Assessment of microbial contamination in removable orthodontic appliances with and without the use of antimicrobial agents by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analysis.

INTRODUCTION: This clinical, crossover, double-blind trial evaluated the microbial contamination of removable orthodontic appliances used by children and the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate spray use for disinfection. METHODS: Twenty children aged 7-11 years were instructed to wear removable orthodontic appliances for 1 week. They were instructed to use a placebo solution (control) or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (experimental) to clean the appliances on days 4 and 7 after installation. After this period, the microbial contamination on the surfaces of the appliance was analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species. Data were analyzed by Fisher exact, t, and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Removable orthodontic appliances were heavily contaminated by the target microorganisms. Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Eikenella corrodens were found in 100% of the appliances. Among cariogenic microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were more abundant than Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei. Red complex pathogens were more abundant than orange complex species. Purple complex bacteria were the most prevalent among bacterial complexes not associated with specific pathologies, detected in 34% of the samples. After the use of chlorhexidine, the number of cariogenic microorganisms (S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. casei) decreased significantly (P <0.05), and the numbers of periodontal pathogenic species from the orange and red complex also decreased significantly (P <0.05). There was no reduction for Treponema socranskii. CONCLUSIONS: Removable orthodontic appliances were densely contaminated by several bacterial species. Twice-a-week application of chlorhexidine spray effectively reduced cariogenic and orange and red complex periodontal pathogens.

Detection of Apical Dental Resorption Caused by Endodontic Infection in Mice Using Fluorescence and Bright-Field Microscopy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the fluorescence microscopy method in the detection of apical dental reabsorption after induction of apical periodontitis in animal models. Forty-first molars of mice, aged 6 to 8 weeks, had their root canals exposed to the oral environment or were maintained healthy as controls (n = 20). After 14 and 42 days, mice were euthanized and tissues were collected for histological evaluation by means of bright field and fluorescence microscopy. The accuracy of fluorescence microscopy in identifying apical external dental resorption was investigated using a diagnostic validation test based on the sensitivity (S) and specificity (E) properties. Bright-field microscopy revealed a higher number of specimens with scores of 1 to 3 - absence of apical dental resorption (n = 29; 52%), while fluorescence microscopy revealed a higher number of specimens with scores of 4 to 6 - presence of apical dental resorption (n = 37; 66%). Out of 56 specimens, 26 were TP, 11 were FP, and 19 were TN. No FN result was observed. Fluorescence microscopy presented a sensitivity value of 1, similar to the bright-field method, while specificity was lower (0.633). The accuracy of the fluorescent method to detect apical dental resorption was 0.804. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a higher number of false positive apical dental resorption than bright-field microscopy. The detection of apical dental resorption was not impacted by the sensitivity of the method but by its specificity.

Forecasting seasonal peaks in roadkill patterns for improving road management.

For several species, roadkill is not spatially aggregated on hotspots, having instead a more diffuse pattern along the roads. For such species, management measures such as road passages may be insufficient for effective mitigation, since a large part of the road crossings is likely to occur outside the influence of those structures. One complementary approach could be to implement temporary mitigation actions, such as traffic calming. This requires understanding when roadkill peaks may occur. We tested the feasibility of predicting seasonal peaks of roadkill using data from a 3-year systematic monitoring (78 surveys over ca. 960 km of roads) from eight non-flying vertebrate species from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with different body size and life history traits (ca. 6400 records from focal species). We modelled the time-series of the roadkill of these species at large scale (state level) using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). We used the data of the first 2 years as training datasets, and the information from the third year of surveys as testing datasets to evaluate the prediction performance of models. Overall, the models of species feed with a higher number of records were able to follow reasonably well the variations of roadkill over time, although they were not able to correctly predict the number of collisions. For species with fewer observations, the models presented a poorer goodness-of-fit and prediction ability. Our results suggest that, at least for those species with higher roadkill rates, it can be possible to forecast periods of higher probability of occurring hot-moments of mortality. Such models can provide valuable information to implement seasonal management actions.

