Tuberculosis treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: actions offered and case profile.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the provision of tuberculosis treatment actions and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted with data from secondary sources of 134 tuberculosis cases that underwent treatment in 2020 in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The least frequently offered actions in the period were: three or more control smear microscopies (12.7%), smear microscopy at the end of treatment (16.7%), chest X-ray at sixth month (48.5%) and sputum culture (49%). The number of medical and nursing consultations did not reach six in 52.9% and 83.3% of cases, respectively. The lower offer of treatment actions was associated with: retreatment (p<0.001); comorbidities (p=0.023); HIV infection (p<0.001); mental disorder (p=0.013); illicit substance use (p=0.018); normal chest X-ray (p=0.024); and special treatment regimen (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: After the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to invest in cases follow-up, especially those undergoing retreatment, with comorbidities, drug use, normal chest X-ray results, and special treatment regimens.

Tuberculosis treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: actions offered and case profile / Tratamiento de Tuberculosis durante Pandemia de COVID 19: acciones ofrecidas y perfil de casos / Tratamento da tuberculose durante a pandemia de COVID-19: ações ofertadas e perfil dos casos

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association between the provision of tuberculosis treatment actions and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted with data from secondary sources of 134 tuberculosis cases that underwent treatment in 2020 in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: The least frequently offered actions in the period were: three or more control smear microscopies (12.7%), smear microscopy at the end of treatment (16.7%), chest X-ray at sixth month (48.5%) and sputum culture (49%). The number of medical and nursing consultations did not reach six in 52.9% and 83.3% of cases, respectively. The lower offer of treatment actions was associated with: retreatment (p<0.001); comorbidities (p=0.023); HIV infection (p<0.001); mental disorder (p=0.013); illicit substance use (p=0.018); normal chest X-ray (p=0.024); and special treatment regimen (p=0.009). Conclusion: After the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to invest in cases follow-up, especially those undergoing retreatment, with comorbidities, drug use, normal chest X-ray results, and special treatment regimens.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre la oferta de acciones de tratamiento para tuberculosis con las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los casos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Estudio transversal realizado con datos de fuente secundaria de 134 casos de tuberculosis que realizaron tratamiento en 2020 en Pelotas-RS. Los datos fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva, Chi-cuadrado y prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Las acciones ofertadas en el periodo fueron: radiografía de tórax al sexto mes (48,5%), cultivo de esputo (49%), tres o más microscopía de frotis (12,7%) y microscopía al final del tratamiento (16,7%). El número de consultas médicas y de enfermería no alcanzó seis en 52,9% y 83,3% de los casos, respectivamente. La menor oferta de acciones de tratamiento se asoció a: retratamiento (p=0,001); comorbilidades (p=0,023); VIH (p<0,001); trastorno mental (p=0,013); uso de sustancias ilícitas (p=0,018); resultado normal de la radiografía de tórax (p=0,024); y régimen especial de tratamiento farmacológico (p=0,009). Conclusión: Después de la pandemia de COVID-19, es esencial invertir en el seguimiento de los casos, especialmente aquellos en retratamiento, con comorbilidades, radiografía normal y régimen de tratamiento especial.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a oferta de ações de tratamento para tuberculose com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas dos casos durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado com dados de fontes secundárias de 134 casos de tuberculose que realizaram tratamento em 2020 em Pelotas-RS. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. Resultados: As ações menos ofertadas no período foram: três ou mais baciloscopia de controle (12,7%), baciloscopia ao final do tratamento (16,7%), radiografia de tórax no sexto mês (48,5%) e cultura de escarro (49%). O número de consultas médicas e de enfermagem não atingiram seis em 52,9% e 83,3% dos casos, respectivamente. A menor oferta de ações de tratamento esteve associada à: retratamento (p<0,001); comorbidades (p=0,023); infecção por HIV (p<0,001); transtorno mental (p=0,013); uso de substâncias ilícitas (p=0,018); imagem de tórax normal (p=0,024); e esquema especial de tratamento (p=0,009). Conclusão: Após a pandemia da COVID-19, é imprescindível investir no acompanhamento dos casos, principalmente daqueles em retratamento, com comorbidades, uso de drogas, radiografia normal e esquema especial de tratamento.

Chronic hyperpalatable diet induces impairment of hippocampal-dependent memories and alters glutamatergic and fractalkine axis signaling.

Chronic consumption of hyperpalatable and hypercaloric foods has been pointed out as a factor associated with cognitive decline and memory impairment in obesity. In this context, the integration between peripheral and central inflammation may play a significant role in the negative effects of an obesogenic environment on memory. However, little is known about how obesity-related peripheral inflammation affects specific neurotransmission systems involved with memory regulation. Here, we test the hypothesis that chronic exposure to a highly palatable diet may cause neuroinflammation, glutamatergic dysfunction, and memory impairment. For that, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to a high sugar and butter diet (HSB) for 12 weeks, and we investigated its effects on behavior, glial reactivity, blood-brain barrier permeability, pro-inflammatory features, glutamatergic alterations, plasticity, and fractalkine-CX3CR1 axis. Our results revealed that HSB diet induced a decrease in memory reconsolidation and extinction, as well as an increase in hippocampal glutamate levels. Although our data indicated a peripheral pro-inflammatory profile, we did not observe hippocampal neuroinflammatory features. Furthermore, we also observed that the HSB diet increased hippocampal fractalkine levels, a key chemokine associated with neuroprotection and inflammatory regulation. Then, we hypothesized that the elevation on glutamate levels may saturate synaptic communication, partially limiting plasticity, whereas fractalkine levels increase as a strategy to decrease glutamatergic damage.

