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1.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 18(1): 54-67, Jan-Mar/2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-736427

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Diversos estudos mostram o Funcionamento Diferencial do Item (DIF) em itens do Inventário de Depressão Beck (BDI), ao compararem homens e mulheres. A presença de um grande número de itens com DIF no BDI é uma severa ameaça à validade da medida da intensidade de sintomas depressivos obtida pela Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI) e às conclusões baseadas nos escores derivados dos itens com e sem DIF. OBJETIVO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar esses itens do BDI, ajustar o modelo de TRI para itens constrangedores (modelo 2), o qual acomoda itens com a presença de DIF, e comparar esses resultados com os do ajuste do modelo logístico de dois parâmetros tradicional da TRI (modelo 1). MÉTODOS: Os resultados obtidos com ambos os modelos foram comparados. RESULTADOS: Os itens que apresentaram DIF foram: tristeza, sentimento de fracasso, insatisfações, culpa, punição, choro, fatigabilidade e perda da libido. Os resultados do ajuste dos dois modelos são similares quanto à discriminação, gravidade (à exceção dos itens com DIF) e no cálculo de escores para os indivíduos. Apesar disso, o modelo 2 é vantajoso, pois mostra as diferenças em gravidade do sintoma depressivo para os grupos avaliados, trazendo, dessa forma, mais informação ao pesquisador sobre a população estudada. CONCLUSÃO: Esse modelo, que tem um alcance mais amplo em termos de população-alvo, pode ser uma ótima alternativa na identificação e acompanhamento de indivíduos com potencial depressivo. .


INTRODUCTION: There are several studies showing the presence of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in some items of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), when comparing men and women. The presence of a large number of items with DIF in BDI is a severe threat to the validity of measurement of the intensity of depressive symptoms obtained by Item Response Theory (IRT) and to the conclusions based on the scores derived from the items with or without DIF. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to identify these items from the BDI, adjust the IRT model for embarrassing items (model 2), which accommodates items with the presence of DIF, and compare these results with the fit of the traditional two-parameter logistic IRT model (model 1). METHODS: The results obtained with the both models were compared. RESULTS: Items with DIF were: sadness, feeling of failure, dissatisfaction, guilty, punishment, crying, fatigability and loss of libido. The results of the adjustment of the two models are similar in discrimination, gravity (except for items with DIF), and in the calculation of scores for individuals. Nevertheless, model 2 is beneficial because it shows the differences in gravity of depressive symptoms for groups evaluated, thus providing more information to the researcher on the study population. CONCLUSION: This model, which has a broader scope in terms of target population, may be a good alternative to the identification and follow-up of individuals with potential depression. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Depression , Depression/epidemiology , Models, Statistical
2.
Rev Bras Epidemiol ; 18(1): 54-67, 2015.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25651011

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: There are several studies showing the presence of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in some items of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), when comparing men and women. The presence of a large number of items with DIF in BDI is a severe threat to the validity of measurement of the intensity of depressive symptoms obtained by Item Response Theory (IRT) and to the conclusions based on the scores derived from the items with or without DIF. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to identify these items from the BDI, adjust the IRT model for embarrassing items (model 2), which accommodates items with the presence of DIF, and compare these results with the fit of the traditional two-parameter logistic IRT model (model 1). METHODS: The results obtained with the both models were compared. RESULTS: Items with DIF were: sadness, feeling of failure, dissatisfaction, guilty, punishment, crying, fatigability and loss of libido. The results of the adjustment of the two models are similar in discrimination, gravity (except for items with DIF), and in the calculation of scores for individuals. Nevertheless, model 2 is beneficial because it shows the differences in gravity of depressive symptoms for groups evaluated, thus providing more information to the researcher on the study population. CONCLUSION: This model, which has a broader scope in terms of target population, may be a good alternative to the identification and follow-up of individuals with potential depression.


