A better understanding of air quality resulting from the effects of the 2020 pandemic in a city in the equatorial region (Fortaleza, Brazil).

The year 2020 was atypical due to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19), providing a unique opportunity to understand changes in air quality due to the reduction in urban activity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to perform an integrated evaluation on the influence of the effects of the 2020 pandemic on air quality in the city of Fortaleza, investigating levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NO, SO2, CO, and O3, corresponding health risks, as well as the influence of meteorological variables and urban activity. In all phases analyzed, significant reductions were found in NOx, NO, NO2, and CO. A considerable reduction in PM2.5 and PM10 was found in the early phases, with an increase in the later phases. These findings are explained by the nearly 50% reduction in vehicular traffic and the consequent reduction in fossil fuel emissions, mainly in the partial lockdown and total lockdown periods, as well as reductions in commercial (stores/shops) and industrial activities. The variation in O3 was initially non-significant, followed by a considerable increase in the last three phases analyzed; this increase was influenced by changes in temperature and the incidence of sunlight. SO2 concentrations increased in the period studied, demonstrating that the vehicular fleet, local commerce, and other activities are not the predominant sources of this compound. Estimated health risks were reduced by half during the lockdown period, especially for non-smokers, followed by a drastic increase in the last three phases. The planetary boundary layer was positively correlated with O3 and PM10 and negatively correlated with NOx, NO2, and NO, indicating its influence on the distribution of pollutants in the lower atmosphere and, consequently, air quality.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy treated with intravitreal ranibizumab and photocoagulation directed at ischemic retinal areas-A randomized study.

PURPOSE: To compare ETDRS panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) and photocoagulation targeted to ischemic retina (PIR) combined with IVR in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: PDR patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either PRP + IVR or PIR + IVR. ETRDS Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield thickness (CSFT) measured on optic-coherence tomography images (OCT-Heidelberg Spectralis) were recorded at baseline and every 4 weeks for one year. Fluorescein leakage area (FLA) from active new vessels was measured every 12 weeks. Full-field ERG was recorded by means of DTL electrodes, following ISCEV standard recommendations, at baseline and after 3 months. RESULTS: Twenty-eight eyes completed the study period. At baseline, mean ± SE BCVA (logMAR) was 0.44 ± 0.07 and 0.37 ± 0.08 (P = 0.5030); CSFT (µm) was 324.0 ± 20.4 and 330.1 ± 22.1 (P = 0.8417); and FLA (mm2) was 16.10 ± 4.42 and 9.97 ± 1.83 (P = 0.2114) for PRP + IVR and PIR + IVR groups, respectively. There were no relevant changes on BCVA or CSFT, but a significant reduction for FLA was observed at all visits compared to baseline for both groups, with no differences between groups. ERG showed at baseline reduced dark-adapted amplitudes, and these changes were also significantly amplified after laser treatment. ROD b-wave amplitude was further reduced in 62 ± 6% for PRP + IVR and 59 ± 4% for group PIR + IVR, but with no between-groups significant difference (P = 0.9082). CONCLUSIONS: PIR + IVR or PRP + IVR are comparable strategies regarding FLA control in PDR and led to similar retinal function impairment, based on ERG changes up to one-year follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03904056, date of registration 02/11/2019, retrospectively registered.

Configuração dos atendimentos oncológicos em um município de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Distribución de los servicios oncológicos en un municipio de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Offering Oncology Services in a municipality of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Introdução: O câncer configura-se como um relevante problema de saúde pública mundial e impacta a carga global de doenças. Visto isso, este estudo teve como objetivo geral conhecer a configuração clínica, assistencial e epidemiológica dos atendimentos às pessoas com câncer de um município do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, seguido por abordagem espacial em saúde, realizado com dados de prontuários que integram os registros hospitalares de câncer de um município sul mineiro no período de 2007 a 2017. Para a análise dos dados contou-se com o auxílio dos softwares EpiInfo, TerraView e QGis. Resultados: Foram 1914 pessoas atendidas, com predominância de sexo masculino, idade superior a 60 anos, cor branca, ensino fundamental completo, ocupação doméstica. Oncologia clínica, estadiamento tipo I, doença estável, câncer de pele, adenocarcinoma, cirurgia, quimioterapia e ausência de razão para não tratar despontaram como as variáveis clínico-assistenciais mais frequentes. Constatou-se um aporte expressivo dos registros a partir de 2009 e um decréscimo de casos não-analíticos. Obteve-se 94,7% de geocodificação e verificou-se uma distribuição espacial heterogênea pela área urbana, com conglomerados em diferentes bairros. Conclusão: A configuração clínica-assistencial e epidemiológica dos atendimentos oncológicos proposta foi alcançada. As distribuições temporal, espacial e de frequência dos atendimentos apontam para um incremento substancial na cobertura assistencial de pessoas com câncer tratadas no cenário estudado.