Myasthenia gravis in the complex scenario of LRBA-related immune dysregulation / Miastenia gravis no cenário clínico complexo das imunodesregulações relacionadas ao gene LRBA

Autoimmune diseases have been progressively recognized as a potential complication of primary immunodeficiency, especially for some genetic subtypes of common variable immunodeficiency. Although often associated with other autoimmune disorders, autoimmune myasthenia gravis is occasionally identified as a neuromuscular complication of primary immunodeficiency. We report the case of a Brazilian woman with common variable immunodeficiency-8 due to an LRBA variant, in which myasthenia gravis was identified in association with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody. Marked clinical improvement occurred after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

Doenças autoimunes foram progressivamente reconhecidas como complicações potenciais das imunodeficiências primárias, especialmente para alguns subtipos genéticos das imunodeficiências comuns variáveis. Embora se associe comumente a outras doenças autoimunes, a Miastenia gravis autoimune adquirida foi raramente associada como complicação neuromuscular de imunodeficiências primárias. É descrito neste artigo o caso de paciente brasileira do sexo feminino com diagnóstico de Imunodeficiência Comum Variável tipo 8 por variante no gene LRBA, na qual foi identificada Miastenia gravis em associação a anticorpos antirreceptor de acetilcolina. Ela evoluiu com marcante melhora clínica após a introdução de terapêutica com imunoglobulina endovenosa.

A participação das famílias nas ações de alimentação em escolas para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável / Family participation in school feeding programs to promote adequate and healthy eating

Introdução: Os instrumentos e estratégias de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional de escolas públicas brasileiras devem apoiar pessoas, famílias e comunidades a adotarem práticas alimentares que favoreçam o desenvolvimento da autonomia e do exercício da cidadania. Objetivo: Compreender como escolas e famílias, a partir de suas ações conjuntas, podem favorecer a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável. Métodos: Pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, na modalidade de estudo de caso, realizada em duas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental, que incluíram no Projeto Político-Pedagógico ações de alimentação e a participação das famílias. Utilizaram-se observação participante, diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais com os membros da comunidade, analisados por triangulação de métodos qualitativos. Para as entrevistas e grupos focais, foram feitas transcrição, categorização e análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: As categorias temáticas "Interação entre os atores sociais" e "Participação das famílias no espaço escolar" mostraram as possibilidades de ações conjuntas no papel coletivo de educadores. A organização da comunidade em grupos de responsabilidade conferiu sentido à participação social, rompeu com o suposto desinteresse pelas ações de alimentação e viabilizou a atuação nos processos decisórios da escola. Como desafios, têm-se a desconfiança recíproca e a dificuldade de promover reflexão coletiva para solucionar conflitos e disputas. Conclusões: O estabelecimento de parcerias bem-sucedidas entre escola e família coloca crianças e adolescentes no centro do debate, alusiva à função coletiva de todos como educadores, explorando características individuais e coletivas para as ações promotoras da alimentação adequada e saudável.

Introduction: Food and Nutrition Education resources and strategies in Brazilian public schools should support people, families, and communities to adopt eating practices that benefit the development of autonomy and the exercise of citizenship. Objective: To understand how schools and families, through their joint actions, can promote adequate and healthy eating. Methods: This is qualitative research carried out in two public elementary schools, which have included foodprograms and family participation in their Political-Pedagogical Project. Participant observation, field journals, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups with community members were used and analyzed using a triangulation of qualitative methods. For the interviews and focus groups, transcription, categorization, and thematic content, analysis were carried out. Results: The thematic categories "Interaction between social actors" and "Participation of families in the school space" showed the possibilities of joint actions in the collective role of educators. The organization of the community into responsibility groups gave meaning to social participation, broke down the supposed lack of interest in food actions and made it possible for them to take part in the school's decision-making processes. The challenges are mutual distrust and the difficulty of promoting collective reflection to resolve conflicts and disputes. Conclusions: Establishing successful school-family partnerships puts children and adolescents at the center of the debate, alluding to everyone's collective role as educators, exploiting individual and collective characteristics for actions to promote adequate and healthy eating.

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 knockout rescues obesity phenotype in a mouse model of Huntington's disease.

