Changes in cell wall composition and ultrastructure related to desiccation during the seed maturation of Paubrasilia echinata (brazilwood).

Paubrasilia echinata (brazilwood) is an endangered native tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest whose seeds tolerate maturation drying, but, unlike classic orthodox seeds, they quickly lose viability after shedding. This work analyzed the biochemical and ultrastructural changes during the maturation of brazilwood seeds, with particular attention to the cell walls and organization of the cellular components. The physiological seed maturity was accompanied by increased starch content and decreased soluble sugars. Arabinose increased considerably and was the predominant cell-wall sugar during maturation, suggesting a rise in arabinans that contribute to greater cell wall flexibility. This increase was consistent with the cell wall infolding observed in the hypocotyl axis and cotyledons during the maturation of brazilwood seeds. Ultrastructural analyses showed changes in the number and distribution of protein bodies and amyloplasts and the reorganization of lipid droplets into large drops or masses during seed desiccation. Our findings demonstrate that brazilwood seeds behave like other orthodox seeds during maturation, performing the cell wall and metabolic changes before the major decline in the seed water content. However, the high vacuolization and reorganization of lipid bodies observed at 65 DAA suggest that cell deterioration occurs to some extent at the end of the maturation period and could be responsible for reducing the longevity of the brazilwood dried seeds.

Repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study of Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke.

Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke is a plant with medicinal properties popularly used in Brazil to treat diabetes and obesity. Despite the promising use of this plant, are still incipient toxicology studies on prolonged periods of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study of V. megapotamica methanolic extract (VMME) in male and female Wistar rats. Different groups of rats (n = 8) were treated daily with three different doses of VMME (100, 300, and 900 mg/kg) or vehicle (filtered water). Body weight, water, and feed consumption, and clinical and behavioral changes were monitored daily. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were obtained for hematological and biochemical analyzes. After euthanasia, the vital organs were removed for the determination of relative weight and for histopathological analysis. No clinical signs of toxicity or mortality were found during the experimental period. Treatment with VMME did not induce any change in body weight gain, eating patterns, and behavior. We found no statistically significant changes in the different hematological and biochemical parameters evaluated. The relative weight of the organs and histopathological analysis did not show any significant change when compared to animals treated with the vehicle. The data obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the VMME obtained from V. megapotamica is safe after a repeated-dose 90-day oral toxicity study in male and female Wistar rats.

Validação dos intervalos de referência hematológicos e bioquímicos estabelecidos para cães domiciliados na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil / Validation of hematological and biochemical reference intervals established for dogs housed in the Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil

O objetivo do presente estudo foi validar intervalos de referências (IRs) para hematologia e bioquímica sanguínea de cães domiciliados da Amazônia Oriental e estabelecer novos IRs para os parâmetros não validados. Foram utilizadas amostras de 44 cães adultos clinicamente saudáveis de diferentes raças e sexos. Na validação, foi utilizada a metodologia proposta pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) e na determinação dos IRs dos parâmetros não validados foi utilizada a metodologia estatística proposta pela American Society for Clinical Veterinary Pathology (ASCPV). Os IRs foram determinados por meio do programa Excel com o suplemento Reference Value Advisor (versão 2.1). O software realiza os cálculos de acordo com as recomendações CLSI, conforme sugerido pelas diretrizes da ASCVP. Um total de 25 parâmetros (13 hematológicos e 12 bioquímicos) foram submetidos ao processo de validação. Desse total, seis (24%) parâmetros não foram validados (Hemoglobina, CHGM, eosinófilos, linfócitos, albumina e GGT) e para estes foram estabelecidos novos intervalos. Para a maioria dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos (76%), os IRs estabelecidos previamente na literatura ainda são válidos para utilização em cães criados na Amazônia Oriental. Para os parâmetros não validados, apenas para eosinófilos e linfócitos recomendamos que outros trabalhos, com um número maior de animais, sejam realizados para confirmar os nossos resultados ou estabelecer novos IRs. Os IRs estabelecidos para hemoglobina, CHGM, albumina e GGT podem ser utilizados em substituição aos intervalos antigos.

The aim of the present study was to validate reference intervals (RIs) for hematology and blood biochemistry of dogs domiciled in the Eastern Amazon and to establish new RIs for parameters not yet validated. Samples from 44 clinically healthy adult dogs of different breeds and sexes were used. The methodology proposed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was used for validation, and the statistical methodology proposed by the American Society for Clinical Veterinary Pathology (ASCPV) was used to determine the RIs of the non-validated parameters. The IRs were determined using the Excel program with the Reference Value Advisor add-in (version 2.1). The software performs calculations according to CLSI recommendations as suggested by the ASCVP guidelines. A total of 25 parameters (13 hematological and 12 biochemical) were submitted to the validation process. Of this total, six (24%) parameters were not validated (Hemoglobin, CHGM, eosinophils, lymphocytes, albumin and GGT) and new intervals were established for these. For most hematological and biochemical parameters (76%), the RIs previously established in the literature are still valid for use in dogs raised in the Eastern Amazon. For non-validated parameters, just for eosinophils and lymphocytes, we recommend that other studies, with a larger number of animals, be carried out to confirm our results or establish new IRs. The established IRs for hemoglobin, CHGM, albumin and GGT can be used in place of the old ranges.

Occurrence of reading and writing cognitive processes and perception visual skills in students with Visual Dyslexia. / Ocorrência dos processos cognitivos de leitura e escrita e habilidades perceptovisuais em escolares com Dislexia Visual.