Influence of digital media in the oral health education of mother-child pairs: study protocol of a parallel double-blind randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is the most common non transmissible chronic disease in childhood and the control of dental biofilm in children is one of the greatest challenges in oral disease prevention. Digital media applications can help patients in improving their oral hygiene performance and reducing the number of appointments due to pain and discomfort reasons. This study aims to investigate the use of an smartphone application (WhatsApp) to deliver oral health education to mother-child pairs, with the ultimate goal of controlling dental biofilm and caries through digital activities focused on oral hygiene. METHODS: This study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, parallel clinical trial involving 100 pairs of mothers and children (6-12 years old). The mothers and children will be randomly allocated to the control group (n = 50 pairs), who will receive a single visit conventional oral health education, or to the experimental group (n = 50 pairs), who will receive both a single visit conventional oral health education and educational videos through WhatsApp Messenger, twice a week. Before randomization of the groups and after the intervention, pairs will be evaluated regarding to plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and number of decayed, missing and filled permanent or primary teeth (DMF-T) modified by the inclusion of active non-cavitated carious lesions (Nyvad criteria). Socioeconomic data, dental history, and oral health literacy will obtained using questionnaires (Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task for Paediatric Dentistry; BOHLAT-P). Chi-square, Student's t-test, paired Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Friedman tests will be used with a 5% significance level. DISCUSSION: This intervention proposal is designed to motivate behavioral change in mother-child pairs. We hypothesize that adding digital media to traditional oral health programs will provoke improvements in oral hygiene behavior and health outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effect of educational videos communicated by digital media (WhatsApp) on the oral health of mother-child pairs evaluated by long-term dental examinations. In addition, we will assess the maternal level of comprehension of the provided information via a literacy assessment tool. The clinical trial is registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (No. RBR-7s8bw6m).

Gene expression data of inflammatory mediators in apical periodontitis in 129 (wild type) and 5-lipoxygenase knockout mice.

Apical periodontitis is an immune inflammatory response around periapical tissues as a result of pathogens invasion into the root canal. The host immunoinflammatory response could determine the progression of this disease, which involves the recruitment of immune cells, and the release of several cytokines in the lesion site. The 5-lipoxygenase pathway has been activated in some osteolytic diseases due to its capacity to interfere in the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells, including the osteoclasts. As mean to understand the inflammatory genes regulation in the apical periodontitis progression, we evaluated the network of 66 genes related to cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators and receptors in the wild-type (WT) and 5-lipoxygenase enzyme genetically deficient mice (KO). This article presents data not published but related to the research article "Effects of 5-lipoxygenase gene disruption on inflammation, osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in polymicrobial apical periodontitis" .

Visual Inspection and Toothbrush Care: A Mother-Baby Paired Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the physical conditions and presence of residues of toothbrushes used by mothers and their babies and mothers' knowledge about toothbrush care. Material and Methods This was a cross-sectional study comprising a convenience sample represented by 60 mother-baby pairs. The mothers answered a questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge of toothbrush care. A calibrated dentist performed a visual inspection of the toothbrushes. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, with a significance level of 5%. Results It was found that 82% of the mothers had never received instructions regarding the care of toothbrushes after use (p=0.024). Most of them believed that their toothbrushes (70%) and their children's toothbrushes (88%) were in good condition to use (p=0.043). However, most mother's toothbrushes presented an unacceptable deformity of the bristles (65%) and the presence of residues (60%). In addition, babies' toothbrushes also presented unacceptable deformities of the bristles (52%) and residues (55%). There was an association between the lack of instructions received by the mother and the presence of deformity and residues on the mother's toothbrush bristles (p=0.037 and p=0.003, respectively). Conclusion Most mothers had never received instructions regarding toothbrush care, which is reflected in the condition of their and their baby's toothbrushes, which presented unacceptable physical conditions concerning deformation and presence of residues.

Sports mouthguards: Contamination, roughness, and chlorhexidine for disinfection - A randomized clinical trial