Subject(s)
Depression , Adult , Depression/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Models, Statistical
3.
J. bras. pneumol ; 39(6): 675-685, Nov-Dec/2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-697774

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare TLC and RV values obtained by the single-breath helium dilution (SBHD) method with those obtained by whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in patients with normal lung function, patients with obstructive lung disease (OLD), and patients with restrictive lung disease (RLD), varying in severity, and to devise equations to estimate the SBHD results. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 169 individuals, of whom 93 and 49 presented with OLD and RLD, respectively, the remaining 27 having normal lung function. All patients underwent spirometry and lung volume measurement by both methods. RESULTS: TLC and RV were higher by WBP than by SBHD. The discrepancy between the methods was more pronounced in the OLD group, correlating with the severity of airflow obstruction. In the OLD group, the correlation coefficient of the comparison between the two methods was 0.57 and 0.56 for TLC and RV, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). We used regression equations, adjusted for the groups studied, in order to predict the WBP values of TLC and RV, using the corresponding SBHD values. It was possible to create regression equations to predict differences in TLC and RV between the two methods only for the OLD group. The TLC and RV equations were, respectively, ∆TLCWBP-SBHD in L = 5.264 − 0.060 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.33; adjusted r2 = 0.32) and ∆RVWBP-SBHD in L = 4.862 − 0.055 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.31; adjusted r2 = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: The correction of TLC and RV results obtained by SBHD can improve the accuracy of this method for assessing lung volumes in patients with OLD. However, additional studies are needed in order to validate these equations. .


OBJETIVO: Comparar resultados de CPT e VR obtidos pelo método de diluição de hélio em respiração única (DHRU) com aqueles obtidos por pletismografia de corpo inteiro (PCI) em indivíduos com função pulmonar normal, portadores de distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo (DVO) e portadores de distúrbio ventilatório restritivo (DVR) com diferentes níveis de gravidade e elaborar equações para estimar CPT e VR por DHRU. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal retrospectivo com 169 indivíduos, dos quais, respectivamente, 93, 49 e 27 apresentavam DVO, DVR e espirometria normal. Todos realizaram espirometria e determinação de volumes pulmonares pelos dois métodos. RESULTADOS: Os valores de CPT e VR foram maiores por PCI que por DHRU. A discrepância entre os métodos foi mais acentuada no grupo com DVO e se relacionou com a gravidade da obstrução ao fluxo aéreo. No grupo com DVO, o coeficiente de correlação da comparação entre os dois métodos foi de 0,57 e 0,56 para CPT e VR, respectivamente (p < 0,001 para ambos). Para predizer os valores de CPT e VR por PCI utilizando os respectivos valores por DHRU foram utilizadas equações de regressão, corrigidas de acordo com os grupos estudados. Somente foi possível criar equações de regressão para predizer as diferenças de CPT e VR entre os dois métodos para pacientes com DVO. Essas equações foram, respectivamente, ∆CPTPCI-DHRU em L = 5,264 − 0,060 × VEF1/CVF (r2 = 0,33; r2 ajustado = 0,32) e ∆VRPCI-DHRU em L = 4,862 − 0,055 × VEF1/CVF (r2 = 0,31; r2 ajustado = 0,30). CONCLUSÕES: A correção de CPT e VR obtidos por DHRU pode melhorar a acurácia desse método para avaliar os volumes pulmonares em pacientes com DVO. Entretanto, estudos adicionais ...


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Helium , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Body Mass Index , Breath Tests/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Linear Models , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Lung Volume Measurements/methods , Plethysmography, Whole Body , Retrospective Studies , Residual Volume/physiology , Severity of Illness Index , Spirometry
4.
Rev. Bras. Med. Fam. Comunidade (Online) ; 8(29): 256-263, out./dez. 2013. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-879648

ABSTRACT

A reorganização do sistema de saúde brasileiro traz a necessidade de avaliação contínua dos serviços ofertados à população. O Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool-Brasil) versão usuários adultos, validado para o contexto brasileiro, mostrou-se adequado para medir a presença e extensão dos atributos da atenção primária à saúde (APS) nos serviços da saúde. Para otimizar o processo de aplicação e utilização dos resultados em ações estratégicas, é necessária uma versão reduzida deste instrumento. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma versão reduzida do PCATool-Brasil para usuários adultos e analisar sua adequação. O instrumento foi aplicado a 2.404 adultos residentes das áreas adscritas de unidades de APS do município de Porto Alegre no Rio Grande do Sul. Por meio do modelo logístico de dois parâmetros da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (ML-2), foram identificados 23 itens que apresentaram características de discriminação, classificadas de moderada a forte, contemplando os sete atributos da APS. Como medida de consistência, os resultados obtidos com esta versão foram comparados aos resultados da versão completa, revelando escores de APS concordantes. Estes achados indicam que o PCATool-Brasil, versão reduzida para usuários adultos, tem adequada validade e confiabilidade, podendo ser adotado como ferramenta de avaliação rápida de orientação para a APS nos serviços brasileiros, permitindo aos gestores tomada de decisão orientada por evidências para desenvolver ações de melhoria na qualidade dos cuidados ofertados à população.


