, realizadas por contacto telefónico con hombres residentes en comunidades urbanas de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, durante la sindemia de la COVID-19. Métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental, cuantitativo y descriptivo, realizado con hombres de 20 a 59 años. Se aplicó la preprueba y se dividió a los participantes en dos grupos: control y experimental. Se realizaron prácticas de Educación Popular en Salud con un grupo experimental y a ambos se les aplicó la posprueba. Resultados: las prácticas de educación en salud fueron significativas en el grupo experimental, con reducción de respuestas incorrectas. Hubo un aumento de respuestas incorrectas en la posprueba del grupo control. Conclusiones: la Política Nacional de Educación Popular en Salud contribuyó a cualificar la alfabetización en salud de los hombres sobre parásitos intestinales. La práctica por contacto telefónico demostró ser una poderosa estrategia de enfermería y de políticas públicas para acceder a ese grupo y promover la salud en la Atención Primaria de Salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar práticas de Educação Popular em Saúde sobre parasitoses intestinais, realizadas por contato telefônico com homens residentes em comunidades urbanas do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, durante a sindemia de COVID-19. Métodos: estudo quase-experimental, quantitativo e descritivo, realizado com homens de 20 a 59 anos. Foi aplicado o pré-teste, e os participantes, distribuídos em dois grupos: controle e experimental. Foram realizadas práticas de Educação Popular em Saúde com grupo experimental e aplicado o pós-teste para ambos. Resultados: práticas de educação em saúde foram significativas no grupo experimental, com redução das respostas incorretas. Houve aumento de respostas incorretas no pós-teste do grupo controle. Conclusões: a Política Nacional de Educação Popular em Saúde contribuiu para qualificar a literacia em saúde de homens sobre parasitoses intestinais. A prática por contato telefônico mostrou-se uma potente estratégia para a enfermagem e as políticas públicas acessarem este grupo e promoverem saúde na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Simulação em saúde como ferramenta educativa no cuidado de enfermagem pediátrica: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / La simulación en salud como herramienta educativa en el cuidado de enfermería pediátrica: una revisión integradora de la literatura / Health simulation as an educational tool in pediatric nursing care: an integrative literature review

Objetivo: analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre o uso da simulação em saúde como ferramenta educativa no cuidado de enfermagem pediátrica. Método: revisão integrativa realizada com Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (simulação, treinamento por simulação e enfermagem pediátrica), nas bases de dados SCOPUS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE e CINAHL. Foram encontrados 2070 estudos, avaliados 39 textos completos, em que 30 artigos compuseram o corpus de análise final. Resultados: a maioria dos estudos são internacionais, atuais e desenvolvidos com estudantes de graduação enfermagem. A simulação foi utilizada como ferramenta educacional para a formação na graduação, capacitação/treinamento sobretudo de enfermeiros e na educação em saúde de cuidadores familiares. Seu uso propiciou melhorias em gerenciamento, autoconfiança, habilidades, comunicação eficiente e construção do conhecimento acerca da temática. Conclusão: a simulação se configurou como uma ferramenta educacional com potencial para o aprimoramento do cuidado em pediatria.

Objetivo: analizar las evidencias disponibles en la literatura sobre el uso de la simulación de salud como herramienta educativa en el cuidado de enfermería pediátrica. Método: revisión integradora realizada con Descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud (simulación, simulación de entrenamiento y enfermería pediátrica), en las bases de datos SCOPUS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE y CINAHL. Se encontraron un total de 2070 estudios, se evaluaron 39 textos completos, en los cuales 30 artículos conformaron el corpus de análisis final. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudios son internacionales, vigentes y desarrollados con estudiantes de pregrado en enfermería. La simulación fue utilizada como herramienta educativa para la formación de graduación, capacitación/capacitación, especialmente para enfermeros, y en la educación en salud de los cuidadores familiares. Su uso proporcionó mejoras en la gestión, confianza en sí mismo, habilidades, comunicación eficiente y construcción de conocimiento sobre el tema. Conclusión: la simulación se configuró como una herramienta educativa con potencial para mejorar la atención pediátrica.

Objective: to analyze the evidence available in the literature on the use of health simulation as an educational tool in pediatric nursing care. Method: integrative review carried out with Health Sciences Descriptors (simulation, simulation training and pediatric nursing), in the SCOPUS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and CINAHL databases. A total of 2070 studies were found, 39 full texts were evaluated, in which 30 articles made up the final analysis corpus. Results: most studies are international, current and developed with undergraduate ursing students. The simulation was used as an educational tool for graduation training, qualification/training, especially for nurses, and in the health education of family caregivers. Its use provided improvements in management, self-confidence, skills, efficient communication and construction of knowledge on the subject. Conclusion: the simulation was configured as an educational tool with the potential to improve pediatric care.