Abstract The aim of the present in vivo study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination of sports mouthguards, surface roughness, and the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate spray in the disinfection of these devices. A randomized, blinded cross-over clinical trial was performed with twenty 9 to 13 years old children who practiced martial arts and participated in all phases of the study. They were instructed to wear mouthguards 3 alternated days a week for 1 hour and, after use, to spray sterile tap water or chlorhexidine 0.12%. The mouthguards were analyzed by MTT assay, Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, and confocal laser microscopy prior and after use for 2 weeks. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and t-Student, and Pearson correlation tests, with 5% significance level. Were observed that mouthguards of the control group were more contaminated with cariogenic microorganisms than those of the chlorhexidine group (p<0.05). The mouthguards use of spray of chlorhexidine reduced significantly the bacteria contamination compared with control group (p = 0.007). The surface roughness of the mouthguards increased significantly after use, irrespective of application of chlorhexidine spray. A moderate correlation (r=0.59) was observed between surface roughness and the cariogenic microorganism's contamination only for control group. Sports mouthguards had intense microbial contamination and increased surface roughness after its use. The use of chlorhexidine spray was effective for reducing the mouthguards contamination used by children.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo in vivo foi avaliar a contaminação bacteriana de protetores bucais esportivos, a rugosidade da superfície e a eficácia do spray de gluconato de clorexidina na desinfecção desses dispositivos. Um ensaio clínico randomizado, cego, cruzado foi realizado com vinte crianças de 9 a 13 anos, que praticavam artes marciais, participaram de todas as fases do estudo. As crianças foram orientadas a usar o protetor bucal por 3 dias alternados durante 1 hora e, após o uso, borrifar água de torneira estéril ou clorexidina 0,12%. Os protetores foram analisados por ensaio MTT, Hibridização DNA-DNA e microscopia confocal a laser antes e após o uso por 2 semanas. Os dados foram analisados pelos teste de Wilcoxon, teste t de Student, e correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5%. Observou-se que os protetores bucais do grupo controle estavam mais contaminados com microrganismos cariogênicos do que os do grupo experimental (clorexidina) (p <0,05). O uso de protetores bucais com spray de clorexidina reduziu significativamente a contaminação bacteriana em relação ao grupo controle (p = 0,007). A rugosidade da superfície dos protetores bucais aumentou significativamente após o uso, independentemente da aplicação de spray de clorexidina. Uma correlação moderada (r = 0,59) foi observada entre a rugosidade da superfície e a contaminação do micro-organismo apenas para o grupo controle. Os protetores bucais esportivos apresentam intensa contaminação microbiana e aumento da rugosidade superficial após o uso. O uso de spray de clorexidina foi eficaz para reduzir a contaminação dos protetores bucais usados por crianças.

Sports mouthguards: Contamination, roughness, and chlorhexidine for disinfection - A randomized clinical trial.

The aim of the present in vivo study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination of sports mouthguards, surface roughness, and the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate spray in the disinfection of these devices. A randomized, blinded cross-over clinical trial was performed with twenty 9 to 13 years old children who practiced martial arts and participated in all phases of the study. They were instructed to wear mouthguards 3 alternated days a week for 1 hour and, after use, to spray sterile tap water or chlorhexidine 0.12%. The mouthguards were analyzed by MTT assay, Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, and confocal laser microscopy prior and after use for 2 weeks. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and t-Student, and Pearson correlation tests, with 5% significance level. Were observed that mouthguards of the control group were more contaminated with cariogenic microorganisms than those of the chlorhexidine group (p<0.05). The mouthguards use of spray of chlorhexidine reduced significantly the bacteria contamination compared with control group (p = 0.007). The surface roughness of the mouthguards increased significantly after use, irrespective of application of chlorhexidine spray. A moderate correlation (r=0.59) was observed between surface roughness and the cariogenic microorganism's contamination only for control group. Sports mouthguards had intense microbial contamination and increased surface roughness after its use. The use of chlorhexidine spray was effective for reducing the mouthguards contamination used by children.

Avaliação da experiência odontológica prévia, hábitos alimentares e de higiene bucal em pacientes com paralisia cerebral / Evaluation of previous dental experience, eating habits and oral hygiene in patients with cerebral palsy

Avaliar descritivamente a experiência odontológica prévia, práticas de higiene bucal e hábitos alimentares de pacientes com Paralisia Cerebral (PC). Foi realizado um estudo observacional, do tipo transversal, com pacientes diagnosticados com PC através uma amostra de conveniência (n=27), com idade entre 3 e 14 anos, de ambos os sexos, que buscaram atendimento no ambulatório de pediatria do Hospital Universitário Materno Infantil, em São Luís ­ MA, no período de julho a outubro de 2018. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado ao cuidador contendo história médica e odontológica da criança, avaliando também as práticas de higiene bucal e hábitos alimentares. Verificou-se que 66.67% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 8,5 anos. Todos os acompanhantes eram do sexo feminino e a maior parte apresentou baixa escolaridade. Dentro os participantes, 92,59% não apresentavam habilidade para realizar escovação dentária e 51,85% dos cuidadores nunca receberam orientação sobre os cuidados de higiene bucal; 70,37% dos participantes fazem o consumo de alimentos açucarados e pastosos, e mais da metade já tiveram experiência de cárie. O estudo mostrou deficiência na higienização e um alto consumo de açúcar. Nesse sentido, práticas de higiene bucal e instruções dietéticas devem ser reforçadas e orientadas aos cuidadores a fim de contribuir para melhor assistência e prevenção à saúde.