The reorganization of the Brazilian health system brings the need for on-going evaluation of the services offered to the population. The Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool-Brazil) version for adult users, validated for the Brazilian context, adequately measures the presence and extent of attributes of primary health care (PHC) services. A reduced version of this instrument is required to optimize the process of implementation and use of the results in strategic actions. This article aims to present a reduced version of the PCATool-Brazil for adult users and analyze its suitability. The instrument was applied to 2404 adult residents of areas covered by primary health care (PHC) units in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state. By the two-parameter logistic model of Item Response Theory (ML-2), 23 items that presented discrimination classified as moderate to strong, contemplating the seven attributes of PHC, were selected. As a measure of consistency, the results obtained with this version were compared with the complete version, revealing consistent PHC scores. These findings indicate that the PCATool-Brazil reduced version for adult users presents adequate validity and reliability, and it can be adopted as a rapid assessment tool to evaluate PHC in Brazilian services, permitting decision making guided by evidence in the development of actions to improve the quality of care offered to the population.


La reorganización del sistema de salud brasileño trae la necesidad de una evaluación continua de los servicios ofrecidos a la población. La Herramienta de Evaluación de Atención Primaria (PCATool-Brasil), versión para usuarios adultos, validada para el contexto brasileño, se mostró adecuada para medir la presencia y el alcance de los atributos de la atención primaria de salud (APS) en los servicios de salud. Para optimizar el proceso de aplicación y utilización de los resultados en acciones estratégicas, se necesita una versión reducida de este instrumento. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar una versión reducida de PCATool-Brasil para usuarios adultos y analizar su adecuación. El instrumento se aplicó a 2.404 adultos residentes en las áreas adscritas a las unidades de APS del municipio de Porto Alegre, en Rio Grande do Sul. A través del modelo logístico de dos parámetros de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (ML-2) se identificaron 23 elementos que mostraron una discriminación clasificada entre moderada y fuerte, contemplando los siete atributos de la APS. Como medida de consistencia, los resultados obtenidos con esta versión se compararon con los resultados de la versión completa, revelando puntuaciones de APS concordantes. Estos resultados indican que el PCATool-Brasil, versión reducida para usuarios adultos, tiene validez y fiabilidad adecuadas, y puede ser adoptado como una herramienta de evaluación rápida de orientación para la APS en los servicios brasileños, permitiendo que los gestores puedan tomar decisiones orientados por evidencias para desarrollar acciones destinadas a mejorar la calidad de la atención ofrecida a la población.


Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Health Services , Health Services Research
5.
J Bras Pneumol ; 39(6): 675-85, 2013.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24473761

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare TLC and RV values obtained by the single-breath helium dilution (SBHD) method with those obtained by whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in patients with normal lung function, patients with obstructive lung disease (OLD), and patients with restrictive lung disease (RLD), varying in severity, and to devise equations to estimate the SBHD results. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 169 individuals, of whom 93 and 49 presented with OLD and RLD, respectively, the remaining 27 having normal lung function. All patients underwent spirometry and lung volume measurement by both methods. RESULTS: TLC and RV were higher by WBP than by SBHD. The discrepancy between the methods was more pronounced in the OLD group, correlating with the severity of airflow obstruction. In the OLD group, the correlation coefficient of the comparison between the two methods was 0.57 and 0.56 for TLC and RV, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). We used regression equations, adjusted for the groups studied, in order to predict the WBP values of TLC and RV, using the corresponding SBHD values. It was possible to create regression equations to predict differences in TLC and RV between the two methods only for the OLD group. The TLC and RV equations were, respectively, ∆TLCWBP-SBHD in L = 5.264 - 0.060 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.33; adjusted r2 = 0.32) and ∆RVWBP-SBHD in L = 4.862 - 0.055 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.31; adjusted r2 = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: The correction of TLC and RV results obtained by SBHD can improve the accuracy of this method for assessing lung volumes in patients with OLD. However, additional studies are needed in order to validate these equations.