Introduction: Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide that has an impact on global morbidity rates. This study aimed to determine the clinical, assistance and epidemiological offer of oncology services provided to people with cancer in a municipality of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a geographical approach to health using data from oncological medical records in a municipality of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2017. Epi Info, TerraView and QGIS were used for data analysis. Results: 1914 patients received assistance, who were predominantly white males over 60 years old holding complete elementary education and household occupation. The most frequent clinical care variables included clinical oncology, type I cancer staging, cancer stabilization, skin cancer, adenocarcinoma, surgery, chemotherapy and no reason for non-treatment. An important contribution was observed in records after 2009, as well as a decrease in non-analytic cases. 94.7% of geocoding was made with a heterogeneous spatial offer in urban areas and clusters in different neighborhoods. Conclusions: The clinical, assistance and epidemiological offer proposed for oncology services has actually been carried out. Temporal, spatial and frequency of care offers indicate a substantial increase in healthcare coverage for people with cancer who have received treatment under this scenario.

Introducción: El cáncer representa un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial que tiene un impacto en la tasa de morbilidad global. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo general conocer la distribución clínica, asistencial y epidemiológica de los servicios oncológicos prestados a personas con cáncer en un municipio del estado de Minas Gerais en Brasil. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con un enfoque geográfico en salud que se realizó con datos de registros médicos oncológicos de un municipio de Minas Gerais entre 2007 y 2017. Se utilizaron los programas Epi Info, TerraView y QGIS en el análisis de datos. Resultados: Se atendieron 1914 personas con predominio de varones blancos mayores de 60 años con educación primaria completa y ocupación hogar. Dentro de las variables de asistencia clínica más frecuentes se encuentran la oncología clínica, la estadificación de tipo I, la estabilización de la enfermedad, el cáncer de piel, el adenocarcinoma, la cirugía, la quimioterapia y la ausencia de motivos para no tratarse. Se observó una importante contribución en los registros a partir de 2009, así como una disminución de los casos no analíticos. Se obtuvo una geocodificación del 94.7% con una distribución espacial heterogénea en el área urbana y conglomerados en diferentes barrios. Conclusión: Se ha llevado a cabo la distribución clínica, asistencial y epidemiológica propuesta para servicios oncológicos. Las distribuciones temporales, espaciales y de frecuencia de la atención apuntan a un aumento sustancial de la cobertura de la atención para las personas con cáncer que recibieron tratamiento en el escenario estudiado.

Dependência do tabaco e nível de monóxido de carbono em trabalhadores terceirizados / Dependencia del tabaco y nivel de monóxido de carbono enempleados tercerizados / Tobacco dependence and carbon monoxide level in outsourced workers

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a dependência física do tabaco e o nível de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado (status tabágico) em trabalhadores terceirizados de uma universidade pública. Método: estudo descritivo-analítico, transversal, quantitativo, desenvolvido com 316 trabalhadores terceirizados de uma universidade pública. Os dados foram coletados por meio do instrumento de caracterização dos participantes, do Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence e do aparelho monoxímetro. Resultados: dos 316 trabalhadores terceirizados, apenas 41 relataram o uso de tabaco ou derivados e 39% destes possuíam grau de dependência física do tabaco elevado/muito elevado. A maioria (90,2%) deles possuía status tabágico considerados fumantes. As variáveis dependência física do tabaco e nível de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado apresentaram associação estatística (p=0,038). Conclusão: alguns trabalhadores possuíam dependência física ao tabaco; por isso, torna-se importante a criação e adoção de políticas públicas que atendam a este tipo de população, assim como, a presença de um enfermeiro nas empresas, com vistas para a promoção da saúde dos trabalhadores.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la dependencia física del tabaco yel nivel de monóxido de carbono en el aire exhalado (status de tabaquismo) enempleados tercerizados de una universidad pública. Método: estudio descriptivo-analítico, transversal, cuantitativo, desarrollado con 316 empleados tercerizados de una universidad pública. Los datos fueronrecolectados por medio del instrumento de caracterización de los participantes, delFagerström Test forNicotineDependencey delmonitor de monóxido de carbono. Resultados: de los 316 empleados tercerizados, solo 41 relataron el uso de tabaco o derivados yel 39% de estos poseía grado de dependencia física del tabaco elevado/muy elevado. La mayor partede ellos (90,2%) poseía statusde tabaquismo considerados fumadores. Las variables dependencia física del tabaco y nivel de monóxido de carbono en el aire exhalado presentaron asociación estadística (p=0,038). Conclusión: algunos empleados poseían dependencia física al tabaco; por ello, es importante la creacióny adopción de políticas públicas que respondan a este tipo de población, así como la presencia de un enfermero en las empresas, a fin de promover la salud de los empleados.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the physical dependence to tobacco and carbon monoxide levels in the exhaled air (smoking status) in outsourced workers at a public university. Method: descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional, quantitative study developed with 316 outsourced workers from a public university. Data were collected using an instrument for characterization of the participants, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, and measurements with a monoximeter. Results: of the 316 outsourced workers, only 41 reported the use of tobacco or tobacco products and 39% of them had a high/very high degree of physical dependence to tobacco. The majority (90.2%) had smoking status considered of smokers. The variables physical dependence to tobacco and level of carbon monoxide in exhaled air showed a statistical association (p= 0.038). Conclusion: some workers had physical dependence to tobacco; therefore, the creation and adoption of public policies aimed at this type of population and the presence of nurses in companies are important to promote the health of workers.