Descriptively evaluate the previous dental experience, oral hygiene practices and eating habits of patients with Cerebral Palsy (CP). An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out with patients diagnosed with CP through a convenience sample (n = 27), aged between 0 and 18 years, of both sexes, who sought care at the pediatric outpatient clinic of Materno Infantile University Hospital, at Federal University of Maranhão, in São Luís - MA, from July to October 2018. A structured questionnaire was applied to the caregiver containing the child's medical and dental history, also evaluating oral hygiene practices and eating habits. It was found that 66.67% of the patients were male, with a mean age of 8.5 years. All companions were female and most had low education. Within the participants, 92.59% did not have the ability to perform tooth brushing and 51.85% of the caregivers never received guidance on oral hygiene care; 70.37% of participants consume sugary and pasty foods, and more than half have had caries experience. The study showed poor hygiene and a high consumption of sugar. In this sense, oral hygiene practices and dietary instructions should be reinforced and oriented to caregivers in order to contribute to better health care and prevention.

Psychophysiological profile and prediction equations for technical performance of football players / Perfil psicofisiológico e equações preditivas de desempenho técnico em jogadores de futebol / Perfil psicofisiológico y ecuaciones predictivas de rendimiento técnico de jugadores de fútbol

Abstract The objective was to correlate specific technical skills (STS) with the psychophysiological performance. STS from 15 soccer athletes were collected by technical scouting of two matches. Countermovement jump, blood concentration of creatine kinase ([CK]), heart rate variability (HRV) and the scores of DALDA and POMS were also obtained 24 h after both matches. Predictive equations were elaborated, and POMS and DALDA scores were the only variables which fits the models for STS with high coefficient of determination (r2) for finalization (r2 = 0.85), interception (r2 = 0.73), pass right (r2 = 0.32), tackling (r2 = 0.69) and loss of ball (r2 = 0.35). The psychological variables identified through POMS and DALDA have shown greater influence on the STS.

Resumo O objetivo foi correlacionar variáveis psicofisiológicas com desempenho técnico específico (STS). As STS foram coletadas durante dois jogos amistosos através de scout técnico. Salto contramovimento, concentração sanguínea de creatina quinase ([CK]), variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (HRV) e os escores de POMS e DALDA também foram acessados. Equações preditivas foram testadas e os escores de POMS e DALDA formaram modelos de regressão com significância estatística e coeficiente de determinação (r2) expressivo para as STS de finalização (r2 = 0,85), interceptação (r2 = 0,73), passe certo (r2 = 0,32), roubada de bola (r2 = 0,69) e perda de posse de bola (r2 = 0,35). Variáveis psicológicas foram capazes de predizer o desempenho técnico em STS coletadas em scout de partidas de futebol.

Resumen El objetivo fue correlacionar habilidades técnicas específicas (STS) con evaluaciones psicofisiológicas. Las STS de 15 jugadores de fútbol se recogieron mediante técnica de scouting de dos partidos. Salto contramovimiento, concentración sanguínea de creatina-cinasa, variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y las puntuaciones de DALDA y POMS se obtuvieron 24 h después de ambos partidos. Se elaboraron ecuaciones predictivas y POMS y DALDA se ajustaron a los modelos con alto coeficiente de determinación (r2) para finalización (r2 = 0,85), interceptación (r2 = 0,73), pase correcto (r2 = 0,32), quite de balón (r2 = 0,69) y pérdida de balón (r2 = 0,35). Las variables psicológicas identificadas a través de POMS y DALDA han mostrado gran influencia en las STS.

Aptidão física no rúgbi: comparações entre backs e forwards

Resumo A presente investigação objetivou descrever e correlacionar variáveis antropométricas e de desempenho físico de jogadores amadores de Rugby Union. Os jogadores (n = 23) foram submetidos a avaliações antropométricas e físicas. Empregou-se média e desvio-padrão (DP) para apresentação dos dados, efetuou-se comparação por posição de jogo (backs e forwards) e foi feita correlação linear de Pearson. Registrou-se VO2máx de 40,8 ± 6 ml•kg-1•min-1, flexibilidade de 23,5 ± 8,3 cm, 25 ± 12,6 repetições no YMCA, 1RM de 85,5 ± 34,9 kg no agachamento e 34,4 ± 8,6 cm no salto vertical. Quanto ao RAST, obteve-se média de 6,3 ± 0,5 s nos deslocamentos e índice de fadiga de 7,7 ± 3,7%. Dentre as correlações significantes, destacam-se: i) massa corporal e circunferências com os testes de 1RM no agachamento e YMCA no supino reto; ii) entre VO2máx e RAST e ii) testes de agilidade e salto vertical com desempenho no RAST. Concluiu-se que há correlações significativas entre diferentes variáveis avaliadas, que esses jogadores de rúgbi apresentam baixa aptidão física, os backs têm maior aptidão aeróbia e os forwards são mais fortes.