Obesity represents a global health problem and is characterized by metabolic dysfunctions and a low-grade chronic inflammatory state, which can increase the risk of comorbidities, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and insulin resistance. Here we tested the hypothesis that the genetic deletion of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) may rescue metabolic and inflammatory features present in BACHD mice, a mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) with an obese phenotype. For that, we crossed BACHD and mGluR5 knockout mice (mGluR5-/-) in order to obtain the following groups: Wild type (WT), mGluR5-/-, BACHD and BACHD/mGluR5-/- (double mutant mice). Our results showed that the double mutant mice present decreased body weight as compared to BACHD mice in all tested ages and reduced visceral adiposity as compared to BACHD at 6 months of age. Additionally, 12-month-old double mutant mice present increased adipose tissue levels of adiponectin, decreased leptin levels, and increased IL-10/TNF ratio as compared to BACHD mice. Taken together, our preliminary data propose that the absence of mGluR5 reduce weight gain and visceral adiposity in BACHD mice, along with a decrease in the inflammatory state in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which may indicate that mGluR5 may play a role in adiposity modulation.

Promoção da saúde no ambiente alimentar escolar: interfaces família e escola na promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável / Health promotion in the school feeding environment: family and school interfaces in the promotion of adequate and healthy feeding

No contexto da promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável em escolas públicas brasileiras, os instrumentos e estratégias da Educação Alimentar e Nutricional podem apoiar pessoas e comunidades a adotarem práticas alimentares promotoras da saúde, contribuindo para o fortalecimento dos sujeitos na busca de habilidades para tomar decisões, transformar a realidade e exigir o cumprimento do direito humano à alimentação adequada. O objetivo foi compreender os contextos que (des)favorecem as ações das famílias e da escola, voltadas à alimentação das crianças e adolescentes, para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável. Trabalho de natureza qualitativa, na modalidade de estudo de caso, foi realizado entre agosto/2018 e novembro/2019, em duas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental da prefeitura de São Paulo, que incluíram no Projeto Político Pedagógico ações de alimentação e que contavam com a participação das famílias. As técnicas aplicadas foram observação participante, diário de campo e entrevistas semi estruturadas - 51 individuais e 9 grupos focais - com informantes chaves da gestão e orientação direta dos estudantes; gestoras da Coordenadoria de Alimentação Escolar, nutricionistas e demais funcionários das escolas; estudantes e familiares. O roteiro foi dividido em 4 blocos de perguntas e adaptado para captar as especificidades dos grupos de atores sociais. Foi feita a transcrição, categorização, análise temática, organizados em três seções de resultados e discussão. Os resultados indicaram que a inclusão da alimentação no Projeto Político Pedagógico não garantiu a construção de um projeto coletivo; foi preciso conferir-lhe robustez, alinhado às necessidades e à proposta pedagógica do território para compreender a alimentação como prática social, consolidando a Educação Alimentar e Nutricional como força de transformação no desenvolvimento da autonomia e participação ativa dos educandos. O projeto horta, vinculado à alimentação escolar, com atividades permanentes e coletivas aproximou a comunidade para construir um espaço pedagógico para a vivência prática com o alimento e articulação de saberes. A participação das famílias nos grupos de responsabilidade rompeu com o seu suposto desinteresse e incapacidade, incluiu e conferiu sentido à participação social alinhada à educação popular. O apoderamento da comunidade foi fundamental para sua atuação nos processos decisórios e efetivação de mecanismos de exigibilidade, proteção e promoção do direito humano, articulando reflexões contemporâneas da alimentação em suas dimensões ambiental, biológica, econômica, política e social. Como desafios, aponta-se a diversidade de temas que chegam à escola; dificuldade de gestores e professores construírem caminhos que favoreçam a reflexão coletiva; disponibilidade de tempo dos familiares. O estabelecimento de parcerias bem-sucedidas entre escola e família coloca crianças e adolescentes no centro do debate, que se traduz na função coletiva de educadores para pais, professores e comunidade em geral, explorando características individuais e coletivas, para que as ações promotoras da alimentação saudável tenham potencial de mudança das práticas alimentares da comunidade.

In the context of promoting adequate and healthy feeding in Brazilian public schools, the instruments and strategies of Food and Nutrition Education can support people and communities to adopt health-promoting eating practices, contributing to the strengthening of subjects in the search for skills to make decisions, transform reality and demand compliance with the human right to adequate feeding. The objective was to understand the contexts that (dis)favor the actions of families and schools, aimed at feeding children and adolescents, for promoting adequate and healthy food. Qualitative work, in the form of a case study, was carried out between August/2018 and November/2019, in two public elementary schools of the São Paulo city, which included in the Pedagogical Political Project feeding actions that had the participation of families. The applied techniques were participant observation, field diary and semi-structured interviews - 51 individual and 9 focal groups - with key informants from the management and direct guidance of the students; managers of the School Feeding Coordination, nutritionists and other school employees; students and family. The script was divided into 4 blocks of questions and adapted to capture the specifics of the groups of social actors. Transcription, categorization, thematic analysis were performed, organized into three sections of results and discussion. The results indicated that the inclusion of food in the Pedagogical Political Project did not guarantee the construction of a collective project; it was necessary to give it robustness, in line with the needs and pedagogical proposal of the territory to understand food as a social practice, consolidating Food and Nutrition Education as a force for transformation in the development of autonomy and active participation of students.The school garden project, linked to school meals, with permanent and collective activities brought the community together to build a pedagogical space for practical experience with food and articulation of knowledge. The participation of families in responsibility groups broke with their supposed disinterest and incapacity, included and gave meaning to social participation aligned with popular education. The empowerment of the community was fundamental for its action in the decision-making processes and for the implementation of mechanisms of enforceability, protection and promotion of human rights, articulating contemporary reflections on food in its environmental, biological, economic, political and social dimensions. As challenges, the diversity of themes that reach the school is pointed out; difficulty for managers and teachers to build paths that favor collective reflection; availability of family time. The establishment of successful partnerships between school and family places children and adolescents at the center of the debate, which translates into the collective role of educators for parents, teachers and the community in general, exploring individual and collective characteristics, so that actions promoting healthy feeding have the potential to change the community's eating practices.