PURPOSE: to evaluate and classify visual dyslexic students, considering that developmental dyslexia subtypes are not differentiated in most diagnoses and that they affect a generalized approach. METHODS: Cross-sectional, observational, analytical study composed of 80 students, divided into two groups, GA (dyslexics) and GB (without complaints of learning difficulties) using PROLEC (proof of assessment of reading processes), TVPS - 3 (Visual Test of Perceptual Skills) and TPMBO (Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test) - subtests 7 and 8. RESULTS: Comparing the groups, the students of GA presented inferior performance in all the PROLEC tests and in the TVPS3 tests. The TPMBO tests of visuomotor coordination and manual dexterity tests were inferior. In a second stage, screening the visual dyslexics, 12 (30%) schoolchildren were found, who presented better performance in reading frequent words, when compared to the performance in reading infrequent words and pseudowords. In the visual perceptual skills (TVPS-3), they obtained values below 50%, except for the subscale constancy of form. The occurrences of exchanges in reading aloud were in confusion of letters, syllables or words with little difference in the way of writing, but different in the direction, the same students did not present exchanges or confusions between letters, which have the same point and manner of articulation, and whose sounds are acoustically close. CONCLUSION: Thus, characterizing the dyslexia subtype is fundamental, because the application of therapeutic techniques will depend on the correct focus of the observed changes. Therefore, an accurate and multidisciplinary diagnosis is required.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e classificar escolares disléxicos visuais, considerando que, subtipos de dislexia do desenvolvimento não são diferenciados na maioria dos diagnósticos e que os mesmos incidem em uma abordagem generalizada. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, observacional, analítico composto de 80 escolares, divididos em dois grupos, GA (disléxicos) e GB (sem queixa de dificuldade de aprendizagem) aplicando o PROLEC (prova de avaliação dos processos de leitura), o TVPS­3 (Teste Visual de Habilidades Perceptuais) e TPMBO (Teste de Proficiência Motora de Bruininks-Oseretsky) ­ subtestes 7 e 8. RESULTADOS: Comparando os grupos, os escolares do GA apresentaram desempenho inferior em todas as provas do PROLEC e no teste do TVPS−3. A execução nos testes de coordenação visuomotora e destreza manual do TPMBO foram inferiores. Em uma segunda etapa, triando os disléxicos visuais foram encontrados 12 (30%) escolares, que apresentaram melhor desempenho na leitura de palavras frequentes, quando comparados ao desempenho na leitura de palavras não frequentes e pseudopalavras. Nas habilidades perceptuais visuais (TVPS-3), obtiveram valores abaixo de 50%, exceto na subescala constância de forma. As ocorrências de trocas na leitura em voz alta, foram em confusão de letras, silabas ou palavras com pouca diferença na forma de escrever, mas diferentes na direção, os mesmos escolares não apresentaram trocas ou confusões entre letras, que possuem mesmo ponto e modo articulatório, e cujos sons são acusticamente próximos. CONCLUSÃO: Assim caracterizar o subtipo da dislexia é fundamental, porque a aplicação das técnicas terapêuticas, dependerá do correto enfoque das alterações observadas. Portanto, é necessário um diagnóstico exato e multidisciplinar.

Medidas preventivas de lesão por pressão realizadas em unidades pediátricas de terapia intensiva / Pressure ulcer preventive measures performed in pediatric intensive care units

Objetivo: Avaliar medidas aplicadas pela enfermagem para prevenir Lesões Por Pressão (LPP) em pacientes de uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica, antes e após treinamento. Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, desenvolvido em um hospital de nível terciário. A amostra foi composta por 118 pacientes. A coleta de dados foi realizada no formato de checklist de acordo com 3 variáveis: I) Relacionadas às características da amostra; II) Relacionadas à avaliação de risco para LPP e III) Relacionadas à identificação do risco de LPP. Posteriormente foi realizado um treinamento e, em seguida realizada nova coleta, com comparação dos dados. Resultados: As LPP no setor corresponderam a 7,5% antes do treinamento e 2,0% após. Pode-se identificar que 57,4% dos pacientes estavam expostos ao risco de LPP antes e 60,9% após. Foi observado na beira do leito que antes do treinamento, 46,2% dos pacientes apresentavam-se na posição adequada estabelecida pelo setor naquela hora do dia e, após o treinamento, eram 92,1% dos pacientes. Conclusão: Verificou-se a melhora na realização dessas medidas preventivas e a necessidade de treinamento frequente com os profissionais da saúde. Os enfermeiros devem trabalhar no aprimoramento dessas ferramentas para melhor avaliação do risco das LPP, bem como medidas preventivas. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate measures applied by nursing to prevent Pressure Ulcers in patients in pediatric intensive care unit, before and after training. Method: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, developed in tertiary-level hospital. The sample consisted of 118 patients. Data collection was performed in the checklist format according to 3 variables: I) Related to sample characteristics; II) Related to risk avaluation for LPP and III) Related to risk identification for LPP. Subsequently, training was carried out and then a new collection, comparing the data. Results: LPP in the sector corresponded to 7.5% before training and 2.0% after. It can be identified that 57.4% of patients were exposed to the risk of pressure ulcers before and 60.9% after. It was observed at the bedside that, before training, only 46.2% of the patients were in the appropriate position established by the sector at that time of the day and after 92.1% were. Conclusion: There was an improvement in the performance of these preventive measures and the need for frequent training with health professionals. Nurses should work on improving these tools to better the evaluation of risk of pressure ulcers, as well as preventive measures. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar medidas aplicadas por la enfermería para prevenir lesiones por presión (LPP) en pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos, antes y después del entrenamiento. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, desarrollado en un hospital de tercer nivel. La muestra consistió en 118 pacientes. La recolección de datos se realizó en el formato de lista de verificación de acuerdo con 3 variables: I) Las características de la muestra; II) La evaluación de riesgos para LPP y III) La identificación del riesgo de LPP. Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo la capacitación y luego se realizó una nueva colección, comparando así los datos. Resultados: LPP en el sector correspondió a 7.5% antes del entrenamiento y 2.0% después. Se puede identificar que el 57.4% de los pacientes estuvieron expuestos al riesgo de LPP antes y el 60.9% después. Se observó en la cabecera que antes del entrenamiento, solo el 46.2% de los pacientes estaban en la posición apropiada establecida por el sector a esa hora del día y después 92.1% estaban. Conclusión: Hubo una mejora en el desempeño de estas medidas preventivas y la necesidad de capacitación frecuente con profesionales de la salud. Las enfermeras deberían trabajar en mejorar estas herramientas para evaluar mejor el riesgo de LPP, así como medidas preventivas. (AU)

