ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Data on physicians' income are relevant for well-informed health policies, both due to their strategic role and the volume of resources that their activities represent to health systems. In Brazil, multiple sources of data measure the income of these professionals, each one with singularities that generate a complex and heterogeneous picture. This study explores the methodological aspects of different data sources, pointing to potentials and limitations to measuring the income of physicians. METHODS: We use the sources' documentation and data on the average monthly income in 2019, by gender and macro region, from four distinct surveys: Continuous Pnad (National Household Sample Survey), RAIS (Annual Listing of Social Information), Medical Demographics, and IRPF (Personal Income Tax). RESULTS: The results confirm the heterogeneity of definitions, variables, and methodologies. The data set can evidence phenomena such as the income difference between men and women. Regional inequalities are evident; however, the data interpretation is less assertive. CONCLUSIONS: Although eventual gaps and discrepancies among sources can limit some strong conclusions, the analysis of different methodologies employed can suggest relevant hypotheses for in-depth studies.
Subject(s)
Income , Physicians , Brazil , Family Characteristics , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Data on physicians' income are relevant for well-informed health policies, both due to their strategic role and the volume of resources that their activities represent to health systems. In Brazil, multiple sources of data measure the income of these professionals, each one with singularities that generate a complex and heterogeneous picture. This study explores the methodological aspects of different data sources, pointing to potentials and limitations to measuring the income of physicians. METHODS: We use the sources' documentation and data on the average monthly income in 2019, by gender and macro region, from four distinct surveys: Continuous Pnad (National Household Sample Survey), RAIS (Annual Listing of Social Information), Medical Demographics, and IRPF (Personal Income Tax). RESULTS: The results confirm the heterogeneity of definitions, variables, and methodologies. The data set can evidence phenomena such as the income difference between men and women. Regional inequalities are evident; however, the data interpretation is less assertive. CONCLUSIONS: Although eventual gaps and discrepancies among sources can limit some strong conclusions, the analysis of different methodologies employed can suggest relevant hypotheses for in-depth studies.
ABSTRACT
The knowledge of micronutrients for Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) plants might be a valuable tool to the subsidize taking of decisions to the management of such species. The objective of this study was to describe the symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies in jute plants and to analyze micronutrient contents in leaves, stems, and roots. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with six treatments and four replications in a randomized block design. The treatments were, as follows: Complete solution (C) and solution with the omission of the following nutrients: B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Except for Cu deficiency, the morphological alterations were easily characterized for all nutrients evaluated, in which Fe and Zn were the first and the last to cause symptoms in plants, respectively. In general, the nutrients that were most limiting to the growth of Jute plant and for dry mass were Fe and B. The omission of B, Mn and Fe limited root growth while the Zn and Cu deficiencies limited the growth of the aerial part. The nutrient contents were ordered as it follows: Fe> Mn> Zn> B> Cu in the leaves, Fe> Mn> B> Zn> Cu in the stem and Fe> Zn> Mn> B> Cu in the roots. For seedings of Jute, the deficiency of Fe and B are the most limiting and the suitable nutritional contents for those seedlings are 11.37; 8.99; 346.14; 248.88 and 77,28 mg.kg-1 for B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the leaves, respectively.
O conhecimento acerca de micronutrientes em plantas de juta (Corchorus capsularis L.) pode ser uma importante ferramenta para subsidiar tomadas de decisão quanto ao manejo de tal espécie. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever os sintomas de deficiência de micronutrientes em plantas de juta e analisar o teor de micronutrientes contidos em folhas, caules e raízes. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições para cada tratamento em delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram: solução completa (C) e solução com a omissão dos seguintes nutrientes: B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Com exceção da deficiência de Cu, as alterações morfológicas foram fáceis de caracterizar para todos os nutrientes analisados, com Fe e Zn sendo o primeiro e o último a causar sintomas em plantas, respectivamente. Em geral, os nutrientes que foram os mais limitantes para o crescimento e matéria seca de juta foram Fe e B. A omissão de B, Mn e Fe limitou o crescimento radicular, enquanto que a deficiência de Zn e Culimitou o crescimento da parte aérea. O teor de nutrientes seguiu a seguinte ordem decrescente: Fe> Mn> Zn> B> Cu nas folhas, Fe> Mn> B> Zn> Cu no caule e Fe> Zn> Mn> B> Cu nas raízes. Pra mudas de juta, a deficiência de Fe e B são as mais limitantes e os teores nutricionais adequados para estas mudas são 11,37; 8.99; 346.14; 248.88; and 77.28 mg.kg-1, respectivamente, para B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn nas folhas.