Aleitamento materno exclusivo: conhecimentos de puérperas na atenção básica / Exclusive breastfeeding: knowledge of puerperals in primary care / Lactancia materna exclusiva: conocimiento de puérperas en atención primaria

Objetivos: investigar o conhecimento de puérperas acerca da prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Método: Pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa realizada no período de dezembro de 2020 a abril de 2021 na Unidade Básica de Saúde Nova Imperatriz em Imperatriz (MA). Foram incluídas puérperas frequentadoras da unidade básica, em processo de amamentação ou desmame, residentes na área de abrangência. Participaram da pesquisa 42 puérperas que foram entrevistadas e responderam a um questionário semi-estruturado. A pesquisa atendeu aos princípios éticos e foi aprovada pelo comitê de Ética em pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Maranhão sob o parecer de número 4.378.168.Resultados: A faixa etária das puérperas variou de 18 a 37 anos, se autodeclararam pardas 76,1%, eram casadas 57%, possuíam o ensino médio completo 47,6%, eram donas de casa 66,7%, com renda familiar de 1 a 2 salários mínimos 38,1%, e sem moradia própria 54,8%. Eram primíparas 52,4%, todas realizaram o pré-natal, tendo a maioria (83,3%) comparecido a mais de seis consultas. Os dados qualitativos foram analisados e emergiram as seguintes categorias: Promoção do aleitamento maternoe aleitamento materno exclusivo; Mitos e tabus sobre o Aleitamento materno; Riscos da interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Considerações finais: Notou-se que o conhecimento materno acerca do aleitamento ainda é pequeno. As orientações fornecidas nos serviços de saúde foram insuficientes para a adequada compreensão da relevância do aleitamento materno exclusivo, bem como para a sua adesão.

Objectives: to investigate the knowledge of puerperwomen about the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Method: Research with qualitative approach conducted from December 2020 to April 2021 at the Basic Health Unit Nova Imperatriz in Imperatriz (MA). Postpartum women attending the basic unit, in the process of breastfeeding or weaning, living in the area of coverage were included. Forty-two puerperal women who were interviewed and answered a semi-structured questionnaire participated in the study. The research met ethical principles and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Maranhão under the opinion of number 4,378,168. Results: The age group of the puerperum ranged from 18 to 37 years, 76.1% were brown, 57% were married, had completed high school 47.6%, housewives 66.7%, with a family income of 1 to 2 minimum wages 38.1%, and without their own home housing 54.8%. They were primiparous 52.4%, all of them had prenatal care, with the majority (83.3%) showing up for more than six consultations. Qualitative data were analyzed and the following categories emerged: Promotion of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding; Myths and taboos about Breastfeeding; Risks of early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Final considerations: It was noticed that maternal knowledge about breastfeeding is still small. The guidelines provided in the health services were insufficient to adequately understand the relevance of exclusive breastfeeding, as well as for its support.

Objetivos: investigar el conocimiento de las puerpermadas sobre la práctica de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Método: Investigación con enfoque cualitativo realizada desde diciembre de 2020 hasta abril de 2021 en la Unidad Básica de Salud Nova Imperatriz en Imperatriz (MA). Se incluyeron las mujeres posparto que asistían a la unidad básica, en proceso de lactancia o destete, que vivían en el área de cobertura. Cuarenta y dos mujeres puerperales fueron entrevistadas y respondieron a un cuestionario semiestructurado participaron en el estudio. La investigación cumplió con los principios éticos y fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la UniversidadFederal de Maranhão bajo la opinión del número 4.378.168. Resultados: El grupo de edad del puerperum varió de 18 a 37 años, 76.1% eran morenas, 57% estaban casadas, habían completado la escuela secundaria 47.6%, amas de casa 66.7%, con un ingreso familiarde 1 a 2 salarios mínimos 38.1%, y sin vivienda propia 54.8%. Eran primíparas 52,4%, todas ellas con atención prenatal, y la mayoría (83,3%) se presentaba a más de seis consultas. Se analizaron los datos cualitativos y surgieron las siguientes categorías:Promoción de la lactancia materna y lactancia materna exclusiva; Mitos y tabúes sobre la lactancia materna; Riesgos de interrupción temprana de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Consideraciones finales: Se observó que el conocimiento materno sobre la lactancia materna es aún pequeño. Las directrices proporcionadas en los servicios de salud fueron insuficientes para comprender adecuadamente la pertinencia de la lactancia materna exclusiva, así como para su apoyo.