Evaluating the health effect of a Social Housing programme, Minha Casa Minha Vida, using the 100 million Brazilian Cohort: a natural experiment study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Social housing programmes have been shown to influence health, but their effects on cardiovascular mortality and incidence of infectious diseases, such as leprosy and tuberculosis, are unknown. We will use individual administrative data to evaluate the effect of the Brazilian housing programme Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and incidence of leprosy and tuberculosis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will link the baseline of the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (2001-2015), which includes information on socioeconomic and demographic variables, to the MCMV (2009-2015), CVD mortality (2007-2015), leprosy (2007-2015) and tuberculosis (2007-2015) registries. We will define our exposed population as individuals who signed the contract to receive a house from MCMV, and our non-exposed group will be comparable individuals within the cohort who have not signed a contract for a house at that time. We will estimate the effect of MCMV on health outcomes using different propensity score approaches to control for observed confounders. Follow-up time of individuals will begin at the date of exposure ascertainment and will end at the time a specific outcome occurs, date of death or end of follow-up (31 December 2015). In addition, we will conduct stratified analyses by the follow-up time, age group, race/ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic position. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the ethic committees from Instituto Gonçalo Muniz-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and University of Glasgow Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences College. Data analysis will be carried out using an anonymised dataset, accessed by researchers in a secure computational environment according to the Centre for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge procedures. Study findings will be published in high quality peer-reviewed research journals and will also be disseminated to policy makers through stakeholder events and policy briefs.

Genotoxicity Study of Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke.

Vitex megapotamica (Spreng) Moldenke is commonly known as tarumã, it is an important medicinal and edible fruit plant. It is native to regions of tropical and subtropical climate in greater proportion than temperate zones and widely distributed in Central America, South America, Asia, and Africa. In Brazil, it is present in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. Despite its widespread use, there are no minimum standards for quality control or information on genotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a detailed description of the short-term genotoxicity assays of V. megapotamica and to provide parameters of a preparation routinely used in traditional folk medicine. For genotoxicity assays, five groups were used with eight wistar rats in each group. For this, three doses of the V. megapotamica extract in doses (100, 300, and 900 mg/kg) or negative control (filtered water) were administered orally and positive control cyclophosphamide monohydrate (20 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich®) was applied by the intraperitoneal route after 24 h. At the end, whole blood was collected in a tube containing EDTA for the comet test and later the animals were euthanized. For the micronucleus test, femurs were removed, and bone marrow was collected. In the comet assay, V. megapotamica crude extract did not show significant DNA damage at all doses tested. The micronucleus assay showed no significant increase in the frequency of inducing micronuclei at any dose examined. It can be concluded that the safety parameters in genotoxicity studies reveal that V. megapotamica has no toxicity, which characterizes the important quality control of this plant species.

Safety assessment of MEFAS: an innovative hybrid salt of mefloquine and artesunate for malaria treatment.

Malaria is a global public health problem that causes approximately 445 000 deaths annually worldwide, especially in underdeveloped countries. Because of the high prevalence and mortality of the disease, new and less toxic therapeutic agents need to be developed, such as MEFAS, a low-cost hybrid salt that consists of artesunate and mefloquine. However, the efficacy of MEFAS has been systematically demonstrated, its safety requires further investigation. This study investigated the acute toxicity of MEFAS and its precursors, artesunate, and mefloquine. A total of 42 female Swiss mice were divided into seven groups (n = 6/group) that were treated orally by gavage with vehicle (filtered water, negative control), MEFAS (50, 500, and 1000 mg/kg), and 1:1 concentrations of artesunate + mefloquine (50, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). Clinical signs of toxicity were observed for 14 d after treatment. On day 15, the animals were weighed, deeply anesthetized with isoflurane, and euthanized for subsequent collection of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The relative organ weights were determined, followed by histopathological analysis. Artesunate + mefloquine produced toxic effects compared with the negative control group, reflected by changes in clinical signs, relative organ weights, and histopathological alterations. In MEFAS-treated animals, no changes were observed compared with the negative control group. These findings demonstrate that MEFAS is safer than artesunate + mefloquine after acute administration in mice.