Assessment of total mercury content in tissues of Mullus argentinae in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Avaliação de mercúrio total em tecido comestível de Mullus argetinae coletados no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

This study has as objective to determine total mercury (Total Hg) levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 134 individuals edible part of Mullus argentinae, in two different fishing areas and two seasons in Rio de Janeiro State. Also, proximate composition was performed. Total Hg results in wet weight basis ranged from 0.0867 to 0.7476 µg.g-1 in muscle; 0.0023 to 0,1034 µg.g-1 in flippers; and 0.0177 to 0.1849 µg.g-1 in skin. Mean evaluated moisture was 73.39%; protein was 18.76%; lipid concentration of 5.36%; carbohydrates of 2.35%; and ashes were 0.85%.Results showed that Total Hg contents was lower than accepted limits established by regulatory organization. Higher averages were observed in muscle (0.2441 µg.g-1) when compared with skin (0.2386 µg.g-1) and flippers (0.0195 µg.g-1). In general, samples collected on summer showed higher values of total Hg when comparing to winter. Regarding beach areas there was no significant difference (p>0.05). We can conclude that this specie should be cautious consumed because of total Hg bioaccumulation characteristics, although neither levels were above limits established.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o teor de mercúrio no tecido comestível de Mullus argentinae, conhecido como peixe trilha, espécie amplamente consumida no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foi determinado o teor de mercúrio total (Hg total) por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica em 134 amostras, coletados em duas áreas e estações climáticas diferentes. Além disso, foi avaliada a composição centesimal das amostras. Os resultados de Hg total em peso úmido variaram de 0,0867 a 0,7476 µg.g-1 no músculo; 0,0023 a 0,1034 µg.g-1 nas nadadeiras; e 0,0177 a 0,1849 µg.g-1 na pele. Os valores médios da composição centesimal foram de 73,30% de umidade, 18,76% de proteína, 5,36% de lipídios, 2,35% de carboidratos e 0,85% de matéria mineral. Os resultados das 134 amostras analisadas demostraram que os teores de Hg Total apresentam concentração inferior aos limites aceitos pelos órgãos reguladores. As maiores médias foram observadas no músculo (0,2441 µg.g-1) quando comparadas à pele (0,2386 µg.g-1) e nadadeiras (0,0195 µg.g-1). Em geral, as amostras coletadas no verão apresentaram maiores valores de Hg total em relação ao inverno. Em relação aos locais de coleta não houve diferença significativa (p> 0,05). Podemos concluir que esta espécie deve ser consumida com cautela devido às características de bioacumulação do Hg total, apesar das médias apresentadas estarem abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação.

Impact of vitamin deficiency on microbiota composition and immunomodulation: relevance to autistic spectrum disorders.

OBJECTIVES: Inappropriate vitamin supply is a public health problem and is related to abnormalities in brain development, immune response and, more recently, in changes of gut microbial composition. It is known that low levels of vitamin in early life are linked to increased susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Unfortunately, the possible peripheral influences of vitamin deficiency that leads to alterations in the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, one important modulator of the ASD pathology, remain unclear. This narrative review discusses how the impact of vitamin deficiency results in changes in the immune regulation and in the gut microbiota composition, trying to understand how these changes may contribute for the development and severity of ASD. METHODS: The papers were selected using Pubmed and other databases. This review discusses the following topics: (1) vitamin deficiency in alterations of central nervous system in autism, (2) the impact of low levels of vitamins in immunomodulation and how it can favor imbalance in gut microbiota composition and gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances, (3) gut microbiota imbalance/inflammation associated with the ASD pathophysiology, and (4) possible evidences of the role of vitamin deficiency in dysfunctional gut microbiota-immune-brain axis in ASD. RESULTS: Studies indicate that hypovitaminosis A, B12, D, and K have been co-related with the ASD neuropathology. Furthermore, it was shown that low levels of these vitamins favor the Th1/Th17 environment in the gut, as well as the growth of enteropathogens linked to GI disorders. DISCUSSION: GI disorders and alterations in the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis seems to be linked with ASD severity. Although unclear, hypovitaminosis appears to regulate peripherally the ASD pathophysiology by modulating the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, however, more research is still necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Yellow fever epizootics in non-human primates, Southeast and Northeast Brazil (2017 and 2018).