Cecropia pachystachya Trécul: a promising ingredient for skin-whitening cosmetics

Abstract Because it promotes the lightening of pigment spots, tyrosinase inhibition is one of the mechanisms of depigmenting cosmetic products. Considering the adverse effects produced by synthetic depigmenting actives, the search for new therapeutic options is desirable, and plant extracts are possible candidates for hyperpigmentation treatment. Glycolic extracts of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul are, therefore, the focus of this study. Its chemical characterization, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, and cell viability were evaluated. Glycolic extracts were obtained by macerating the leaves of C. pachystachya in grain alcohol and glycerin or propylene glycol. Both had a similar chemical constitution, the glycerin being more efficient in concentrating phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Analyses by UHPLC-MS detected quinic acid, chlorogenic acid isomers, proanthocyanidin dimers type B and C, catechin/epicatechin, orientin/isoorientin, isoorientin 2"-O-xyloside, vitexin/isovitexin, and rutin. 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid was then quantified was then quantified, with predominance in the extract produced with propylene glycol. These extracts showed a high antioxidant capacity by the method of DPPH, ß-carotene, and nitric oxide. As for depigmenting activity, both extracts were able to inhibit tyrosinase. Cell viability assay also revealed that the extracts could safely be used in concentrations of ≤ 125 µg/mL. Thus, this study demonstrated for the first time that the glycolic extracts of C. pachystachya have promising chemical and biological characteristics for the development of a multifunctional cosmetic with antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities

Epidemiological profile of children and adolescents with COVID-19: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: to map the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents with COVID-19 in the world literature. METHODS: a scoping review systematized by the Joanna Briggs Institute protocol in the PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Science direct and Google Scholar databases. Articles with children and/or adolescents with laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 were used. RESULTS: thirty-two articles were included in the review. Most children and adolescents were male, with contamination by family transmission. The most frequent clinical manifestations were fever, cough and diarrhea. Ten studies cited pre-existing condition/disease, and hospital length ranged from one to twenty days. Three deaths were reported and no study presented race/color, education and socioeconomic conditions. CONCLUSION: it was possible to screen the epidemiological profile with information about age group, sex, probable contamination of the disease, clinical manifestations, presence of pre-existing disease/condition, hospitalization and deaths among children and adolescents with COVID-19.

Impact of sex and environmental conditions on the responses to pain in zebrafish / Impacto do sexo e das condições ambientais nas respostas do peixe-zebra à dor

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been proposed as a low-cost and simple alternative to the use of rodents in laboratory research on novel compounds with antinociceptive potential. This study aimed to assess whether there is an influence of animal sex and the test environment on the orofacial nociceptive behavior of the adult zebrafish. METHODS: First, cinnamaldehyde, menthol, capsaicin, acidic saline, or glutamate was applied into the lips of the adult male or female zebrafish. Naive groups were included as control. The orofacial nociception was quantified in terms of locomotor activity. In other series of experiments, it was evaluated whether the apparatus, acclimatization, period of test, temperature of the water and color of the open field would alter the nociceptive response to cinnamaldehyde. RESULTS: The nociceptive behavior did not depend on the sex of the animal, apparatus, time the test was performed or the color of the open field. However, acclimatization promoted nociceptive behavior in naive animals and did not alter the nociceptive response to cinnamaldehyde (p<0.01 vs acclimatized naive). The nociception behavior was presented only when the test was performed at a temperature of 26ºC (p<0.01 vs naive). CONCLUSION: The results suggest the need to control the environment and water temperature as an environmental source of variation during the nociceptive behavior test of the adult zebrafish.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O peixe-zebra adulto (Danio rerio) tem sido proposto como uma alternativa simples e de baixo custo ao uso de roedores em pesquisas laboratoriais de novos compostos com potencial antinociceptivo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se há influência do sexo do animal e do ambiente de teste no comportamento nociceptivo orofacial do peixe-zebra adulto. MÉTODOS: Inicialmente, cinamaldeído, mentol, capsaicina, solução salina ácida ou glutamato foi aplicada nos lábios do peixe-zebra adulto masculino ou feminino. Grupos naive foram incluídos como controle. A nocicepção orofacial foi quantificada em termos de atividade locomotora. Em outra série de experimentos, foi avaliado se o aparato, aclimatação, período de teste, temperatura da água e cor do campo aberto alterariam a resposta nociceptiva ao cinamaldeído. RESULTADOS: O comportamento nociceptivo não dependeu do sexo do animal, do equipamento de teste, do horário em que o teste foi realizado ou da cor do campo aberto. No entanto, a aclimatação promoveu comportamento nociceptivo em animais naive e não alterou promoveu comportamento nociceptivo em animais naive e não alterou a resposta nociceptiva ao cinamaldeído (p<0,01 vs naive aclimatado). O comportamento nociceptivo foi verificado apenas quando o teste foi executado a uma temperatura de 26ºC (p<0,01 vs naive). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de controlar o ambiente e a temperatura da água como fonte de variação ambiental durante o teste de comportamento nociceptivo do peixe-zebra adulto.