Análise da percepção de risco dos estudantes participantes do Projeto Agente Mirim de Defesa Civil / Risk perception analysis of students participating in the Junior Civil Defense Agent

Atualmente, a Defesa Civil (DC) de Blumenau, em Santa Catarina, na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Itajaí (BHRI) realiza ações de educação ambiental para Gestão de Risco de Desastres (GRD) por meio de projetos, dentre eles o Agente Mirim de Defesa Civil (AMDC). O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar como o projeto AMDCsubsidia a implementação da Lei Federal no. 12.608/2012, por meio da análise da percepção de risco dos estudantes durante sua participação. Para isso, foram utilizadas cinco ferramentas aplicadas em sete momentos no decorrer do ano letivo de 2016. Os resultados revelam que os estudantes ao ingressarem no projeto, trazem consigo conceitos básicos sobre ações de defesa civil e constroem novos conhecimentos sobre riscos de desastres. Conclui-se que as práticas educativas empregadas no projeto AMDC possibilitam a construção de conhecimentos, procedimentos e atitudes, capacitando os estudantes nos processos de prevenção, mitigação e preparação frentes aos riscos de desastres conforme enfatizado pela Lei Federal no. 12.608/2012.

Currently the Civil Defense (CD) of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, in the Itajaíriver basin conducts environmental education actions for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) through projects, among them the "Junior Civil Defense Agent" (JCDA). The objective of this research was to analyze how the JCDA project subsidizes the implementation of Federal Law nº. 12.608/2012, by analyzing the students' perception of risk during their participation. To this end, five tools were applied at seven times during the 2016 school year. The results show that students entering the project bring with them basic concepts about civil defense actions and build new knowledge about disaster risks. It is concluded that the educational practices employed in the JCDA project enable the construction of knowledge, procedures and attitudes, enabling students in disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness processes as emphasized by Federal Law nº. 12.608/2012.

Removal of natural organic matter from aqueous solutions using electrocoagulation pulsed current: optimization using response surface methodology.

The use of the pulsed current can be an alternative to decrease the electrode polarization, as well as achieving lower energy consumption. This study investigated the electrocoagulation through pulsed current for the removal of natural organic matter from water. The experiments were carried out using Box-Behnken factorial design with the response surface methodology for the design of experiments, modeling and interpreting of the results. The electrocoagulation cell consisted of an acrylic reactor with 4 L capacity with four electrodes of aluminum, in parallel connection mode. The experimental independent variables studied were: current density (5.5 to 44.5 A m-2), electrodes spacing (2 to 7.6 mm), stirring rate (200 to 1,000 rpm), frequency (500 to 5,000 Hz), humic acid concentration (5 to 20 mg L-1) and NaCl (100 to 300 mg L-1) as supporting electrolyte, evaluating the residual apparent color (RAC) and electric energy consumption (EEC). The pH of the solution increased during the experiments, reaching basic values. The response surface regression procedure was employed to fit the second-order polynomial, and the model fitted well to the obtained values, reaching R2 0.9995 (RAC) and R2 0.9989 (EEC). The lowest RAC was 11.8 Hazen units (96.2% color removal), where the EEC was 0.393 kWh m-3.

Pain during pars plana vitrectomy following sub-Tenon versus peribulbar anesthesia: A randomized trial.

PURPOSE: To compare pain during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) following topical lidocaine jelly and sub-Tenon anesthesia versus peribulbar anesthesia. METHODS: Prospective, single-center, randomized study. Patients scheduled for PPV for macular hole (MH) or epiretinal membrane (ERM) at the Retina and Vitreous Section of the Department of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo were randomly assigned to one of two groups in a 1:1 allocation ratio. Patients assigned to Group ST received topical anesthesia with 2% lidocaine jelly followed by sub-Tenon anesthesia with 2-4 ml of 1% ropivacaine. Patients assigned to PB received peribulbar anesthesia with 4-6 ml of 1% ropivacaine. After PPV, patients in both groups were asked to rate the level of pain they felt during the entire procedure (including anesthesia administration and PPV) by pointing at a 0-100 Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS). Data regarding demographics, patient characteristics and surgical features were also collected. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were enrolled in the study (26 in Group ST and 28 in Group PB). Baseline characteristics, including age, gender, and presence of comorbidities, were similar in both groups. The surgery performed was PPV alone in 10 and 14 patients in the ST and PB groups, respectively, and combined phacoemulsification and PPV in 16 and 14 patients in the ST and PB groups, respectively (p = 0.39, Pearson). Surgery duration (mean ± SD minutes) was similar in the two groups (62 ± 12 for ST and 70 ± 20 for PB, p = 0.09, t-Test). No patients needed supplemental topical or intravenous anesthesia during surgery. No sight- or life-threatening complication was observed in either group. VAS score was significantly lower in the ST compared to the PB group (median (interquartile range) was 1 (2.25-0) in the ST group compared to 11.5 (29.75-5) in the PB group, p< 0.0001, Wilcoxon). CONCLUSION: In this study of patients who underwent PPV for MH or ERM, topical followed by sub-Tenon anesthesia was more effective in controlling pain during the whole vitrectomy procedure than peribulbar anesthesia. Compared to peribulbar anesthesia which is administered with a sharp needle, sub-Tenon anesthesia administered with a blunt cannula may be associated with a reduced risk of such adverse events as globe perforation, retrobulbar hemorrhage, and inadvertent injection of anesthesia into the optic nerve sheath.