Abstract This research aimed to describe and to correlate anthropometric variables and physical performance of amateur Rugby Union athletes. Anthropometric and physical assessments were conducted with athletes (n = 23). For data presentation, were used mean and standard deviation (SD), comparisons considering team position, and were conducted linear Pearson correlations. Were registered VO2max of 40.8 ± 6 ml•kg-1•min-1, flexibility of 23.5 ± 8,3 cm, 25 ± 12.6 repetitions in the YMCA test, squat 1RM of 85.5 ± 34,9 and 34,4 ± 8,6 cm in the vertical jump. For the RAST, the average of sprint time was 6.3 ± 0.5 s and the fatigue index was 7.7 ± 3.7%. Among the significant correlations, were pointed: i) body mass and circumferences with the squat 1RM and YMCA bench press; ii) between VO2max and RAST and ii) Illinois agility test and vertical jump with RAST performance. It was concluded that there are significant correlations between different variables evaluated, these Rugby players have low physical fitness, backs exhibit higher aerobic fitness and forwards are stronger.

Este estudio ha tenido como objetivo describir y correlacionar variables antropométricas y de rendimiento físico de jugadores aficionados del Rugby Union. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y físicas de los jugadores (n = 23). Se utilizaron la media y la desviación estándar (DE) para la presentación de datos, se efectuó la comparación por posición de juego y se extrajeron los coeficientes de la correlación de Pearson. Se registró una VO2máx de 40,8 ± 6 ml • kg-1 • min-1, 23,5 ± 8,3 cm de flexibilidad, 25 ± 12,6 repeticiones en la YMCA, 1RM 85,5 ± 34,9 kg en la sentadilla y 34,4 ± 8,6 cm en el salto vertical. En cuanto a la RAST, la media cedió 6,3 ± 0,5 s en turnos y 7,7 ± 3,7% en el índice de fatiga. Entre las correlaciones significativas destacan: i) la masa y la circunferencia corporales con los tests de 1RM en la YMCA en sentadilla y press de banca; ii) entre el VO2máx y RAST, y iii) pruebas IAT y rendimiento en el salto vertical con RAST. Se concluyó que existen correlaciones importantes entre las diferentes variables estudiadas y que estos jugadores de rugby tienen una baja aptitud física; los backs tiene mayor aptitud aeróbica y los forwards son más fuertes.

Human-modified landscape acts as refuge for mammals in Atlantic Forest / Paisagem antropicamente modificada atua como refúgio para mamíferos na Mata Atlântica

Abstract: Human-modified landscapes (HMLs) are composed by small, isolated and defaunated forest fragments, which are surrounded by agricultural and urban areas. Information on species that thrives in these HMLs is essential to direct conservation strategies in local and regional scales. Since HMLs are dominant in the Atlantic Forest, we aimed to assess the mammalian diversity in a HML in southeastern Brazil and to propose conservation strategies. We collected data of terrestrial (small-, medium- and large-sized) and volant mammals in three small forest fragments (10, 14 and 26 ha) and adjacent areas, between 2003 and 2016, using complementary methods: active search, camera trapping, live-traps, mist nets and occasional records (i.e., roadkills). In addition, we used secondary data to complement our species list. We recorded 35 native mammal species (6 small-sized, 16 medium- and large-sized, and 13 bats) and seven exotic species in the HML. The recorded mammal assemblage (non-volant and volant), although mainly composed of common and generalist species, includes three medium- and large-sized species nationally threatened (Leopardus guttulus, Puma concolor and Puma yagouaroundi) and two data deficient species (Galictis cuja and Histiotus velatus), highlighting the importance of this HML for the maintenance and conservation of mammal populations. Despite highly impacted by anthropogenic disturbances, the study area harbors a significant richness of medium- and large-sized mammals, being an important biodiversity refuge in the region. However, this biodiversity is threatened by the low quality of the habitats, roadkills and abundant populations of domestic cats and dogs. Therefore, we stress the need of conservation strategies focusing on the medium- and large-sized mammals as an umbrella group, which could benefit all biodiversity in the landscape. We recommend actions that promotes biological restoration, aiming to increase structural composition and connectivity of the forest fragments, reducing roadkills and controlling the domestic cats and dogs' populations, in order to maintain and improve the diversity of mammals in long-term.