Epidemiological profile of children and adolescents with COVID-19: a scoping review / Perfil epidemiológico de niños y adolescentes con COVID-19: revisión del alcance / Perfil epidemiológico de crianças e adolescentes com COVID-19: uma revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective: to map the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents with COVID-19 in the world literature. Methods: a scoping review systematized by the Joanna Briggs Institute protocol in the PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Science direct and Google Scholar databases. Articles with children and/or adolescents with laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 were used. Results: thirty-two articles were included in the review. Most children and adolescents were male, with contamination by family transmission. The most frequent clinical manifestations were fever, cough and diarrhea. Ten studies cited pre-existing condition/disease, and hospital length ranged from one to twenty days. Three deaths were reported and no study presented race/color, education and socioeconomic conditions. Conclusion: it was possible to screen the epidemiological profile with information about age group, sex, probable contamination of the disease, clinical manifestations, presence of pre-existing disease/condition, hospitalization and deaths among children and adolescents with COVID-19.

RESUMEN Objetivo: mapear el perfil epidemiológico de niños y adolescentes con COVID-19 en la literatura mundial. Métodos: revisión de alcance sistematizada por el protocolo del Instituto Joanna Briggs en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Science direct y Google Académico. Se utilizaron artículos con niños y/o adolescentes con diagnóstico de laboratorio de COVID-19. Resultados: se incluyeron treinta y dos artículos en la revisión. La mayoría de los niños y adolescentes eran varones, contaminados por transmisión familiar. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron fiebre, tos y diarrea. Diez estudios citaron afecciones/enfermedades preexistentes y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria varió de uno a veinte días. Se informaron tres muertes y ningún estudio presentó raza/color, educación y condiciones socioeconómicas. Conclusión: fue posible trazar el perfil epidemiológico con información sobre grupo de edad, sexo, probable contaminación de la enfermedad, manifestaciones clínicas, presencia de enfermedad/condición preexistente, hospitalización y muertes en niños y adolescentes con COVID-19.

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear o perfil epidemiológico de crianças e adolescentes com COVID-19 na literatura mundial. Métodos: scoping review sistematizada pelo protocolo Joanna Briggs Institute nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Science direct e Google Acadêmico. Foram utilizados artigos com crianças e/ou adolescentes com diagnóstico laboratorial da COVID-19. Resultados: trinta e dois artigos foram incluídos na revisão. A maioria das crianças e adolescentes era do sexo masculino, com contaminação pela transmissão familiar. As manifestações clínicas mais frequentes foram febre, tosse e diarreia. Dez estudos citaram condição/doença pré-existentes, e o tempo de internação variou de um a vinte dias. Três óbitos foram referidos e nenhum estudo apresentou a raça/cor, escolaridade e condições socioeconômicas. Conclusão: foi possível traçar o perfil epidemiológico com informações sobre faixa etária, sexo, provável contaminação da doença, manifestações clínicas, presença de doença/condição pré-existente, internação e óbitos entre crianças e adolescentes com COVID-19.

Is the orofacial antinociceptive effect of lectins intrinsically related to their specificity to monosaccharides?