Subject(s)
Helium , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Body Mass Index , Breath Tests/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Linear Models , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Lung Volume Measurements/methods , Male , Middle Aged , Plethysmography, Whole Body , Residual Volume/physiology , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Spirometry
6.
Cad. saúde pública ; 28(12): 2293-2305, dez. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-661156

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for low birth weight in singleton live born infants in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 2003, based on data from the Information System on Live Births. The study used both classical multivariate and multilevel logistic regression. Risk factors were evaluated at two levels: individual (live births) and contextual (micro-regions). At the individual level the two models showed a significant association between low birth weight and prematurity, number of prenatal visits, congenital anomalies, place of delivery, parity, sex, maternal age, maternal occupation, marital status, schooling, and type of delivery. In the multilevel models, the greater the urbanization of the micro-region, the higher the risk of low birth weight, while in less urbanized micro-regions, single mothers had an increased risk of low birth considering all live births. Low birth weight varied according to micro-region and was associated with individual and contextual characteristics. Although most of the variation in low birth weight occurred at the individual level, the multilevel model identified an important risk factor in the contextual level.


O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores de risco para o baixo peso ao nascer de nascidos vivos de gestação simples no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 2003, obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. Foram utilizadas regressão logística múltipla clássica e multinível. Os fatores de risco foram avaliados no nível individual (nascidos vivos) e contextual (microrregiões). No nível individual dos dois modelos foi encontrada associação significativa entre baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade, consultas pré-natais, anomalia congênita, local do nascimento, paridade, sexo, idade materna, ocupação materna, estado civil, escolaridade e tipo de parto. Nos modelos multiníveis, quanto maior a urbanização da microrregião maior o risco de baixo peso ao nascer, e, em microrregiões menos urbanizadas, mães solteiras têm risco aumentado, para todos os nascidos vivos. O baixo peso ao nascer varia com a microrregião e está associado a características individuais e contextuais. Embora a maior parte da variação no baixo peso ao nascer se encontre no nível individual, o modelo multinível identificou um fator de risco importante no nível contextual.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Young Adult , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Brazil/epidemiology , Infant, Premature , Maternal Age , Multilevel Analysis , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
7.
Cad Saude Publica ; 28(12): 2293-305, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23288062

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for low birth weight in singleton live born infants in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 2003, based on data from the Information System on Live Births. The study used both classical multivariate and multilevel logistic regression. Risk factors were evaluated at two levels: individual (live births) and contextual (micro-regions). At the individual level the two models showed a significant association between low birth weight and prematurity, number of prenatal visits, congenital anomalies, place of delivery, parity, sex, maternal age, maternal occupation, marital status, schooling, and type of delivery. In the multilevel models, the greater the urbanization of the micro-region, the higher the risk of low birth weight, while in less urbanized micro-regions, single mothers had an increased risk of low birth considering all live births. Low birth weight varied according to micro-region and was associated with individual and contextual characteristics. Although most of the variation in low birth weight occurred at the individual level, the multilevel model identified an important risk factor in the contextual level.


Subject(s)
Infant, Low Birth Weight , Adolescent , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Maternal Age , Multilevel Analysis , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Young Adult
8.
Rev. HCPA & Fac. Med. Univ. Fed. Rio Gd. do Sul ; 32(2): 227-237, 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-834411

ABSTRACT

Introdução: os principais testes estatísticos têm como suposição a normalidade dos dados, que deve ser verificada antes da realização das análises principais. Objetivo: revisar as técnicas de verificação da normalidade dos dados e comparar alguns testes de aderência à normalidade para diferentes distribuições de origem e tamanho amostral. Metodologia: através da simulação de cinco distribuições (Normal, t-student, Qui-Quadrado, Gama e Exponencial) e seis tamanhos amostrais (10, 30, 50, 100, 500 e 1000) foram simulados 5000 amostras de cada par distribuição-tamanho amostral e realizados os testes Qui-quadrado, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors, Shapiro-Wilk, Shapiro-Francia, Cramer-von Mises, Anderson-Darling e Jarque-Bera. Resultados: os resultados obtidos mostram uma clara superioridade dos testes Shapiro-Francia e Shapiro-Wilk, com percentuais de acerto de 72,41% e 72,15%, respectivamente. Entre os piores resultados encontramos o Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Qui-Quadrado, com percentual de acerto de 44,78% e 61,58%, respectivamente. Conclusões: Para amostras pequenas recomenda-se que sejam utilizados procedimentos não paramétricos diretamente para a análise, em função da baixa performance dos testes de aderência à normalidade, dado o baixo percentual de acertos. Para amostras maiores, recomenda-se o uso dos testes Shapiro-Francia ou Shapiro-Wilk.