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever (YF) is a severe, infectious, but non-communicable arboviral hemorrhagic disease. In the last decades, yellow fever virus (YFV) infections have been prevalent in endemic areas in Brazil, affecting human and non-human primate (NHP) populations. Monitoring of NHP infection started in 1999, and reports of epizootic diseases are considered important indicators of viral transmission, particularly in relation to the sylvatic cycle. This study presents the monitoring of YFV by real-time RT-PCR and the epidemiological findings related to the deaths of NHPs in the south-eastern states and in the north-eastern state of Bahia, during the outbreak of YF in Brazil during 2017 and 2018. METHODS: A total of 4198 samples from 2099 NHPs from south-eastern and north-eastern Brazilian states were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR). RESULTS: A total of 4198 samples from 2099 NHPs from south-eastern and north-eastern Brazilian states were collected between 2017 and 2018. The samples were subjected to molecular diagnostics for YFV detection using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR) techniques. Epizootics were coincident with human YF cases. Furthermore, our results showed that the YF frequency was higher among marmosets (Callithrix sp.) than in previous reports. Viremia in species of the genus Alouatta and Callithrix differed greatly. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate a need for further investigation of the role of Callithrix spp. in the transmission cycles of YFV in Brazil. In particular, YFV transmission was observed in a region where viral circulation has not been recorded for decades and thus vaccination has not been previously recommended. CONCLUSIONS: This highlights the need to straighten epizootic surveillance and evaluate the extent of vaccination programmes in Brazil in previously considered "YFV-free" areas of the country.

Jaboticaba yoghurts enriched with whey protein or albumin: evaluation of phenolic content and color / Iogurtes de jabuticaba adicionados de proteína do sorodo leite ou albumina: avaliação do conteúdo fenólico e cor

In the present study, nonfat yoghurt made with whey protein isolate (WPI) or pasteurized egg white powder (albumin) was added with syrup containing jaboticaba pulp and lyophilized jaboticaba peel flour and six experimental groups were made: control yoghurt (CY); WPI yoghurt (WY); albumin yoghurt (AY), syrup yoghurt and WPI (WSY); syrup and albumin yoghurt (ASY) and syrup yoghurt (SY). This study aimed to verify the influence of the addition of fruit syrup on the phenolics compounds and on the instrumental color parameters of yoghurts made with proteins on the 1st and 28th day of storage. There was a significant decrease in total phenolics content in yoghurt containing WPI and syrup (from 1408.14mg GAE.L-1 to 686.73mg GAE.L-1), as well as total anthocyanin content. However, yoghurt containing syrup and albumin showed an increase in total flavonoid content on day 28 of storage (from 28.30mg QE.100g-1 to 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Regarding color, there was an increase in L* and b* values in yoghurt containing syrup and WPI and in yoghurt containing syrup and albumin. For a* values, a decrease was observed at the end of the storage period in samples containing protein (WPI or albumin) and syrup. The data showed that the addition of jaboticaba syrup to yoghurts containing different proteins provided different phenolics compounds contents at the end of the storage period, and different color parameters to the final product.

No presente estudo, iogurtes desnatados feitos com proteína isolada do soro do leite (PIS) ou albumina isolada da clara do ovo pasteurizada em pó (albumina) foram adicionados de xarope contendo a polpa da jabuticaba e a farinha liofilizada da casca da jabuticaba, obtendo-se seis grupos experimentais: iogurte controle (CY); iogurte PIS (WY); iogurte albumina (AY); iogurte xarope e PIS (WSY); iogurte xarope e albumina (ASY) e iogurte com xarope (SY). Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar a influência da adição do xarope da fruta nos compostos fenólicos e nos parâmetros instrumentais de cor dos iogurtes elaborados com proteínas no 1º e 28º dia de armazenamento. Houve uma diminuição significativa no teor de fenólicos totais no iogurte contendo PIS e xarope (de 1408.14mg GAE.L-1 para 686.73mg GAE.L-1), bem como no teor de antocianinas (de 158.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1 para 56.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1). No entanto, os iogurtes contendo xarope e albumina apresentaram um aumento no teor de flavonóides totais no 28º dia de armazenamento (de 28.30mg QE.100g-1 para 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Em relação a cor houve um aumento dos valores de L* e no valor de b* no iogurte contendo xarope e PIS e no iogurte contendo xarope e albumina. Já para os valores de a* foi observado uma diminuição ao final do período de armazenamento nas amostras contendo proteína (PIS ou albumina) e xarope. Os dados demonstraram que a adição do xarope de jabuticaba a iogurtes contendo diferentes proteínas proporcionaram diferentes conteúdos de compostos fenólicos ao final do período de estocagem, e diferentes parâmetros de cor ao produto final.