Lectins are proteins of non-immunological origin that may play several biological applications, of which we can highlight the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. In this work, we evaluated the possible effect of orofacial antinociceptive activity of three plant lectins, Dioclea violacea (DVL - Man/Glc-binding), Vatairea macrocarpa (VML - Gal-binding) and PPL (Parkia platycephala - Man/Glc-binding) in adult zebrafish. Acute nociception was induced by menthol (1.2 µM), or capsaicin (4.93 µM) applied into in the upper lip (5.0 µL) of adult wild zebrafish. Zebrafish were pretreated by intraperitoneal injection (20 µL) with vehicle (Control) or lectins (0.025; 0.05 or 0.1 mg/mL) 30 min before induction. The effect of lectins on zebrafish locomotor behavior was evaluated with the open field test. Naive groups (n = 8) were included in all tests. Our results indicate that only PPL presented antinociceptive induced by capsaicin, suggesting the potential clinical application of PPL as inhibitor of orofacial nociception and that this effect may be due to the modulation of TRPV1 channel. In conclusion, lectins that exhibit affinity to the same or different carbohydrates do not necessarily have an antinociceptive effect on the orofacial nociception model, indicating that the glycan carbohydrate binding pattern may be related to the effect on nociception inhibition.

Enduring extreme climate: Effects of severe drought on Triatoma brasiliensis populations in wild and man-made habitats of the Caatinga.

BACKGROUND: Triatoma brasiliensis, a triatomine-bug vector of Chagas disease, evolved in the semiarid Caatinga, where it occupies rocky outcrops, shrubby cacti, and human dwellings. Dwellings and rocks are considered high-quality microhabitats for this saxicolous species, whereas cacti probably represent secondary, lower-quality microhabitats. This 'microhabitat-quality hierarchy' hypothesis predicts that T. brasiliensis populations occupying dwellings or rocks should endure harsh environmental conditions better than their cactus-living relatives. METHODS/FINDINGS: We tested this prediction by comparing T. brasiliensis infestation (proportion of microhabitats with bugs), density (bugs per microhabitat), and crowding (bugs per infested microhabitat) in dwellings, rocks, and cacti sampled before and during the extreme drought that ravaged the Caatinga in 2012-2016. We used random-intercepts generalized linear mixed models to account for microhabitat spatial clustering and for variations in bug-catch effort; we assessed model performance and computed model-averaged effect estimates using Akaike's information criterion. Pre-drought infestation was similar across microhabitat types; during the drought, infestation remained stable in dwellings and rocks but dropped in cacti. Pre-drought bug density declined from dwellings to rocks to cacti; an additional decline associated with the drought was largely comparable across microhabitats, albeit perhaps somewhat larger in cacti. Finally, pre-drought bug crowding was higher in dwellings than in rocks or cacti and changed little during the drought-possibly with a downward trend in dwellings and an upward trend in cacti. CONCLUSIONS: Triatoma brasiliensis populations fared better in dwellings and rocks than in cacti during extreme drought. Estimates of microhabitat and drought effects on infestation, density, and crowding suggest that only a few cacti (versus many rocks and dwellings) represent good-quality habitat under such extremely harsh conditions. Our findings provide empirical support to the microhabitat-quality hierarchy hypothesis, and imply that T. brasiliensis can endure extreme climate by exploiting high-quality microhabitats, whether wild or man-made, in the semiarid Caatinga.

Sistematização da assistência de enfermagem na perspectiva do docente / Systematization of nursing assistance from the perspective of the teacher / Sistematización de la atención de enfermería en la perspectiva del docente

Objetivo: identificar como os docentes se preparam para ensinar a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em 2017, em uma instituição pública de ensino superior. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados pela análise do conteúdo. Resultados: o ensino da a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem provém desde a formação do professor até sua aplicabilidade em sala de aula. Os participantes do estudo consideram um desafio para esse ensino, em virtude do envolvimento de instituições de saúde para aplicabilidade desse aprendizado e muitas vezes, essas instituições inviabilizam a realização. Além disso, muitos discentes percebem esse conteúdo apenas como atividade extra, sem importância. O contato de muitos professores com esse conteúdo ocorre somente durante a graduação, o que dificulta posteriormente o ensino. Esses fatores prejudicam a implementação da sistematização da assistência de enfermagem tanto no contexto acadêmico como futuramente, no trabalho do enfermeiro. Considerações finais: conclui-se que durante a graduação as competências que regem este conteúdo são ensinadas em aulas teóricas e colocadas em práticas durante o estágio, porém há fragilidades no caminho que impossibilitam a consolidação do significado da a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem para o profissional.(AU)