Spontaneous scleral rupture associated with retinochoroidal coloboma / Ruptura espontânea de esclera associada a coloboma coriorretiniano

Abstract We reported a case of ocular hypotony due to spontaneous scleral rupture in retinochoroidal coloboma and the treatment which was performed. This is a prospective case report in which a 21-year-old woman complained of abrupt vision loss in her left eye. Ocular hypotony due to spontaneous scleral rupture in retinochoroidal coloboma was identified through tests. An ultrassonography confirmed the scleral lesion but magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescein angiography have also proven to be useful. Due to the posterior location of the perforation, we opted for a sub-tenon injection of autologous blood and intraocular gas tamponade, which were successful, resulting in improved visual acuity and intraocular pressure. In this case, an alternative to invasive surgical procedure in the treatment of spontaneous scleral perforation and retinochoroidal coloboma was presented.

Resumo Relatamos um caso de hipotensão ocular secundária a ruptura escleral espontânea em coloboma coriorretiniano e o tratamento realizado. Trata-se de estudo de caso prospectivo de uma mulher de 21 anos de idade que se apresentou queixando perda súbita de visão no olho esquerdo. Ao exame, foi evidenciado hipotensão ocular em virtude de ruptura espontânea de esclera em coloboma coriorretiniano. Ultrassonografia confirmou a lesão da esclera embora ressonância magnética e angiofluoresceinografia também tenham sido úteis. Em virtude da localização posterior da perfuração, optamos por injeção sub-tenoniana de sangue autólogo e tamponamento intraocular com gás, que demonstraram ser úteis, resultando em melhora da acuidade visual e da pressão intraocular. Neste caso, apresentamos uma alternativa a procediemnto cirúrgico invasivo para tratamento de perfuração espontânea de esclera em coloboma coriorretiniano.

Ocular sequelae of retinopathy of prematurity in Manaus, Amazonas / Sequelas oculares estruturais da retinopatia da prematuridade em crianças em Manaus, Amazonas

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the structural ocular sequelae of retinopathy of prematurity in children at risk for the disease in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: A prospective, cohort-type, observational study was conducted. Fifty-seven children at risk for this retinopathy, who were born in the public health system facilities, were referred for ophthalmic evaluation at a secondary eye hospital. Inclusion criteria were gestational age ≤ 32 weeks and/or birth weight ≤ 1500 g. Results: Eighteen (31.6%) children were diagnosed with any stage of retinopathy of prematurity during the study period, and four (7.0%) of them needed treatment. Structural ocular sequelae were identified in 3 of 56 children (5.3%), consisting of peripheral retinal detachment with macular dragging in 3 eyes of 3 children and macular involving retinal detachment in 2 eyes of 2 children. Associations between occurrence of retinopathy of prematurity and birth weight, gestational age at birth and days in oxygen were observed (p<0.05). Indication of treatment was associated with birth weight (p<0.05). Conclusion: Retinopathy of prematurity stands out as an important cause of avoidable blindness in Amazonas, affected 31.6 % of children at risk in the present paper, which in this same context, led to ocular strucutral sequelae in about 5.3% of these infants, either peripheral or macular involving retinal detachment. A local program for screening and treatment of the population at risk is necessary in order to avoid blindness from this disease, providing care to the public health system users that contemplates equality and universality of access.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as sequelas oculares estruturais da retinopatia da prematuridade em crianças com risco para a doença em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo observacional prospectivo, do tipo coorte. Cinquenta e sete crianças que nasceram em um hospital público, com risco desta retinopatia, foram referênciadas para avaliação oftamológica em um hospital de olhos secundário. Critérios de inclusão foram idade gestacional ≤ 32 semanas e/ou peso ao nascer ≤ 1500 g. Resultados: Dezoito (31.6%) crianças foram diagnosticadas com retinopatia da prematuridade em qualquer estágio durante o período de estudo, quatro (7.0%) delas precisaram de tratamento. Sequelas oculares estruturais foram identificadas em 3 de 56 (5.3%) crianças, consistindo de descolamento de retina periférico com tração macular em 3 olhos de 3 crianças e descolamento de retina envolvendo a mácula em 2 olhos de 2 crianças. Associações entre a ocorrência de retinopatia da prematuridade e peso, idade gestacional e dias em oxigênio foram observadas (p<0.05). Indicação de tratamento foi associada com peso ao nascer (p<0.05). Conclusão: A retinopatia da prematuridade constitui uma importante causa de cegueira prevenível no Amazonas, acometeu 31.6% das crianças em risco no presente estudo, que neste mesmo contexto, levou a seqüelas estruturais oculares em cerca de 5.3% destas, tanto descolamento de retina periférico quanto envolvendo a mácula. Um programa local de triagem e tratamento da população de risco é necessário a fim de evitar a cegueira por esta comorbidade em Manaus, proporcionando cuidados aos usuários do sistema público de saúde que contemplem a igualdade e universalidade de acesso.