Jaboticaba yoghurts enriched with whey protein or albumin: evaluation of phenolic content and color / Iogurtes de jabuticaba adicionados de proteína do soro do leite ou albumina: avaliação do conteúdo fenólico e cor

In the present study, nonfat yoghurt made with whey protein isolate (WPI) or pasteurized egg white powder (albumin) was added with syrup containing jaboticaba pulp and lyophilized jaboticaba peel flour and six experimental groups were made: control yoghurt (CY); WPI yoghurt (WY); albumin yoghurt (AY), syrup yoghurt and WPI (WSY); syrup and albumin yoghurt (ASY) and syrup yoghurt (SY). This study aimed to verify the influence of the addition of fruit syrup on the phenolics compounds and on the instrumental color parameters of yoghurts made with proteins on the 1st and 28th day of storage. There was a significant decrease in total phenolics content in yoghurt containing WPI and syrup (from 1408.14mg GAE.L-1 to 686.73mg GAE.L-1), as well as total anthocyanin content. However, yoghurt containing syrup and albumin showed an increase in total flavonoid content on day 28 of storage (from 28.30mg QE.100g-1 to 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Regarding color, there was an increase in L* and b* values in yoghurt containing syrup and WPI and in yoghurt containing syrup and albumin. For a* values, a decrease was observed at the end of the storage period in samples containing protein (WPI or albumin) and syrup. The data showed that the addition of jaboticaba syrup to yoghurts containing different proteins provided different phenolics compounds contents at the end of the storage period, and different color parameters to the final product.

No presente estudo, iogurtes desnatados feitos com proteína isolada do soro do leite (PIS) ou albumina isolada da clara do ovo pasteurizada em pó (albumina) foram adicionados de xarope contendo a polpa da jabuticaba e a farinha liofilizada da casca da jabuticaba, obtendo-se seis grupos experimentais: iogurte controle (CY); iogurte PIS (WY); iogurte albumina (AY); iogurte xarope e PIS (WSY); iogurte xarope e albumina (ASY) e iogurte com xarope (SY). Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar a influência da adição do xarope da fruta nos compostos fenólicos e nos parâmetros instrumentais de cor dos iogurtes elaborados com proteínas no 1oe 28o dia de armazenamento. Houve uma diminuição significativa no teor de fenólicos totais no iogurte contendo PIS e xarope (de 1408.14mg GAE.L-1para 686.73mg GAE.L-1), bem como no teor de antocianinas (de 158.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1para 56.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1). No entanto, os iogurtes contendo xarope e albumina apresentaram um aumento no teor de flavonóides totais no 28o dia de armazenamento (de 28.30mg QE.100g-1para 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Em relação a cor houve um aumento dos valores de L* e no valor de b* no iogurte contendo xarope e PIS e no iogurte contendo xarope e albumina. Já para os valores de a* foi observado uma diminuição ao final do período de armazenamento nas amostras contendo proteína (PIS ou albumina) e xarope. Os dados demonstraram que a adição do xarope de jabuticaba a iogurtes contendo diferentes proteínas proporcionaram diferentes conteúdos de compostos fenólicos ao final do período de estocagem, e diferentes parâmetros de cor ao produto final.

Multielemental composition and consumption risk characterization of three commercial marine fish species.

Marine fish are considered a source of high quality proteins and fatty acids. However, the consumption of fish may pose a health risk as it may have potentially toxic elements in high concentrations. In this study we quantify the multielemental composition of muscle and fins for three species of commercial marine fish from Brazil: Sphyraena guachancho (Barracuda), Priacantus arenatus (Common bigeye) and Genidens genidens (Guri sea catfish). We then assessed the potential risk of fish consumption by means of a Provisional Hazard Indices. Amongst the elements detected in fish tissue were potentially toxic elements such as Ag, Ba, Cd, Cr and Hg. Concentration differences were species-specific, and affected by the species trophic level, morphological characteristics and feeding habits. Results suggest the higher the trophic level of the fish, the higher the risk of consumption. Caution is recommended for the frequent ingestion of high trophic level fish species in Brazil.

Avaliação microbiológica e microscópica de produtos minimamente processados comercializados no município do Rio de Janeiro / Microbiological and microscopic evaluation of minimally processed products marketed in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro

A produção de produtos minimamente processados apresentou elevado crescimento nos últimos anos, em razão de acentuadas mudanças no estilo de vida do consumidor. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e microscópica dos produtos minimamente processados, coletados pela SUBVISA/RJ em estabelecimentos comerciais do município. Foram coletadas 300 amostras no período de junho de 2018 a novembro de 2018 em todo município e encaminhadas ao Laboratório Municipal de Saúde Pública (LASP). Destas, 122 (40,5%) amostras foram reprovadas nas análises realizadas, tendo como base as legislações em vigor. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que houve falhas na manutenção da qualidade sanitária dos produtos minimamente processados comercializados no município do Rio de Janeiro, ao longo do prazo de validade. Tal fato é alarmante por se tratar de um produto pronto para consumo, não necessitando de qualquer tipo de processamento posterior a compra.