Resumo: Paisagens antropicamente modificadas (HMLs) são compostas por fragmentos florestais pequenos, isolados e defaunados, imersos em áreas agrícolas e/ou urbanas. Informações sobre as espécies que habitam essas paisagens são importantes para o direcionamento de estratégias de conservação em escalas local e regional. Uma vez que as HMLs são as paisagens dominantes na Mata Atlântica, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de mamíferos em uma HML do sudeste do Brasil e propor estratégias para sua conservação. Foram coletados dados de mamíferos terrestres (pequenos, médios e grandes) e voadores em três fragmentos florestais (10, 14 e 26 ha) e áreas adjacentes, entre 2003 e 2016, usando métodos complementares: busca ativa, armadilhamento fotográfico, armadilhas de captura e redes de neblina. Adicionalmente, foram utilizados dados de literatura para complementar a lista de espécies. Foram registradas 35 espécies de mamíferos nativos (6 de pequenos, 16 de médios e grandes e 13 de morcegos) e sete espécies exóticas. A assembleia de mamíferos registrada (terrestres e voadores), embora composta por espécies generalistas, apresentou três espécies de médio e grande porte ameaçadas de extinção nacionalmente (Leopardus guttulus, Puma concolor and Puma yagouaroundi) e duas deficientes em dados (Galictis cuja and Histiotus velatus), destacando a importância dessa HML para conservação e manutenção das populações de mamíferos. Embora inserida em uma paisagem extremamente modificada, a área de estudo abriga uma riqueza significativa de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, sendo um importante refúgio para a biodiversidade na região. Entretanto, essa biodiversidade está ameaçada pela baixa qualidade dos habitats, por atropelamentos e por abundantes populações de cães e gatos domésticos. Portanto, enfatizamos a necessidade de estratégias de conservação focadas nos mamíferos de médio e grande porte como grupo "guarda-chuva", o que pode beneficiar as demais espécies na paisagem. Recomendamos ações de conservação visando a restauração biológica, para melhorar a composição estrutural e conectividade dos fragmentos florestais, reduzir o número de atropelamentos e controlar as populações de cães e gatos domésticos, afim de manter e aumentar a diversidade local de mamíferos em longo prazo.

Aerobic power and jumps predict performance in intermittent running test in young indoor soccer players / Potencia aeróbia e saltos predizem desempenho de corrida intermitente em jovens jogadores de futsal

Abstract Indoor soccer is an intermittent modality, which requires high-intensity efforts of different demands such as aerobic and muscle power. Thus, the search for improvement of these requirements from mutual relations may be a relevant tool for the sport. This study attempted to correlate and calculate predictive equations for different physical fitness variables in intermittent effort protocols. Eighteen indoor soccer players (15 ± 1.3 years, 75.4 ± 20.2 kg, 167 ± 0.8 cm) were assessed for their ability to repeat sprints (from the Forward-Backward test), maximal aerobic power (MAP with the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test) and power of the lower limbs (triple horizontal jump, THJ). Pearson's test was used for correlations and the stepwise method for linear regressions. In addition to different significant correlation, considering performance at THJ and MAP, determination values of 44% to 64% for the capacity of repeating sprints were observed. In this context, THJ and MAP can predict the time spent in different series of repeated efforts (p≤0,02) and minimum, average and maximum power (p <0.05). It was concluded that MAP and performance in THJ can determine and even predict the ability to repeat sprints.

Resumo O futsal é uma modalidade intermitente, na qual se exige esforços de alta intensidade de diferentes demandas, como potência aeróbia e potência muscular. Dessa forma, a busca pelo aprimoramento dessas exigências a partir de relações entre si pode ser ferramenta relevante para o esporte. Buscou-se correlacionar e calcular equações preditivas para diferentes variáveis de aptidão física em protocolos de esforços intermitentes. Dezoito jogadores de futsal (15 ± 1,3 anos, 75,4 ± 20,2 kg, 167 ± 0,8 cm) foram avaliados quanto à capacidade de repetir corridas (a partir do Forward-Backward test), potência aeróbia máxima (PAM, com o Yo-Yo Intermitent Recovery Test ) e potência de membros inferiores (salto horizontal triplo, SHT). O teste de Pearson foi utilizado para as correlações e o método stepwise para as regressões lineares. Além de diferentes correlações significantes, considerando o desempenho no SHT e de PAM, foram observados valores de determinação de 44% a 64% na capacidade de repetir corridas. Neste contexto, a PAM e SHT podem predizer o tempo em diferentes séries de esforços repetidos (p≤ 0,02) e potências mínima, média e máxima (p<0,05). Concluiu-se PAM e desempenho no SHT podem determinar e, inclusive, predizer a capacidade de repetir corridas.