Self-esteem and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances in outsourced workers. / Autoestima e o consumo de álcool, de tabaco e de outras substâncias em trabalhadores terceirizados.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate self-esteem, the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other substances in outsourced workers of a public university. METHOD: a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional, quantitative study developed with 316 outsourced workers from a municipality in the Southeast of Brazil. Data was collected through a characterization tool, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. For data analysis, we used descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, odds ratio and logistic regression. RESULTS: the majority of workers had high self-esteem and some used alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and inhalants. A significant association between gender, age group and work shift with self-esteem; between the risk of developing problems related to alcohol consumption with sex, age group, marital status, religious belief and number of children; between the practice of physical activity and the risk of developing problems related to the consumption of tobacco products was found. CONCLUSION: this study contributes to the increase of knowledge due to the small number of researches involving this subject and to contribute to the nurses to have subsidies to work with this population using strategies to combat the triggers of psychic disorders.

Study of the efficacy of N-methyl glucamine antimoniate (SbV) associated with photodynamic therapy using liposomal chloroaluminium phthalocyanine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in C57BL6 mice.

BACKGROUND: Pentavalent antimonials remain first-line drugs in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); however, adverse effects and drug resistance have led to the search for less toxic and more effective treatments. As an alternative, topical phthalocyanine has been studied and its efficacy and low toxicity demonstrated. We aimed to study the in vivo efficacy of N-methyl glucamine antimoniate (NMG) associated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) with topical liposomal chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (AlClPC) in the treatment of experimental CL by L. amazonensis. METHODS: Experimental study with 54 C57BL6 isogenic mice divided into 9 groups including uninfected control, untreated control, PDT with AlClPC + NMG at doses of 10 and 20 mgSbV/Kg/day. The criteria to evaluate the treatment efficacy were: paw diameter, amastigote count, culture, viability test and parasite counts using MTT (3-bromo-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide). RESULTS: Treatment of CL with the association of NMG20 + PDT with AlClPC showed significant reduction of paw diameter, amastigote count, cultures, viability test and parasite counts. Parasite reduction occurred at the 10th and 20th days of treatment and 60 days after treatment ended, indicating that parasites did not multiply again. The NMG10 + PDT group with AlClPC presented results equivalent to gold-standard treatment (20 mgSbV/kg/day). Biochemical and histopathological evaluation showed minor changes. CONCLUSION: Treatment of CL caused by L. amazonensis with NMG20 mgSbV/kg/day + PDT with AlClPC was more effective than the traditional NMG20 mgSbV/kg/day.

Autoestima e o consumo de álcool, de tabaco e de outras substâncias em trabalhadores terceirizados / Self-esteem and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances in outsourced workers / La autoestima y el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y otras sustancias por trabajadores tercerizados

Objetivo avaliar a autoestima, o consumo de álcool, de tabaco e de outras substâncias em trabalhadores terceirizados de uma universidade pública. Método estudo descritivo-analítico, transversal, quantitativo, desenvolvido com 316 trabalhadores terceirizados de um município do Sudeste do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um instrumento de caracterização, da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg e do Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Para a análise de dados, utilizaram-se a estatística descritiva, o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson, o teste exato de Fisher, odds ratio e regressão logística. Resultados a maioria dos trabalhadores possuía autoestima alta e alguns utilizavam álcool, tabaco, maconha e inalantes. Constatou-se associação significativa entre sexo, faixa etária e turno de trabalho com a autoestima; entre o risco de desenvolver problemas relacionados ao consumo de álcool com sexo, faixa etária, estado civil, crença religiosa e quantidade de filhos; entre a prática de atividade física e o risco de desenvolver problemas relacionados ao consumo de derivados do tabaco. Conclusão este estudo contribui para o aumento do conhecimento devido ao número reduzido de pesquisas envolvendo esta temática e para os enfermeiros terem subsídios para atuação junto a esta população, utilizando-se de estratégias para combater os fatores desencadeadores de desordens psíquicas.

Objective to evaluate self-esteem, the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other substances in outsourced workers of a public university. Method a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional, quantitative study developed with 316 outsourced workers from a municipality in the Southeast of Brazil. Data was collected through a characterization tool, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. For data analysis, we used descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, odds ratio and logistic regression. Results the majority of workers had high self-esteem and some used alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and inhalants. A significant association between gender, age group and work shift with self-esteem; between the risk of developing problems related to alcohol consumption with sex, age group, marital status, religious belief and number of children; between the practice of physical activity and the risk of developing problems related to the consumption of tobacco products was found. Conclusion this study contributes to the increase of knowledge due to the small number of researches involving this subject and to contribute to the nurses to have subsidies to work with this population using strategies to combat the triggers of psychic disorders.