Contaminação mercurial em muscultura de pescado proveniente do Rio Doce, Vila de Regência, Linhares/ES / Mercurial contamination in fish musculature from the Rio Doce, Vila de Regência, Linhares/ES

Em 2015 a queda da barragem de mineração no rio Doce, Minas Gerais, causou impactos ambientais, como o aumento da concentração de mercúrio (Hg). No ambiente o Hg passa pelo fenômeno de biomagnificação e se bioacumula no pescado. Em humanos, o Hg pode ser um risco à saúde coletiva e a contaminação ocorre através da ingestão de pescado com concentrações variadas do metal. Para determinar a contaminação mercurial total (HgT) da musculatura de pescado proveniente do rio Doce, da região de Linhares, Espírito Santo, 121 espécimes foram adquiridas, em novembro de 2016. A musculatura foi avaliada no DMA80® para determinar o grau de contaminação mercurial total, e os resultados médios variaram de 0 a 0,9490 mg/kg. Apesar dos valores estarem abaixo do limite máximo determinado pelas legislações (1 mg/kg), deve-se avaliar o grau de risco de exposição ao mercúrio da população através do consumo do pescado.

Prescribed Versus Preferred Intensity Resistance Exercise in Fibromyalgia Pain.

Exercise is the treatment of choice for fibromyalgia (FM), but little is known about resistance exercise prescription to modulate pain in this condition. This study aimed to compare the effects of different resistance exercise models, comprising self-selected or prescribed intensity, on pain in FM patients. In a cross-over fashion, 32 patients underwent the following sessions: (i) standard prescription (STD; 3 × 10 repetitions at 60% of maximal strength); (ii) self-selected load with fixed number of repetitions (SS); (iii) self-selected load with volume load (i.e., load × sets × repetitions) matched for STD (SS-VM); and (iv) self-selected load with a free number of repetitions until achieving score 7 of rating perceived exertion (SS-RPE). Pain, assessed by Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) and Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), was evaluated before and 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the sessions. Load was significantly lower in SS, SS-VM, SS-RPE than in STD, whereas rating perceived exertion and volume load were comparable between sessions. VAS scores increased immediately after all sessions (p < 0.0001), and reduced after 48, 72, 96 h (p < 0.0001), remaining elevated compared to pre-values. SF-MPQ scores increased immediately after all exercise sessions (p = 0.025), then gradually reduced across time, reaching baseline levels at 24 h. No significant differences between sessions were observed. Both prescribed and preferred intensity resistance exercises failed in reducing pain in FM patients. The recommendation that FM patients should exercise at preferred intensities to avoid exacerbated pain, which appears to be valid for aerobic exercise, does not apply to resistance exercise.

Motor imagery and swallowing: a systematic literature review / Imagética motora e deglutição: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

ABSTRACT Objetive: to identify, in the literature, studies that address the use of motor imagery of swallowing. Methods: a systematic review in SCOPUS databases, Science Direct and Medline, with descriptors and free terms "Motor Imagery"; "Swallow"; "Feeding"; "Stomatognathic System"; "mastication ", "Chew "; "Deglutition "; "Deglutition Disorders "; and "Mental Practice". Original articles using the motor imagery of swallowing were included, while reviews were excluded. For data analysis, at the first and second steps, the reading of titles and abstracts of the studies was carried out. In the third step, all studies that were not excluded were read in full. Results: four manuscripts were selected. The use of motor imagery in the rehabilitation of swallowing shows to be a recent proposal (2014-2015). The sample was reduced and comprised mainly healthy individuals. The EMG of the supra-hyoid muscles was used in two manuscripts. The most used neuroimaging technique was the Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, demonstrating the occurrence of hemodynamic changes during motor imagery and motor execution of swallowing. Conclusion: the motor imagery produces brain response in the motor area of the brain, suggesting that mentalization of actions related to swallowing is effective. However, further studies are needed for the application of this approach in the swallowing rehabilitation.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar na literatura os estudos que abordem o uso da imagética motora da deglutição. Métodos: uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados SCOPUS, Science Direct e MedLine, com os descritores e termos livres: "Motor Imagery"; "Swallow"; "Feeding"; "Stomatognathic System"; "Mastication", "Chew"; "Deglutition"; "Deglutition Disorders"; e "Mental Practice". Incluídos artigos originais, com o uso da imagética motora da deglutição. Excluídas as revisões. Para análise dos dados, na primeira e segunda etapas foram realizadas a leitura dos títulos e dos resumos dos estudos. Na terceira etapa, todos os estudos que não foram excluídos foram lidos na íntegra. Resultados: foram selecionados 4 manuscritos. O uso da imagética motora na reabilitação da deglutição suscita ser uma proposta recente (2014 - 2015). A amostra foi reduzida e composta majoritariamente por indivíduos saudáveis. A Eletromiografia dos músculos supra-hioides foi utilizada em dois manuscritos. A técnica de neuroimagem mais utilizada foi o Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, demonstrando a ocorrência de mudanças hemodinâmicas durante a imagética motora e execução motora da deglutição. Conclusão: identificou-se que a imagética motora produz resposta cerebral na área motora do cérebro, sugerindo que a mentalização das ações relacionadas à deglutição é eficaz. No entanto, são necessários novos estudos para aplicação desta abordagem na reabilitação da deglutição.