Objective: to identify how teachers prepare to teach the systematization of nursing care. Method: this is an exploratory, descriptive study with a qualitative approach, carried out in 2017, in a public institution of higher education. Data were collected using a semistructured interview and analyzed by content analysis. Results: the teaching of the systematization of nursing care comes from the training of the teacher to its applicability in the classroom. The study participants consider this teaching a challenge, due to the involvement of health institutions in the applicability of this learning, and these institutions often make it unfeasible. In addition, many students perceive this content only as an extra and unimportant activity. The contact of many teachers with this content occurs only during graduation, which subsequently hampers teaching. These factors undermine the implementation of the systematization of nursing care both in the academic context and in the future, in the nurse's work. Conclusion: it is concluded that during graduation the competences that govern this content are taught in theoretical classes and placed in practices during the internship, but there are weaknesses in the path that make it impossible to consolidate the meaning of the systematization of nursing care for the professional.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar cómo los docentes se preparan para enseñar la sistematización de la asistencia de enfermería. Método: se trata de un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y con abordaje cualitativo, realizado en 2017, en una institución pública de enseñanza superior. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizadas por el análisis del contenido. Resultados: la enseñanza de la sistematización de la asistencia de enfermería proviene desde la formación del profesor hasta su aplicabilidad en el aula. Los participantes del estudio consideran un desafío para esa enseñanza, en virtud de la participación de instituciones de salud para la aplicabilidad de ese aprendizaje y muchas veces, esas instituciones inviabilizan la realización. Además, muchos estudiantes perciben ese contenido sólo como actividad extra, sin importancia. El contacto de muchos profesores con ese contenido ocurre solamente durante la graduación, lo que dificulta posteriormente la enseñanza. Estos factores perjudican la implementación de la sistematización de la asistencia de enfermería tanto en el contexto académico, como en el futuro, en el trabajo del enfermero. Conclusión: se concluye que durante la graduación las competencias que rigen este contenido son enseñadas en clases teóricas y colocadas en prácticas durante la etapa, pero hay fragilidades en el camino que imposibilitan la consolidación del significado de la sistematización de la asistencia de enfermería para el profesional.(AU)

O ensino a distância na formação sobre os impactos da violência na saúde / Distance education in training on the impacts of violence on health

O capítulo aborda um programa de formação profissional da Fiocruz sobre os impactos da violência sobre a saúde nos indivíduos e coletividades. Sendo assim, a realização do curso e de outros que o antecederam e sucederam sobre a problemática da violência, ofertados por outras instituições acadêmicas do país é uma aspecto relevante para o enfrentamento dessa grave questão social. (AU)

New aspects on the hepatoprotective potential associated with the antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory activities of Vernonia condensata Baker.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Vernonia condensata Baker (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in South American Countries as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hepatoprotective. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the in vivo hepatoprotective and antioxidant, and the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate partition (EAP) from the ethanolic extract of this medicinal plant leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the in vivo hepatoprotective activity, rats were pretreated orally for seven days with vehicle, silymarin 100mg/kg or EAP 50, 100 and 200mg/kg. Then, acetaminophen 3g/kg was also orally administrated. Animals were euthanatized 24h after the damage inducement. The levels of the serum enzymes ALT, AST and ALP were determined, as well as the triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by TBARS assay and by the measurement of glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the rats liver tissue. The in vitro anti-inflammatory assay using Raw 264.7 cell line induced by lipopolysaccharide was conducted to verify EAP ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: EAP was able to inhibit all the acute biochemical alterations caused by acetaminophen overdose. EAP inhibited malondialdehyde formation, maintained the catalase and increased the glutathione reductase activities. Also, EAP decreased NO, IL-6 and TNF-α levels at concentrations from 10 to 20µg/mL. 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid was isolated and identified as the major compound in EAP. Apigenin, luteolin, chlorogenic acid were also identified. EAP anti-inflammatory action may be due to its antioxidant activity or its capacity to inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION: These results strongly suggested that V. condensata may be useful as a possible therapy against liver damage.

The effect of the phytol-rich fraction from Lacistema pubescens against Leishmania amazonensis is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction.

Leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania and the treatment remains a serious problem since the available drugs exhibited high toxicity and side effects. Plant-derived natural products are promising leads for the development of novel chemotherapeutics. In this work the phytol-rich hexane fraction (PRF) from the leaves of Lacistema pubescens was obtained and identified by GC-MS analysis. When assayed for antileishmanial effects, PRF was active against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 values of 44.0 and 25.8 µg/mL respectively). Furthermore, PRF did not show significant cytotoxicity on peritoneal macrophages being more destructive to the intracellular parasite than to mammalian cells. In addition, possible targets of PRF were investigated against L. amazonensis promastigotes. The results showed that PRF exerted its antipromastigote activity by marked depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential followed by the increase of ROS levels in L. amazonensis promastigotes. During these events, no rupture of the cell membrane integrity was observed. Our results indicated that PRF was effective and selective against L. amazonensis, and that this effect was mainly mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction associated to ROS production.