Objetivo evaluar la autoestima, el consumo de alcohol, de tabaco y de otras sustancias por trabajadores tercerizados, en una universidad pública. Método estudio descriptivo analítico, transversal y cuantitativo, desarrollado en 316 trabajadores tercerizados, en un municipio del Sureste de Brasil. Los datos fueron recogidos por medio de un instrumento de caracterización y de la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y del Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó: estadística descriptiva, test de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, test Exacto de Fisher, odds ratio y regresión logística. Resultados la mayoría de los trabajadores poseía autoestima alta y algunos utilizaban alcohol, tabaco, marihuana e inhalantes. Se constató asociación significativa: 1) entre la autoestima con sexo, intervalo etario y turno de trabajo; 2) entre el riesgo de desarrollar problemas relacionados al consumo de alcohol con sexo, intervalo etario, estado civil, creencia religiosa y cantidad de hijos; 3) entre la práctica de actividad física con el riesgo de desarrollar problemas relacionados al consumo de derivados del tabaco. Conclusión considerando el número reducido de investigaciones sobre esta temática, este estudio contribuye para aumentar el conocimiento y también para que los enfermeros tengan auxilio para la actuación junto a la población, utilizando estrategias para combatir los factores desencadenadores de desórdenes psíquicos.

Caracterização socioeconômica, epidemiológica e laboral de trabalhadores terceirizados de uma universidade pública / Caracterización socioeconómica, epidemiológica y laboral de trabajadores tercerizados en una universidad pública / Socioeconomic, epidemiological and laboral characterization of contract workers of a public university

RESUMO: Objetivo: analisar as características socioeconômicas, epidemiológicas e laborais dos trabalhadores terceirizados de uma universidade pública do sul de Minas Gerais. Método: estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, desenvolvido entre dezembro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017 com 316 trabalhadores terceirizados. Na coleta de dados, utilizou-se o questionário de caracterização e na análise dos dados, a estatística descritiva. Resultados: constatou-se trabalhadores do sexo feminino (54,4%), faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (31,3%), casados/com companheiros (58,2%), com filhos (69,3%), renda familiar de 1,5 a 3,5 salários (51,6%), que não praticava atividades físicas (42,7%), não possuía doenças crônicas (69,9%), em serviços terceirizados há até 10 anos (81,3%), com carga horária de 44 horas semanais (84,4%) e atuação na atual instituição há menos de quatro anos (63,9%). Conclusão: conhecer o perfil desses trabalhadores permite a adoção de estratégias de promoção e prevenção capazes de melhorar a qualidade de vida laboral e social.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Analizar las características socioeconómicas, epidemiológicas y laborales de los trabajadores tercerizados de una universidad pública del sur de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, desarrollado entre diciembre de 2016 y febrero de 2017 con 316 trabajadores tercerizados. Datos recolectados mediante cuestionario de caracterización, analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se constató presencia de trabajadores de sexo femenino (54,4%), faja etaria de 30 a 39 años (31,3%), casados/en pareja (58,2%), con hijos (69,3%), ingreso familiar de 1,5 a 3,5 sueldos mínimos (51,6%), no practicantes de actividad física (42,7%), sin enfermedades crónicas (69,9%), trabajando como tercerizados desde no más de 10 años (81,3%), con carga horaria de 44 horas semanales (84,4%) y actuación en su actual institución durante menos de cuatro años (69,3%). Conclusión: Conocer el perfil de estos trabajadores permite adoptar estrategias de promoción y prevención apuntando a mejorar su calidad de vida laboral y social.

ABSTRACT: Objective: to analyze the socioeconomic, epidemiological and work characteristics of contract workers of a public university in the south of Minas Gerais. Method: quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, performed between December 2016 and February 2017 with 316 contract workers. A characterization questionnaire was used for the data collection and descriptive statistics for the data analysis. Results: the profile found was of female workers (54.4%), in the 30 to 39 years age group (31.3%), married/with partner (58.2%), with children (69.3%), with a family income from 1.5 to 3.5 minimum wages (51.6%), that did not practice physical activities (42.7%), did not have chronic diseases (69.9%), had performed contract work for up to 10 years (81.3%), with a workload of 44 hours per week (84.4%) and that had worked in the current institution for less than four years (63.9%). Conclusion: identifying the profile of these workers allows the adoption of promotion and prevention strategies capable of improving the quality of the work and social life.