Introduction: The main statistical tests have the normality assumption that must be verified before performing the main analyzes. Objective: To review the techniques of testing for normality of data and compare some adherence tests for different true distributions and sample size. Methodology: Through simulation of five distributions (Normal, t-Student, Chi-Square, Gamma and Exponential) and six sample sizes (10, 30, 50, 100, 500 and 1000) were simulated 5000 samples of each pair sample size-distribution and applied the Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors, Shapiro-Wilk, Shapiro-Francia, Cramer-von Mises, Anderson-Darling and Jarque-Bera tests. Results: The results show a clear superiority of the Shapiro-Francia and Shapiro-Wilk tests, with percentages of accuracy of 72.41% and 72.15% respectively. Among the worst results we find the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-Square, with percentage of accuracy of 44.78% and 61.58% respectively. Conclusions: For small samples it is recommended to use non-parametric procedures directly for the analyzes, due to the low performance of the tests of adherence to normality, given the low percentage of accuracy. For larger samples, we recommend the use of the Shapiro-Francia and Shapiro-Wilk tests.


Subject(s)
Analysis of Variance , Statistics, Nonparametric , Statistics as Topic
9.
Cad Saude Publica ; 27(2): 229-40, 2011 Feb.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21359459

ABSTRACT

The aim of this longitudinal ecological study was to analyze the trend in the proportion of low birth weight in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, from 1994 to 2004 by panel data analysis and multilevel linear regression (two levels: by micro-region and time in years) to estimate risk factors associated with low birth weight. The proportion of low birth weight increased by 1.2% per year, and the multilevel model showed that the proportions differed between the micro-regions and increased over time, with the increase in the percentage of premature newborns, with the increase in the infant mortality rate, and with the increase in the cesarean rate. Among the micro-regions, the proportions of low birth weight varied positively with the urbanization rate and expenditures in the Unified National Health System and negatively with rate of participation in the workforce. According to the multilevel model, most of the variation in proportions of low birth weight was due to the effects of the micro-region of residence of the newborn's mother.


Subject(s)
Infant, Low Birth Weight , Premature Birth/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data , Forecasting , Humans , Infant Mortality , Infant, Newborn , Information Systems/statistics & numerical data , Longitudinal Studies , Multilevel Analysis , Socioeconomic Factors
11.
Rev. saúde pública ; 45(1): 79-89, Feb. 2011. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-569458

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analisar os determinantes da mortalidade neonatal, segundo modelo de regressão logística multinível e modelo hierárquico clássico. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte com 138.407 nascidos vivos com declaração de nascimento e 1.134 óbitos neonatais registrados em 2003 no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram vinculados os registros do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos e Mortalidade para o levantamento das informações sobre exposição no nível individual. As variáveis independentes incluíram características da criança ao nascer, da gestação, da assistência à saúde e fatores sociodemográficos. Fatores associados foram estimados e comparados por meio da análise de regressão logística clássica e multinível. RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal foi 8,19 por mil nascidos vivos. As variáveis que se mostraram associadas ao óbito neonatal no modelo hierárquico foram: baixo peso ao nascer, Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos inferiores a oito, presença de anomalia congênita, prematuridade e perda fetal anterior. Cesariana apresentou efeito protetor. No modelo multinível, a perda fetal anterior não se manteve significativa, mas a inclusão da variável contextual (taxa de pobreza) indicou que 15 por cento da variação da mortalidade neonatal podem ser explicados pela variabilidade nas taxas de pobreza em cada microrregião. CONCLUSÕES: O uso de modelos multiníveis foi capaz de mostrar pequeno efeito dos determinantes contextuais na mortalidade neonatal. Foi observada associação positiva com a taxa de pobreza, no modelo geral, e com o percentual de domicílios com abastecimento de água entre os nascidos pré-termos.