Topical application of the hexane fraction of Lacistema pubescens reduces skin inflammation and cytokine production in animal model.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute topical anti-inflammatory effect of the hexane fraction (HLP) of Lacistema pubescens in mice. METHODS: Ear oedema models induced by croton oil, arachidonic acid, phenol, histamine, ethyl phenyl propiolate and capsaicin. Histopathological analyses of ear tissue samples sensitized with croton oil were performed. Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), the pro-inflammatory cytokine-inhibitory effect and dermatoxicity were also evaluated. KEY FINDINGS: HLP (1, 0.5 and 0.1 mg/ear) resulted in a substantial reduction in skin thickness or tissue weight on all models tested, except for capsaicin-induced ear oedema, similar to dexamethasone (0.1 mg/ear) and/or indomethacin (0.5 mg/ear). Histopathological analyses and neutrophil-mediated MPO activity confirmed the topical anti-inflammatory effect of HLP. In addition, HLP reduced IL-1ß, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α cytokine levels. Sitosterol-rich fraction (SRF), obtained from HLP fractionation, reduced ear oedema on croton oil and phenol models at the same dose of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/ear). No dermotoxicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of action of HLP was associated with the inhibition of several pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolites and histamine, which suggested a glucocorticoid-like effect, reinforced by the presence of the steroid sitosterol. This is the first report on anti-inflammatory activity of L. pubescens leaves.

Pereskia aculeata: A plant food with antinociceptive activity.

CONTEXT: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is a cactus distributed from south to northeast of Brazil, where its leaves are commonly used as a vegetable, in skin wound healing, and to treat inflammation. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to perform the chemical characterization and to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the hydromethanolic fraction obtained from the methanol extract of P. aculeata leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical characterization was performed by UPLC-MS analysis. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests in mice, administering the single oral doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg 1 h before each test. RESULTS: Tryptamine, abrine, mescaline, hordenine, petunidin, di-tert-butylphenol isomers, and quercetin were identified. The antinociceptive activity was inversely proportional to the administered doses in the acetic acid test, as the dose of 100 mg/kg reduced by 78% the number of writhings, while the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg reduced by 64% and 41%, respectively. In the formalin test, the dose of 300 mg/kg inhibited by 50% and 86% the licking paw time in the first and second phases, respectively, while the doses of 200 mg/kg (45% and 62%, respectively) and 100 mg/kg (15% and 48%, respectively) were less effective. The sample did not respond to the tail-flick test. Those results suggested a peripheral and central antinociception devoid of an opioid effect. CONCLUSION: Pereskia aculeata not only is a plant food with high nutritional value but also presents analgesic potential. It is the first time that this bioactivity is reported for this species.

Fatores associados ao risco para a doença de Chagas em áreas rurais do município de Russas/CE: indicadores entomológicos e domésticos / Factors associated with risk for Chagas disease in rural areas of the Russas municipality, Ceará: entomological and domestic indicators

A doença de Chagas é considerada endêmica na América Latina, sendo uma das parasitoses com maior impacto socioeconômico nessa região. [...] A região do Vale do Rio Jaguaribe é considerada endêmica por apresentar tanto o ciclo doméstico quanto opara doméstico [...]. Com intuito de investigar a infestação pelos vetores da endemia chagásica, a circulação de Trypanosoma cruzi, bem como fornecer subsídios para o controle desses vetores, localidades rurais do município de Russas-CE foram selecionadas como área de estudo. Teve-se como objetivo analisar a fauna de triatomíneos e investigar os fatores associados ao risco de infestação por esses insetos e de transmissão da doença de Chagas em diferentes localidades rurais do município, através de indicadores entomológicos e domésticos, e utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento. A busca pelos vetores foi realizada em novembro e dezembro de 2013, no intra e peridomicílio de 193 unidades domiciliares (UDs) das localidades rurais de Bonhu, Capim Grosso, Patos do Tito, Riacho do Barro,Sítio Maxixe e Timbaúba do Pitingão. Foram capturados 374 triatomíneos, sendo T. brasiliensis aespécie mais abundante (86,63 por cento), seguida por T. pseudomaculata (10,70 por cento) e Rhodnius nasutus(2,67 por cento). As infestações ocorreram majoritariamente no peridomicílio, mais precisamente em poleiros (7,46 por cento), amontoados de madeiras (6,16 por cento), currais de ovelhas/cabras (4,76 por cento),galinheiros (4,26 por cento), amontoados de telhas (3,84 por cento) e em casa de taipa abandonada, utilizada como abrigo de aves domésticas (1,21 por cento); em apenas um domicílio foi encontrado triatomíneo dentro da casa...