Estresse Percebido e Autocuidado entre Pessoas com Diabetes e Doenças Cardiovasculares / Perceived Stress and Self-care Among Diabetes Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases

O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) corresponde de 90 a 95% de todos os casos e apresenta etiologia multifatorial, envolvendo herança genética e fatores ambientais como: alimentação, sedentarismo, obesidade e idade avançada. Portadores de DM2 necessitam de cuidados específicos, autocuidado contínuo e controle do estresse percebido. Busca-se identificar o estresse percebido e o autocuidado de pacientes, quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e hábitos de vida, associar as variáveis de interesse com atividades de autocuidado. Realizou-se estudo transversal, prospectivo, quantitativo, para conhecer o estresse percebido e autocuidado de portadores DM2, internados em um Hospital Cardiovascular de São José do Rio Preto/SP, por meio de dois questionários e uma escala. Verificou-se que a maioria dos pacientes era idosa, cardiopata, hipertensa, não praticava atividade física, não seguia dieta, entre outros aspectos. O nível de estresse percebido representou escore médio de 26,4 pontos, ou seja, menos da metade do valor total, sugerindo uma baixa percepção de estresse na amostra. Em relação ao domínio do autocuidado, identificou-se que, em geral, era baixo, pois os pacientes não realizavam o autocuidado em, pelo menos, seis dias da semana. Os únicos domínios realizados foram: alimentação específica em média 5,2 dias da semana e uso de medicação em média 4,7 dias da semana. Conclui-se que o presente estudo oferece informações para planejamento do tratamento de portadores de DM2, obtenção do melhor controle glicêmico, sugerindo intervenções educativas ou metodologias e promovendo melhora da adesão aos comportamentos de autocuidado e redução do estresse que influenciam os resultados em saúde desses pacientes.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) corresponds to 90-95% of all cases of DM and has a multifactorial etiology, involving genetic inheritance and environmental factors such as: diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and advanced age. People with DM2 need specific care, continuous self-care, and control of perceived stress. This study aimed to identify the perceived stress and self-care activities of patients associated with socio-demographic, clinical, and lifestyle variables. This cross-sectional, prospective, quantitative study was conducted to understand the perceived stress and self-care of DM2 patients, admitted to a Cardiovascular Hospital in São José do Rio Preto, SP, using two questionnaires and a scale. It was found that most patients were elderly, cardiopathic, hypertensive, did not practice physical activity, did not follow a diet, among other aspects. The perceived stress level represented an average score of 26.4 points, that is, less than half of the total value, suggesting a low perception of stress in the sample. Regarding the self-care domain, it was generally found to be low, as patients did not perform self-care activities on at least six days a week. The only domains performed were specific diet on average 5.2 days a week and medication use on average 4.7 days a week. It is concluded that the present study offers information for planning the treatment of patients with DM2, obtaining the best glycemic control, suggesting educational interventions or methodologies, and promoting improved adherence to self-care activities and reducing stress that influence the health outcomes of these patients.

Condições de trabalho de caminhoneiros: percepções sobre a saúde e autocuidado / Health perception and relationship with work activities among truck drivers

Resumo Os caminhoneiros estão expostos a situações nocivas à saúde o que favorece a elevada prevalência de morbimortalidade. Buscou-se conhecer a percepção de saúde e sua relação com as condições de trabalho entre caminhoneiros do estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas de 15 caminhoneiros e roteiro constando duas questões norteadoras: a primeira avaliando a sua saúde atribuindo notas de 0 a 10 e a segunda sobre a sua opinião a respeito da relação do seu próprio estado de saúde com a profissão. Na análise do conteúdo emergiram três categorias: autopercepção da saúde, determinantes de risco laboral e cuidados com a saúde. A autopercepção da saúde obteve notas 7,5±1,4, revelando percepção da saúde limitada a ausência de doença, resignados com a vulnerabilidade associada à rotina laboral extenuante. O entendimento sobre a relação entre saúde e trabalho mostrou-se associado aos determinantes do risco laboral, embora percebessem sua influência na saúde, mostraram-se pouco estimulados quanto ao autocuidado e apontaram como incompatível às rotinas laborais. Conhecer a percepção dos caminhoneiros sobre suas condições de trabalho possibilita o enfrentamento da vulnerabilidade da saúde laboral, viabilizando levantar discussões sobre a necessidade de reformulação e cumprimento das políticas trabalhistas com intuito de reduzir os impactos ocupacionais.

Abstract Truck drivers are exposed to harmful health situations, favoring the high prevalence of morbidity and mortality. We sought to know the perception of health and its relationship with working conditions among truckdrivers in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Qualitative research, with semi-structured interviews of 15 truck drivers and script consisting of two main questions: the first evaluating their health assigning scores from 0 to 10 (0 as unhealthy and 10 totally healthy); and the second about his opinion about the relationship of his own state of health with the profession. In the content analysis, three categories emerged: self-perceived health, determinants of labor risk and health care. Self-perceived health obtained scores of 7.5±1,4, revealing a perception of health limited to the absence of disease, resigned to the vulnerability associated with strenuous work routine. The understanding of the relationship between health and work was associated with the determinants of occupational risk, although they perceived its influence on health, they were little stimulated in terms of self-care and pointed out as incompatible with work routines. Knowing the perception of truck drivers about their working conditions enables them to face the vulnerability of occupational health, making it possible to raise discussions about the need to reformulate and comply with labor policies in order to reduce occupational impacts.