Delineamento Box-Behnken para remoção de DQO de efluente têxtil utilizando eletrocoagulação com corrente contínua pulsada / Box-Behnken design for COD removal of textile wastewater using electrocoagulation with pulsed DC

RESUMO A remoção de poluentes de efluentes industriais de forma efetiva e economicamente viável ainda é um desafio. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho propôs investigar a tecnologia de eletrocoagulação (EC) para o tratamento de efluente têxtil utilizando corrente contínua pulsada (CCP). A metodologia de superfície de resposta Box-Behnken foi utilizada para analisar e otimizar as condições operacionais, visando à máxima remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). Os experimentos foram realizados com um volume reacional de 2,6 L, em modo batelada. Diante dos resultados obtidos, a configuração ótima considerada foi: velocidade de agitação = 200 rpm, frequência dos pulsos = 1.000 Hz e espaçamento entre os eletrodos = 1 mm, em 50 minutos de EC. Nessas condições foi obtida uma remoção de DQO de 81,23% (valor remanescente de 152 mg O2.L-1). Em adição, verificou-se que o processo de EC também é eficaz para a redução de cor, turbidez, sólidos suspensos totais, sulfato e sulfeto. A concentração de íons cloreto não foi alterada durante a EC, apresentando-se como um aspecto favorável para a reutilização do efluente tratado no próprio processo produtivo têxtil, o qual demanda uma elevada concentração de NaCl.

ABSTRACT The effective and economically viable removal of industrial wastewater pollutants is still a challenge. Thus, this study proposed to investigate the electrocoagulation technology (EC) for the treatment of textile effluent using pulsed direct current (CCP). The methodology of Box-Behnken response surface was used to analyze and optimize the operating conditions, aimed at maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The experiments were performed with a reaction volume of 2.6 L in batch mode. Based on these results, the optimal configuration was: agitation speed = 200 rpm, frequency of pulses = 1,000 Hz and spacing between electrodes = 1 mm, in 50 minutes of EC. Under these conditions it was obtained a COD removal of 81.23% (remainder value of 152 mg O2.L-1). In addition, it was found that the EC process is also effective for reduction of color, turbidity, total suspended solids, sulfate and sulfide. The concentration of chloride ions was not modified during the EC, presenting itself as a favorable aspect for the reuse of treated wastewater in the textile production process itself, which demands a high concentration of NaCl.

Multimodal assessment of patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To examine differences between fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICG) findings in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), comparing these with optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients with chronic CSC (19 eyes; 7 men; mean age, 50.7 ± 8.4 years) underwent multimodal evaluation that included FA, ICG, and OCT (Spectralis HRA-OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Changes such as hyperfluorescence (caused by increased transmission of the normal choroidal fluorescence, staining, or "pooling") and hypofluorescence (caused by a blockage or vascular filling defect) were evaluated in the early (4 min), middle (4-8 min) and late (>8 min) angiography phases and compared to OCT findings. RESULTS: Bilateral disease was present in nine of the 10 patients. Areas of discontinuation or attenuation of the hyporeflective layer of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) on OCT were observed at the same locations as hyperfluorescent angiography window defects on FA and ICG within examination phases. In areas of serous or RPE detachment, the hyperfluorescence pattern was similar on FA and ICG. However, ICG demonstrated areas of hyperfluorescence secondary to choriocapillaris hyperpermeability, with no corresponding change on FA in 12 (70%) of the 19 eyes. This finding was more evident in the middle and late phases of the examinations and there was no evident change in retinal architecture on OCT in these hyperpermeable choroidal regions. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic CSC, ICG may reveal choroidal abnormalities that are not evident on FA. This finding may help optimize the monitoring and treatment of CSC.

Multimodal assessment of patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy / Avaliação multimodal em pacientes com coriorretinopatia serosa central crônica