Revisão sistemática dos efeitos do futebol recreacional em adultos não atletas / Sistematic review of the effects of recreational soccer in non-atletes adults

Evidências têm indicado os benefícios da atividade física sobre a saúde e aptidão física, entretanto, a inatividade física e sedentarismo continuam elevados. Sendo assim, diferentes estratégias, e dentre elas o futebol, podem ser utilizadas para reduzir esses indicadores. Com isso, o objetivo desta revisão é apresentar e discutir os resultados de programas de futebol para melhoria da saúde, aptidão física e do desempenho motor em não atletas. Elementos do modelo PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) foram utilizados, e as buscas processadas nas bases eletrônicas do PubMed, Science Direct e High Wire, além das específicas por autores. Estudos que tratavam de experimentos em contexto de treinamento competitivo para atletas, incidência e/ou recuperação de lesões, indivíduos com idade inferior a 18 anos, prática de outras modalidades esportivas e investigações tratando de suplementação foram excluídos; porém, não houve restrição quanto ao tempo de duração dos programas de treinamentos utilizados (excetuando-se efeitos agudos), tampouco quanto ao sexo. Doze artigos foram incluídos, sendo que se observaram modificações positivas no percentual de gordura, massas gorda e magra, frequência cardíaca de repouso, pressão arterial sanguínea, consumo máximo de oxigênio e em avaliações de desempenho. A presente revisão demonstra que a prática do futebol recreacional para homens e mulheres, a partir dos jogos em espaço reduzido em períodos de 12 a 16 semanas, pode ser estratégia adequada para produzir melhoras em variáveis antropométricas, fisiológicas e motoras em não atletas...

Several evidences of the benefits of physical activity on health and physical fitness are found, however, physical inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle are still high worldwide. Thus, different strategies can be used to reduce these indicators. Thus, the objective of this review is to present and discuss the results of soccer programs for improving health, physical fitness and motor performance in non-athletes. Elements from PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) were used, and the searches were processed in PubMed, Science Direct and High Wire databases, as well with specific authors search. Studies with interventions involving competitive training for athletes, incidence and/or recovery of injuries, individuals under 18 years old, associated with other sports and using supplementation procedures were excluded, but there was no restriction on the duration of the training programs used (except for acute effects), either as to sex. Twelve articles were included, were observed positive changes in the fat percentage, fat and lean body mass, resting heart rate, arterial blood pressure, maximum oxygen consumption, and in performance assessments. The present review demonstrates that the recreational practice of soccer for men and women, with the small sided games during periods of 12 to 16 weeks, can be positive and produce improves in physiological and anthropometric variables in non-athletes...

Baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória está associada ao excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes independente do sexo e da idade / Low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with overweight in children and adolescents independent of sex and age

Algumas evidências indicam que a baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória está associada a uma série de fatores risco para doenças cardiovasculares em adolescentes. Desta forma, torna-se relevante identificar características que podem contribuir para baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Alguns estudos associaram a redução da aptidão cardiorrespiratória com indicadores de excesso de peso. Contudo, nem todos apresentam resultados estratificados por sexo e idade, discutindo suas principais diferenças... O estudo foi realizado em uma cidade do sul do Brasil com a participação de 1.455 escolares de 10 a 17 anos dos dois sexos selecionados de forma aleatória. O excesso de peso foi definido a partir do índice de massa corporal. Para a medida daaptidão cardiorrespiratória foi utilizado o teste de corrida/caminhada de nove minutos. Para classificação do índice de massa corporal (normalidade e excesso de peso) e da aptidão cardiorrespiratória (recomendada e baixa) foi utilizada a proposta do Projeto Esporte Brasil. Para o tratamento dos dados foram utilizadas as análises univariada, bivariada e multivariável. Para todas as análises foi levado em consideração um intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). A prevalência de baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi de 74,1% (IC95% 71,7-76,5) e de excesso de peso foi de 26,3% (IC95% 24,0-28,6). Todas as variáveis analisadas apresentaram associação com a baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória (P<0,05). Na análise multivariável indivíduos classificados com excesso de peso tiveram 6,46 (IC 95%=4,08-10,24)mais chance de apresentar um desempenho abaixo do recomendado no teste de corrida/caminhada de nove minutos. Com base nos resultados apresentados podemos concluir que adolescentes com excesso de peso, independentes do sexo e da idade, têm chance aumentada de apresentarem baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória.