Ocorrência dos processos cognitivos de leitura e escrita e habilidades perceptovisuais em escolares com Dislexia Visual / Occurrence of reading and writing cognitive processes and perception visual skills in students with Visual Dyslexia

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar e classificar escolares disléxicos visuais, considerando que, subtipos de dislexia do desenvolvimento não são diferenciados na maioria dos diagnósticos e que os mesmos incidem em uma abordagem generalizada. Método Estudo transversal, observacional, analítico composto de 80 escolares, divididos em dois grupos, GA (disléxicos) e GB (sem queixa de dificuldade de aprendizagem) aplicando o PROLEC (prova de avaliação dos processos de leitura), o TVPS-3 (Teste Visual de Habilidades Perceptuais) e TPMBO (Teste de Proficiência Motora de Bruininks-Oseretsky) - subtestes 7 e 8. Resultados Comparando os grupos, os escolares do GA apresentaram desempenho inferior em todas as provas do PROLEC e no teste do TVPS−3. A execução nos testes de coordenação visuomotora e destreza manual do TPMBO foram inferiores. Em uma segunda etapa, triando os disléxicos visuais foram encontrados 12 (30%) escolares, que apresentaram melhor desempenho na leitura de palavras frequentes, quando comparados ao desempenho na leitura de palavras não frequentes e pseudopalavras. Nas habilidades perceptuais visuais (TVPS-3), obtiveram valores abaixo de 50%, exceto na subescala constância de forma. As ocorrências de trocas na leitura em voz alta, foram em confusão de letras, silabas ou palavras com pouca diferença na forma de escrever, mas diferentes na direção, os mesmos escolares não apresentaram trocas ou confusões entre letras, que possuem mesmo ponto e modo articulatório, e cujos sons são acusticamente próximos. Conclusão Assim caracterizar o subtipo da dislexia é fundamental, porque a aplicação das técnicas terapêuticas, dependerá do correto enfoque das alterações observadas. Portanto, é necessário um diagnóstico exato e multidisciplinar.

ABSTRACT Purpose to evaluate and classify visual dyslexic students, considering that developmental dyslexia subtypes are not differentiated in most diagnoses and that they affect a generalized approach. Methods Cross-sectional, observational, analytical study composed of 80 students, divided into two groups, GA (dyslexics) and GB (without complaints of learning difficulties) using PROLEC (proof of assessment of reading processes), TVPS - 3 (Visual Test of Perceptual Skills) and TPMBO (Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test) - subtests 7 and 8. Results Comparing the groups, the students of GA presented inferior performance in all the PROLEC tests and in the TVPS3 tests. The TPMBO tests of visuomotor coordination and manual dexterity tests were inferior. In a second stage, screening the visual dyslexics, 12 (30%) schoolchildren were found, who presented better performance in reading frequent words, when compared to the performance in reading infrequent words and pseudowords. In the visual perceptual skills (TVPS-3), they obtained values below 50%, except for the subscale constancy of form. The occurrences of exchanges in reading aloud were in confusion of letters, syllables or words with little difference in the way of writing, but different in the direction, the same students did not present exchanges or confusions between letters, which have the same point and manner of articulation, and whose sounds are acoustically close. Conclusion Thus, characterizing the dyslexia subtype is fundamental, because the application of therapeutic techniques will depend on the correct focus of the observed changes. Therefore, an accurate and multidisciplinary diagnosis is required.

Una serie de casos de pacientes con heridas crónicas después de recibir tratamiento tópico con plata / Series of cases of patients with chronic wounds after receiving topical treatment with silver

Muchos son los desafíos hallados en el cuidado de las heridas cutáneas, que alcanzan una proporción aún mayor cuando estas heridas presentan señales clínicas surgidas de infecciones. En gran parte de las instituciones nacionales de asistencia a la salud no es posible identificar y cuantificar los microrganismos presentes en las heridas. OBJETIVO: Identificar los microorganismos de las heridas crónicas antes y después del tratamiento con una cobertura antimicrobiana con plata y verificar los niveles de proteína C reactiva y su asociación con las dimensiones de la herida. Casuística y método: Serie de casos con análisis clínicos y de laboratorio de 10 pacientes con heridas crónicas, durante un período de 2 semanas en un ambulatorio de heridas del Hospital de Base/FUNFARME, de la Facultad de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto. RESULTADOS: De los pacientes estudiados, la mayoría (60%) eran del sexo femenino y un 40% presentó úlcera vasculogénica. El microorganismo predominante fue Staphylococcus aureus. Hubo inhibición de algunos microrganismos y crecimiento de otros géneros y especies. Se consideró débil la correlación entre el área inicial de la herida y la proteína C reactiva (PCR) sérica inicial (0,05183), y entre área final de la herida y la PCR sérica final (0,3587). Sin embargo, con el aumento del área de la herida hubo un incremento de los niveles séricos de PCR y, con la disminución del área, um reducción de los niveles de PCR. CONCLUSIÓN: La correlación entre los niveles séricos de PCR y las dimensiones de la herida fueron débiles y no significativas, pero positivas