Endemic in Latin America, Chagas disease is one of the parasitic diseases with higher socioeconomic impact inthis region. [...] The Jaguaribe River Valley region is considered endemic since both domestic and peridomesticcycle are present [...]. In order to investigate the Chagasdisease vector infestation, Trypanosoma cruzi circulation, as well as to provide subsidies for vector control, six rurallocalities of the Russas municipality, Ceará, were selected as study area. Our aim was to analyze the triatominefauna and to investigate the factors associated with the triatomine infestation risk and Chagas disease transmissionin those localities, through the analysis of entomological and domestic indicators and the use of GeographicInformation System (GIS) techniques. Captures were carried out in November and December 2013, in intra andperidomestic environments of 193 housing units of the localities Bonhu, Capim Grosso, Patos do Tito, Riacho doBarro, Sítio Maxixe and Timbaúba do Pitingão. Three hundred seventy four triatomines were captured; T.brasiliensis (86.63 percent) was the most abundant species, followed by T. pseudomaculata (10.70 percent) and Rhodniusnasutus (2.67 percent). The infestations occurred mostly in the peridomicile, more precisely in perches (7.46 percent), woodpiles (6.16 percent), goat/sheap corrals (4.76 percent), chicken coop (4.26 percent), tile piles (3.84 percent) and an abandoned mud housethat was used as a poultry shelter (1.21 percent); only in one house was found triatomine in intradomicile...

Intrapuparial development of Chrysomya putoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The intrapuparial development of 150 pupae of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1830) was analyzed. The material was kept in a climate chamber at 27 degrees C (day) and 25 degrees C (night), 60 +/- 10% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h, which started at 06:00 a.m. Daily, 30 pupae were frozen at - 15 degrees C, for the sacrifice of the insects, and the immatures obtained were photomicrographed until the emergence of the adults. The following stages were observed: pupariation process: during this process, reduction of the larvae's first three body segments and the darkening of the cuticle occur; cryptocephalic phase after 18 h; phanerocephalic phase after 24 h; body division after 48 h. Between the third and the fourth days of the development, the stage ofpharate adult was reached, characterized by the following changes in the color of the compounds eyes: 1) orange eyes, after 66 h; 2) red eyes, after 72 h; 3) dark red eyes, after 90 h; 4) brown eyes, after 96 h. The time of intrapuparial development of C. putoria at 2 degrees C (day) and 25 degrees C (night), 60 +/- 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h was 5 d.

HPLC-DAD analysis, antileishmanial, antiproliferative, and antibacterial activities of Lacistema pubescens: an Amazonian medicinal plant.

Species of the genus Lacistema are traditionally used by Brazilian and Peruvian indigenous communities. The present study investigated the in vitro antileishmanial activity against several Leishmania species, cytotoxicity in murine peritoneal macrophages, antiproliferative activity against HL60 and Jurkat cells, and antibacterial activities against seven bacteria strains of the aerial parts of the methanolic crude extract and fractions of Lacistema pubescens. In addition, their chemical profile was also evaluated. Hexane fraction showed the most significant IC50 values against all promastigotes of Leishmania species tested, except for L. chagasi (IC50 = 4.2 µg/mL for L. major and IC50 = 3.5 µg/mL for L. amazonensis). This fraction also exhibited a strong activity against amastigotes of L. amazonensis (IC50 = 6.9 µg/mL). The antiproliferative activity was also observed for methanolic extract and hexane fraction with IC50 = 47.2 µg/mL and IC50 = 39.7 µg/mL for HL60, respectively. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the overall antibacterial activity was not very significative. Phytol and sitosterol were identified in the methanolic extract. Additionally, previous studies also revealed the presence of those compounds in the hexane fraction. Among other compounds, phytol and sitosterol were probably involved in the antileishmanial and cytotoxicity activities observed in this study.