In vitro establishment of blackberry (Rubus sp.) cultivar 'Xavante' / Estabelecimento in vitro de amoreira preta (Rubus sp.) cultivar 'Xavante'

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro establishment of 'Xavante' blackberry under different conditions of plant luminosity and concentrations of salts of MS medium. The maintenance of 'Xavante' blackberry plants in the absence of light, with the use of MS medium with salt concentrations of 75% and 100% reduce bacterial contamination and the percentage of explants oxidized and provide the highest percentage of surviving and established explants. The 50% salt dilution in MS medium is not recommended when plants are subjected to the absence of light due to the high percentage of oxidized explants and consequently lower survival and establishment.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o estabelecimento in vitro de amoreira preta 'Xavante' sob diferentes condições de luminosidade da planta matriz e concentrações de sais do meio MS. A manutenção de plantas matrizes de amoreira preta 'Xavante' na ausência de luz, com a utilização de meio MS nas concentrações de 75% e 100% dos sais, reduzem a contaminação bacteriana e o percentual de explantes oxidados e proporcionam maior percentual de sobrevivência e explantes estabelecidos. Não se recomenda a diluição do meio MS para 50% dos sais quando as plantas forem submetidas à ausência de luz, devido ao alto percentual de explantes oxidados e, consequentemente, baixa sobrevivência e estabelecimento.

Resistência a antibióticos e presençade plasmídeos em enterobactérias estaphylococcus aureus isoladas do setor dedietética de um hospital público / Resistance to antibiotics and presence of plasmid in enterobacteria andstaphylococcus aureus in the sector of diet of a public hospital

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de enterobactérias e Staphylococcus aureus em um setor de dietética de umhospital público brasileiro além de avaliar o perfil de resistência a antibióticos e a presença de DNA plasmidial nos isolados. Acontagem e o isolamento de enterobactérias e de S. aureus foram realizados a partir de amostras coletadas de manipuladoresde alimentos, utensílios e superfícies de processamento de alimentos. Procedeu-se à identificação bioquímica dos isolados e,quando necessária, a confirmação sorológica. A susceptibilidade a antibióticos de uso terapêutico foi determinada pela técnicade difusão em ágar e a detecção de plasmídeos foi realizada por eletroforese em gel de agarose 0,8%. Foram identificados14 gêneros e 27 espécies de enterobactérias e outras bactérias Gram-negativas, num total de 127 isolados. Obteve-se 144isolados de S. aureus, sendo que 143 apresentaram resultado positivo para a presença da enzima coagulase e da proteína A.Observou-se que 62% dos isolados Gram-negativos apresentaram resistência, a pelo menos, um dos antibióticos testados eem 74% desses, foi verificada a presença de DNA plasmidial. Dos isolados de S. aureus, 82,5% apresentaram resistência aantibióticos e, em 70,4 % foi identificado DNA plasmidial. Estes resultados denotam aspectos importantes como o risco deveiculação de bactérias resistentes a antibióticos, na sua maioria portadora de DNA plasmidial, por alimentos processadosno ambiente hospitalar, podendo resultar em infecções e contribuir para o insucesso de terapias antimicrobianas.

The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become more frequent and the presence of these microorganisms inhospitals exposes patients to serious risks. The presence of enterobacteria resistant to antibiotics and the presence of plasmidDNA in the isolates were evaluated in a sector of dietary action a Brazilian public hospital. The enumeration and isolationof enterobacteria were done in samples collected from food handlers, utensils, and food processing surfaces. Biochemicalidentification of the isolates was done, and serum confirmations as well when necessary. The susceptibility to antibiotics oftherapeutic use was determined by the diffusion technique in agar and plasmidial DNA detection was done by agarose gelelectrophoresis. Fourteen genera and 27 species of enterobacteria and others Gram negative bacteria were identified out of150 isolates obtained. Seventy-four isolates (58%) presented resistance to antibiotics. Seventy-four percent of the antibioticresistant isolates had palsmidial DNA. There was a significant difference between isolates resistant to ampicillin (p=0.00)and kanamycin (p=0.03) in relation to sources of the samples. The presence of plasmidial DNA was more prevalence inisolates resistant to antibiotics, but it was found that this correlation was significant only for the antibiotic tetracycline.These results show how important aspects of the risk of propagation of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the majority of plasmidDNA carrier, for processed foods in this environment and may result in hospital infections and contribute to the failure ofantimicrobial therapies.

Seasonal variation in trace and minor elements in Brazilian honey by total reflection X-ray fluorescence.

Honey is used as an alternative medicine and is a constituent of a healthy diet worldwide. Its composition is associated with botanical origin and, to some extent, geographical origin because soil and climate characteristics determine the melliferous flora. Also, the elements content in honey samples could give an indication of environmental pollution or geographical origin. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate seasonal patterns of essential elements of Brazilian honey. Honey was collected during spring, summer, autumn, and winter for 2 years to quantify K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, and Sr using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF). Our results indicate no seasonal differences in concentration of Cr, Ni, Se, and Ti, although there were significant seasonal patterns in the composition of essential elements in honey, with higher concentrations of minor and trace elements, especially K and Ca of samples collected in spring and summer.