Many challenges can be found on the care of cutaneous wounds, especially when these wounds present subtle clinical signs of infection. It is not possible to identify and quantify microorganisms in wounds in most national health care institutions. OBJECTIVES: To identify the microorganisms of chronic wounds before and after treatment with antimicrobial coverage with silver, and to check the levels of C-reactive protein and its association with the dimensions of the wound. Casuistic and METHOD: Case series with clinical and laboratory analysis of 10 patients with chronic wounds, during a period of two weeks in a Wound Care Outpatient Clinic / FUNFARME, Medical School of São José do Rio Preto / SP-FAMERP. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, the majority (60%) were female, and 40% had vasculogenic ulcer. The predominant microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus. There was inhibition of some microorganisms and growth of other genera and species. We found a weak correlation between initial wound area and initial serum CRP (0,05183), and between final wound area and final serum CRP (0,3587). However, with the increase of the area of the wound, there was an increase in the serum levels of the CRP and, with the decrease of the area, a reduction of the CRP levels. CONCLUSION: The correlation of serum CRP levels and wound dimensions were weak and not significant; but positive

Ligas Acadêmicas na formação do profissional de saúde para o Sistema Único de Saúde: potencialidades e desafios / Academic Leagues in health care worker education for Brazil's Unified Health System: potential and challenges

Introdução: As Ligas Acadêmicas (LA) são associações estudantis que contribuem com o estreitamento da relação ensino-serviço-comunidade. Objetivo: Analisar as potencialidades e os desafios das Ligas Acadêmicas como dispositivos de aprendizagem a partir da percepção de alunos e egressos dos cursos da saúde de dois campi de uma universidade pública do Nordeste brasileiro, com modelos de ensino distintos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de Grupos Focais e analisados pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Foi identificado que, apesar dos desafios inerentes à gestão de pessoas, ao processo de normatização das Ligas e à necessidade de recursos financeiros para a realização das ações, as Ligas Acadêmicas, independentemente do modelo de ensino adotado pela instituição, desempenham importante papel na formação de profissionais de saúde com maior senso crítico, ampliada visão sobre o modo de promover saúde e maior atenção aos princípios e demandas do Sistema Único de Saúde. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados, sugere-se aos discentes e professores uma atuação que favoreça a superação de desafios e a troca de experiências para potencializar a formação complementar em saúde. Às instituições de ensino cabe o papel de acompanhamento das ações das Ligas para garantir e fortalecer a extensão universitária. (AU)

Introduction: Academic Leagues (AL) are student associations that help strengthen the teaching-service-community relationship. Objective: To analyze the potential and challenges of Academic Leagues as learning devices, based on the perception of students and graduates of health degree programs on two campuses at a public university in northeastern Brazil, which use different teaching approaches. Methods: This is a qualitative study, whose data were collected through Focus Groups and analyzed using the Content Analysis technique. Results: Despite the challenges posed by people management, the standardization of the Leagues and the need for financial resources for full operation, the Academic Leagues, regardless of the teaching model adopted by the institution, play an important role in education and training of health workers so that they can develop greater critical sense, broader vision on health promotion and greater attention to the principles and demands of the Unified Health System. Conclusion: The results showed that students and teachers are encouraged to take action to overcome challenges and to exchange experiences to enhance complementary health education. Educational institutions have the role of monitoring the actions of the Leagues to strengthen and ensure the offer of university extension activities. (AU)

Evolução dos livros de culinária brasileiros e sua relação com o cozinhar na contemporaneidade / The evolution of Brazilian cuisine books and its relationship with contemporary cooking habits

Introdução: Publicações culinárias são fontes de materiais de pesquisa cuja avaliação permite identificar hábitos culinários e estudar aspectos culturais, biológicos, econômicos, sociais e de comensalidade de um povo. Objetivo: Com o objetivo de compreender quando e por que a sociedade brasileira contemporânea perdeu progressivamente o hábito de cozinhar suas refeições, adotou-se esse objeto de estudo sob o olhar da Alimentação e Nutrição. Foram selecionados sete autores relevantes da história da culinária brasileira, englobando o período de 1840 a 2019. Método: O estudo abrangeu a leitura técnica, que observou elementos visuais e textuais, conteúdo geral e apresentação das receitas culinárias; a análise geral, identificando proposta e público-alvo de cada livro para contextualização de aspectos socioeconômicos e culturais de cada época; e a análise do conteúdo, que estudou ingredientes, detalhamento das técnicas de preparo, utensílios utilizados e observação das modificações dos hábitos culinários sob a perspectiva da Nutrição. Resultados: Observou-se que as obras mais antigas possuíam menos elementos visuais, menor detalhamento das receitas, menor utilização de produtos industrializados e eletrodomésticos e maior quantidade de receitas por página. A comparação dos conteúdos entre as obras mais antigas e mais recentes, em conjunto com a literatura pertinente, sugere uma redução do hábito de cozinhar, que pode ser percebida pelo maior detalhamento das receitas e maior utilização de recursos visuais, mostrando uma tentativa de simplificar as receitas. Foram percebidas, ainda, alterações importantes no padrão alimentar da população, resultado da perda progressiva do hábito de cozinhar e aumento do consumo de refeições prontas produzidas pela indústria. (AU)