ABSTRACT Purpose: To examine differences between fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICG) findings in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), comparing these with optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings. Methods: Ten consecutive patients with chronic CSC (19 eyes; 7 men; mean age, 50.7 ± 8.4 years) underwent multimodal evaluation that included FA, ICG, and OCT (Spectralis HRA-OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Changes such as hyperfluorescence (caused by increased transmission of the normal choroidal fluorescence, staining, or "pooling") and hypofluorescence (caused by a blockage or vascular filling defect) were evaluated in the early (4 min), middle (4-8 min) and late (>8 min) angiography phases and compared to OCT findings. Results: Bilateral disease was present in nine of the 10 patients. Areas of discontinuation or attenuation of the hyporeflective layer of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) on OCT were observed at the same locations as hyperfluorescent angiography window defects on FA and ICG within examination phases. In areas of serous or RPE detachment, the hyperfluorescence pattern was similar on FA and ICG. However, ICG demonstrated areas of hyperfluorescence secondary to choriocapillaris hyperpermeability, with no corresponding change on FA in 12 (70%) of the 19 eyes. This finding was more evident in the middle and late phases of the examinations and there was no evident change in retinal architecture on OCT in these hyperpermeable choroidal regions. Conclusion: In patients with chronic CSC, ICG may reveal choroidal abnormalities that are not evident on FA. This finding may help optimize the monitoring and treatment of CSC.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as diferenças de achados entre a angiofluoresceinografia (FA) e a angiografia digital com indocianina verde (ICG) em pacientes com coriorretinopatia serosa central crônica (CSC), incluindo imagens de tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT). Métodos: Série de casos em que 10 pacientes consecutivos com CSC crônica submetidos à avaliação multimodal, que incluiu FA, ICG e OCT (Spectralis HRA-OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg; Germany). Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto às mudanças como hiperfluorescências (causadas por aumento da transmissão da fluorescência coroidal normal, impregnação ou "pooling") e hipofluorescências (causadas pelo bloqueio ou defeito de enchimento vascular) nas fases precoce (4 minutos), intermediárias (4-8 minutos) e tardias (acima de 8 minutos) da angiografia e comparadas aos achados de OCT. Resultados: Sete dos 10 pacientes (19 olhos) eram homens, média (± DP) de idade dos pacientes foi de 50,7 ± 8,4 anos, e doença bilateral estava presente em nove dos 10 pacientes. Áreas de descontinuação ou atenuação da camada do epitélio pigmentado da retina (EPR), hiporreflectivas no OCT e hiperfluorescência por defeito em janela na FA e ICG ocorreram em locais coincidentes durante as mesmas fases do exame. Em áreas de descolamento seroso ou do EPR, o padrão de hiperfluorescência também foi semelhante em relação à FA e à ICG. No entanto, a ICG demonstrou áreas de hiperfluorescência secundária a hiperpermeabilidade coriocapilar sem mudança correspondente na FA em 12(70%) dos 19 olhos. Este achado da ICG ficou mais evidente nas fases precoces e intermediárias dos exames e não houve mudança evidente na arquitetura da retina no OCT nessas regiões de alteração de hiperpermeabilidade da coroide. Conclusão: Em pacientes com CSC crônica, a ICG pode revelar anormalidades da coróide não evidentes na FA. Esta informação pode ajudar a aperfeiçoar o moni to ramento e tratamento da CSC.

Evaluation of the efficacy of systemic miltefosine associated with photodynamic therapy with liposomal chloroaluminium phthalocyanine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in C57BL/6 mice.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of drugs is a concern and has become the object of studies to discover effective alternatives for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment. A topical formulation has been sought due to its low toxicity. Development of alternative therapies, such as multimodal ones, is important in confronting drug resistance. This study aims to compare the in vivo efficacy of topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) using liposomal chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (AlClPC) in the treatment of CL, isolated and associated with systemic therapy with miltefosine. METHODS: Five groups were adopted, each one with six isogenic adult female mice C57BL/6: (1) Negative Control-non-infected and non-treated; (2) Positive Control (PBS)-infected and non-treated; (3) Miltefosine-infected and treated with oral miltefosine 200 mg/kg/day; (4) Infected and treated with PDT with topical AlClPC (500 µL) on alternate days; (5) Oral Miltefosine 200 mg/kg/day and PDT with topical AlClPC (500 µL) on alternate days. Therapeutic schemes lasted 20 days. Infection was confirmed by culture in Nove-McNeal-Nicolle medium (NNN) of lymph collected from the animal paw, and animals were evaluated by paw measurement and parasitological criteria. RESULTS: Miltefosine associated with PDT with AlClPC promoted a significant reduction in parasite number and viability when compared to the other infected groups, also returning the paw diameter to a size similar to the negative control group after 20 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Association of miltefosine with PDT mediated by topical AlClPC represents hopes for CL treatment, an increasing dermatological disease in some countries.

In vivo release and retinal toxicity of cyclosporine-loaded intravitreal device.

PURPOSE: To determine the in vivo release profile and retinal safety of cyclosporine A (CsA) delivered from a biodegradable poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) device in the vitreous cavity of rabbits' eyes. METHODS: A total of 60 animals (60 eyes) divided into two groups were used. For the in vivo release study, 32 eyes received PLGA implants containing 350 µg of CsA, and 16 eyes received the implants without drug (control). Four animals of CsA group and two of the control group were killed weekly until 8 weeks; the vitreous was removed, and CsA concentration was evaluated. Ophthalmological examination was performed in the animals prior to implant placement and weekly during the study period. Electroretinography (ERG) was performed in other six animals for each group, treated and control, at the beginning and at the end of the study (8 weeks) when they were killed and had their eyes processed for histology. RESULTS: No sign of inflammation was noticed on slit lamp examinations and the IOP maintained stable during the study period in CsA and control groups. CsA concentration in the vitreous (ng/ml) was 257.07 ± 117.23, 271.15 ± 98.96, 296.66 ± 86.25, 256.27 ± 99.22, 304.50 ± 88.18, 326.35 ± 105.24, 491.25 ± 119.90 and 589.93 ± 132.55 after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks of implantation, respectively. At the end of the study, 21.67 % of mass loss was found. The retina did not show any histological alteration in either group, but a significant reduction in dark-adapted b-wave amplitude was observed in the CsA group, with no changes in a-wave amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that the PLGA system is safe, but the selective reduction in ERG b-wave amplitude indicates that the PLGA with 350 µg CsA causes retinal function impairment, specifically on the rod postreceptor pathway, 8 weeks after implantation. These ERG changes were not associated with any histological damage as seen at the light microscopy level.