Some evidence indicates that low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with a number of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents. Thus, it is important to identify features that may contribute to reduced cardiorespiratory fitness. Some studies have linked the reduction in cardiorespiratory fitness with indicators of overweight. However, a limited number of studies presented results stratified by sex and age, discussing their differences. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and possible association between low cardiorespiratory fitness and excess of body weight adjusted for sex and age in adolescents. The study was conducted in a city in southern Brazil with the participation of 1,455 students between 10 and 17 years of both sexes randomly selected. Overweight was defined by the body mass index. To measure the cvardiorespiratory fitness the nine minutes run/walk test was used. For the classification of the body mass index (normal and overweight) and cardiorespiratory fitness (recommended and low) the values proposed by the Project Sport Brazil were used. Data was treated by univariate, bivariate and multivariable analysis. For all analyzes a confidence interval of 95% (95%) was taken into account. The prevalence of low cardiorespiratory fitness was 74.1 % (95% CI 71.7 to 76.5) and of overweight was 26.3 % (95% CI 24.0 to 28.6). All analyzed variables were associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness (P < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, adjusted for age and sex, subjects classified as overweight were 6.46 (95% CI 4.08 to 10.24) more likely to perform below the recommended in the nine minutes test run/walk. Based on the presented results we can conclude that overweight adolescents, independent of gender and age, have increased chance to present a low cardiorespiratory fitness.

Metanálise dos efeitos agudos do alongamento na realização de corridas curtas de alta intensidade / Meta-analysis of the acute effects of stretching on high intensity sprint performance

Informações das pesquisas explorando efeitos do alongamento no desempenho em corridas curtas de alta intensidade (CCAI) são controversas. Com isso, esta metanálise objetivou examinar os desfechos decorrentes da execução de diferentes protocolos de alongamentos, prévios à execução de CCAI. A pesquisa foi realizada em diversas bases de dados, usando combinações dos seguintes termos de referência: "sprint" e "stretching". Selecionaram-se estudos com pessoas do sexo masculino e idade superior a 16 anos, sem restrição de modalidade, nível de aptidão física e procedimentos de avaliação utilizados. Após diferentes depurações, localizaram-se 11 investigações como apropriadas para análises, das quais resultaram 62 situações para serem estudadas. Como variáveis dependentes, consideraram-se o Tamanho de Efeito (TE) e o Delta Percentual (Δ por cento), e, como fatores, delineamento adotado, tipo de alongamento, protocolo de avaliação, número de séries, modalidade esportiva, nível de aptidão e prática pregressa de alongamento. Os resultados sugerem que: a) alongamento dinâmico (AD) promove rendimento significativamente superior quando comparado ao alongamento estático (AE) (p < 0,001) ou misto (AM) (p < 0,002); b) há diferença no TE e no Δ por cento entre corridas com mudança de direção e corridas lineares (até 20 m, p = 0,003, e acima de 20 m, p < 0,009); c) realização de vários testes proporciona melhores resultados que aplicação de teste único após aquecer e alongar (p = 0,001); e d) executar série única de alongamento é menos prejudicial que duas (p = 0,016) e três séries (p < 0,001). Sendo assim, é possível a obtenção de pequena vantagem incorporando o AD em relação ao AE, AM ou ausência de estímulos para a execução de CCAI.

The literature on the effects of stretching on sprint performance is controversial. This meta-analysis aimed at examining the outcomes of the studies using different stretching protocols prior to sprint efforts. The search was conducted in several databases, using combinations of the following keywords: sprinting and stretching. Inclusion criteria included studies with males aged over 16 years irrespective of the sport, fitness level and assessment procedures performed. After the evaluation of the selected studies, 11 were considered appropriate for the analysis, resulting in 62 cases to be studied. The effect size (ES) and delta percentage (Δ percent) were considered as dependent variables. The study design, type of stretching, assessment protocol, number of sets, sport, fitness level and previous practice of stretching were considered as factors. The results suggest that: a) dynamic stretching (DS) significantly improves performance when compared to static (SS) (p < 0.001) or mixed (MS) (p < 0.002) stretching methods; b) there are significant differences in ES and Δ percent between runs with change of direction and linear races (up to 20 m, p = 0.003, and above 20 m, p < 0.009); c) performing multiple tests provides better results than a single test after the warm-up and stretch (p = 0.001), and d) performing a single bout of stretching is less harmful to performance than two (p = 0.016) and three (p < 0.001) bouts. Therefore, it is possible to obtain small gains in high-intensity sprinting performance by using DS when compared with SS, MS or no stimuli.