Introduction: Culinary publications are sources of research materials whose evaluation allows identifying culinary habits and studying cultural, biological, economic, social, and commensal aspects of a people. Objective: In order to understand when and why contemporary Brazilian society gradually lost the habit of cooking its meals, this subject of study was adopted under the food and nutrition perspective. Seven relevant authors from the history of Brazilian cuisine were selected, covering the period from 1840 to 2019. Method: The study covered technical reading, which observed visual and textual elements, general content and presentation of culinary recipes; in the general analysis, we identified the proposal and target audience of each book to contextualize the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of each era; and in the content analysis, we studied ingredients, details of preparation techniques, utensils used, and observed the changes in culinary habits from the nutritional perspective. Results: It was observed that the older works had less visual elements, recipes were less detailed, and there was less use of industrialized products and household appliances and a greater amount of recipes per page. The comparison of the contents between the oldest and most recent works, together with the pertinent literature, suggests a reduction in the habit of cooking, which can be noticed by the greater detail of recipes and greater use of visual resources, showing an attempt to simplify recipes. Important changes were also noted in the population's dietary pattern, resulting from the progressive loss of the cooking habit and increased consumption of ready-to-eat meals produced by the industry. (AU)

Impact of an intervention through Facebook to strengthen Self-esteem in nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impact of the "Strengthening Self-Esteem" intervention proposed by the Nursing Interventions Classification, conducted through the use of Facebook, on the self-esteem and self-efficacy levels of nursing undergraduates. METHOD: quasi-experimental study carried out in two Higher Education Institutions. The sample consisted of 74 students. Two data collection tools were applied before and after the intervention: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and General and Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale. The students were submitted to the intervention for ten sessions. Posts were made in private profile created on Facebook and consisted of positive messages, reflective texts and pictures, all supported by the persuasive resources of Bandura's theoretical framework. RESULTS: of the 264 students who answered the pretest, 74 (28.03%) participated in the interventions and the post-test. Rosenberg self-esteem (p=0.026) and self-efficacy (p=0.001) scores after the intervention were significantly higher than those obtained before, confirming the effectiveness of the intervention. CONCLUSION: the "Strengthening Self-Esteem" intervention was effective for improving students' self-esteem and self-efficacy levels. Such interventions help spread knowledge and build mentally healthier individuals.

Impact of an intervention through Facebook to strengthen Self-esteem in nursing students / Impacto de uma intervenção através do Facebook para fortalecimento da autoestima em estudantes de enfermagem / Impacto de una intervención a través del Facebook para fortalecimiento de la autoestima en estudiantes de enfermería

Objective: to evaluate the impact of the "Strengthening Self-Esteem" intervention proposed by the Nursing Interventions Classification, conducted through the use of Facebook, on the self-esteem and self-efficacy levels of nursing undergraduates. Method: quasi-experimental study carried out in two Higher Education Institutions. The sample consisted of 74 students. Two data collection tools were applied before and after the intervention: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and General and Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale. The students were submitted to the intervention for ten sessions. Posts were made in private profile created on Facebook and consisted of positive messages, reflective texts and pictures, all supported by the persuasive resources of Bandura's theoretical framework. Results: of the 264 students who answered the pretest, 74 (28.03%) participated in the interventions and the post-test. Rosenberg self-esteem (p=0.026) and self-efficacy (p=0.001) scores after the intervention were significantly higher than those obtained before, confirming the effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusion: the "Strengthening Self-Esteem" intervention was effective for improving students' self-esteem and self-efficacy levels. Such interventions help spread knowledge and build mentally healthier individuals.

Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da intervenção "Fortalecimento da Autoestima", proposta pela Nursing Interventions Classification, realizada por meio do Facebook, nos níveis de autoestima e autoeficácia de graduandos de enfermagem. Método: estudo quase experimental, realizado em duas instituições de ensino superior. A amostra foi constituída por 74 estudantes. Dois instrumentos de coleta de dados foram aplicados antes e após a intervenção: Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg e Escala de Autoeficácia Geral e Percebida. Os estudantes foram submetidos à intervenção, por dez sessões. Postagens eram feitas em perfil fechado criado no Facebook e constituíram-se por mensagens positivas, textos reflexivos e figuras, todos apoiados nos recursos persuasivos do referencial teórico de Bandura. Resultados: dos 264 estudantes que responderam aos instrumentos do pré-teste, 74 (28,03%) participaram das intervenções e do pós-teste. Os escores de autoestima de Rosenberg (p=0,026) e autoeficácia (p=0,001), após a intervenção, foram significativamente superiores aos obtidos antes, comprovando a efetividade da intervenção. Conclusão: a intervenção "Fortalecimento da Autoestima" foi efetiva para a melhora dos níveis de autoestima e autoeficácia dos estudantes. Intervenções como essas auxiliam na disseminação do conhecimento e na construção de indivíduos mentalmente mais saudáveis.

Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la intervención "Fortalecimiento de la Autoestima", propuesta por la Nursing Interventions Classification, realizada por medio del uso del Facebook, en los niveles de autoestima y autoeficacia de estudiantes del curso de enfermería. Método: estudio casi experimental, realizado en dos Instituciones de Enseñanza Superior. La muestra estuvo constituida por 74 estudiantes. Dos instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron aplicados antes y después de la intervención: Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y Escala de Autoeficacia General y Percibida. Los estudiantes fueron sometidos a intervención, en diez sesiones. Los posts de internet eran hechos en perfil cerrado creado en el Facebook y estaban constituidos por mensajes positivos, textos reflexivos y figuras, todos apoyados en los recursos persuasivos del referencial teórico de Bandura. Resultados: de los 264 estudiantes que respondieron a los instrumentos del pretest, 74 (28,03%) participaron de las intervenciones y del postest. Los puntajes de autoestima Rosenberg (p=0,026) y autoeficacia (p=0,001) después de la intervención, fueron significativamente superiores a los obtenidos antes, comprobando la efectividad de la intervención. Conclusión: la intervención "Fortalecimiento de la Autoestima" fue efectiva para la mejoría de los niveles de autoestima y autoeficacia de los estudiantes. Intervenciones como estas auxilian a diseminar el conocimiento y la construcción de individuos mentalmente más saludables.

Reflections on the extinction of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security and the confrontation of Covid-19 in Brazil / Reflexões sobre a extinção do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e o enfrentamento da Covid-19 no Brasil

ABSTRACT The Provisional Measure 870/2019, which amended the Organic Law on Food and Nutrition Security and extinguished the Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (National Council for Food and Nutrition Security), has brought serious consequences to the Brazilian population, especially for the most vulnerable. This scientific note brings reflections on the trajectory of the Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, the repercussions of its extinction in the last year, and the project to dismantle social protection policies in Brazil, with serious consequences at a time when the country is going through a crisis in public health due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The absence of the Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional and the weakening of the set of policies for Food and Nutritional Security has mobilized the civil society to defend the human rights to food, food sovereignty, and to democracy itself. The resistance of the different social movements in order to maintain the spaces of civil participation related to Food and Nutrition Security public policies are still going to be long and arduous, demanding the continued vocalization and strengthening of partnership networks within the different movements of the organized civil society. Finally, we highlight the urgent need for restoration of the National System of Food and Nutritional Security (Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional) with all its instances, and of other social policies, so that the negative consequences of the pandemic are avoided or mitigated and the State complies with its obligations to guarantee the rights of the Brazilian population.

RESUMO A Medida Provisória nº 870/2019, que alterou a Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e extinguiu o Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, tem trazido graves consequências à população brasileira, em especial, àqueles em situação de maior vulnerabilidade. Esta nota científica traz reflexões sobre a trajetória do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, as repercussões de sua extinção no último ano e o projeto de desmonte das políticas de proteção social no Brasil, com graves desdobramentos no momento em que o país atravessa uma crise de saúde pública em decorrência da pandemia da Covid-19. A ausência do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e a fragilização do conjunto de políticas de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional tem mobilizado a sociedade civil para a defesa do direito humano à alimentação, da soberania alimentar e da própria democracia. A resistência dos diferentes movimentos sociais para manutenção dos espaços de participação da sociedade civil nas políticas públicas de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional ainda será longa e árdua, demandando a continuidade da vocalização e fortalecimento de redes de parceria nos diferentes movimentos da sociedade civil organizada. Por fim, destaca-se que a recomposição do Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, com todas as suas instâncias, e das demais políticas sociais, constitui uma necessidade premente para que as consequências negativas da pandemia sejam evitadas ou atenuadas e o Estado cumpra com as suas obrigações para a garantia dos direitos da população brasileira.

Testicular features of semi-confined Nellore bullssubjected to immunocastration / Características testiculares de touros Nelore semiconfinadossubmetidos a imunocastração

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immunocastration on the scrotal circumference, as well as in the macroscopic and microscopic testicular features in Nellore bulls bred under a semi-confining system for 91 days. Sixty animals were divided into two groups: 30 intact animals (non-vaccinated) and 30 immunocastrated animals. The immunocastrated animals were treated with two anti-GnRH vaccine doses (BoprivaTM - Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd). The scrotal circumference (SC) was measured on days 0 and 56. Testicular parameters: biometry traits (length, width, and height ­ cm; volume ­ cm3) and weight (g) was measured on day 91. Three testicles from each group were histologically processed to find the seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelium thickness (µm). Data were analyzed in the Minitab® 19 statistical software. The macroscopic features (SC, and testes weight, volume, length, width, and height) and the microscopic features (seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelium thickness) were compared between the two groups through Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test. All the values were lower (p<0.05) in animals immunized against GnRH, except for the right testis width and seminiferous tubule diameter. Results indicate that immunization against GnRH affected testicular development.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da imunocastração no perímetro escrotal, assim como nas características testiculares macroscópicas e microscópicas de touros Nelore criados em um sistema de semiconfinamento por 91 dias. Sessenta animais foram divididos em dois grupos: 30 animais inteiros (não vacinados) e 30 imunocastrados. Os animais imunocastrados receberam duas doses de uma vacina anti-GnRH (Bopriva® - Zoetis Ltda). O perímetro escrotal (PE) foi mensurado nos dias 0 e 56. Parâmetros testiculares: atributos biométricos (comprimento, largura e altura ­ cm; volume cm3) e peso (g) foram medidos no dia 91. Três testículos de cada grupo foram processados para histologia clássica a fim de avaliar o diâmetro e a espessura do epitélio dos túbulos seminíferos (µm). Os dados foram analisados pelo software estatístico Minitab® 19. As médias das características macroscópicas (PE, peso, volume, comprimento, largura e altura dos testículos) e das microscópicas (diâmetro e espessura do epitélio dos túbulos seminíferos) foram comparadas entre os dois grupos pelos testes t de Student e Mann-Whitney. Todos os valores foram menores (p<0,05) em animais imunizados contra o GnRH, exceto a altura média do testículo direito e o diâmetro do túbulo seminífero. Os resultados indicam que a imunização contra o GnRH afeta o desenvolvimento testicular.(AU)