OBJETIVO: Analizar los determinantes de la mortalidad neonatal, según modelo de regresión logística multinivel y modelo jerárquico clásico. MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte con 138.407 nacidos vivos con declaración de nacimiento y 1.134 óbitos neonatales registrados en 2003 en Rio Grande do Sul, Sur de Brasil. Se vincularon los registros del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Nacidos Vivos y Mortalidad para el levantamiento de las informaciones sobre exposición en el nivel individual. Las variables independientes incluyeron características del niño al nacer, de la gestación y asistencia a la salud, y factores sociodemográficos. Factores asociados fueron estimados y comparados por medio del análisis de regresión logística clásica y multinivel.RESULTADOS: El coeficiente de mortalidad neonatal fue 8,19 por mil nacidos vivos. Las variables que se mostraron asociadas al óbito neonatal en el modelo jerárquico fueron: bajo peso al nacer, Apgar en el 1º y 5º minutos inferiores a ocho, presencia de anomalía congénita, prematuridad y pérdida fetal anterior. La cesárea presentó efecto protector. En el modelo multinivel, la pérdida fetal anterior no se mantuvo significativa, pero la inclusión de la variable contextual (tasa de pobreza) indicó que 15% de la variación de la mortalidad neonatal pueden ser explicados por la variabilidad en las tasas de pobreza en cada microrregión. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de modelos multiniveles fue capaz de mostrar pequeño efecto de los determinantes contextuales en la mortalidad neonatal. Se observó asociación positiva con la tasa de pobreza, en el modelo general, y con el porcentual de residencias con abastecimiento de agua, entre los prematuros.


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Infant Mortality , Birth Weight , Infant, Premature , Mortality Registries , Cohort Studies , Socioeconomic Factors
12.
Cad. saúde pública ; 27(2): 229-240, fev. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-598408

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo ecológico longitudinal foi analisar a tendência da proporção de baixo peso ao nascer no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1994 a 2004, utilizando a análise de dados de painel e regressão linear multinível (dois níveis: microrregião e tempo (anos)) para estimar os fatores de risco associados à proporção de baixo peso ao nascer. A proporção de baixo peso ao nascer teve um crescimento anual de 1,2 por cento, e o modelo multinível mostrou que as proporções diferem entre as microrregiões e aumentam em associação com os anos, com o aumento do percentual de prematuros, com o aumento do coeficiente de mortalidade infantil e com o aumento do percentual de cesarianas. Entre as microrregiões, as proporções de baixo peso ao nascer variam positivamente com o percentual de urbanização, com os gastos com o Sistema Único de Saúde e negativamente com o percentual de participação na atividade econômica. O modelo multinível mostrou que a maior parte da variação nas proporções de baixo peso ao nascer se deve aos efeitos da microrregião de moradia da mãe do nascido vivo.


The aim of this longitudinal ecological study was to analyze the trend in the proportion of low birth weight in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, from 1994 to 2004 by panel data analysis and multilevel linear regression (two levels: by micro-region and time in years) to estimate risk factors associated with low birth weight. The proportion of low birth weight increased by 1.2 percent per year, and the multilevel model showed that the proportions differed between the micro-regions and increased over time, with the increase in the percentage of premature newborns, with the increase in the infant mortality rate, and with the increase in the cesarean rate. Among the micro-regions, the proportions of low birth weight varied positively with the urbanization rate and expenditures in the Unified National Health System and negatively with rate of participation in the workforce. According to the multilevel model, most of the variation in proportions of low birth weight was due to the effects of the micro-region of residence of the newborn's mother.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Premature Birth , Brazil , Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data , Forecasting , Infant Mortality , Information Systems/statistics & numerical data , Longitudinal Studies , Multilevel Analysis , Socioeconomic Factors , Unified Health System
13.
Rev Saude Publica ; 45(1): 79-89, 2011 Feb.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21181051

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze neonatal mortality determinants using multilevel logistic regression and classic hierarchical models. METHODS: Cohort study including 138,407 live births with birth certificates and 1,134 neonatal deaths recorded in 2003, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. The Information System on Live Births and mortality records were linked for gathering information on individual-level exposures. Sociodemographic data and information on the pregnancy, childbirth care and characteristics of the children at birth were collected. The associated factors were estimated and compared by traditional and multilevel logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The neonatal mortality rate was 8.19 deaths per 1,000 live births. Low birth weight, 1- and 5-minute Apgar score below eight, congenital malformation, pre-term birth and previous fetal loss were associated with neonatal death in the traditional model. Elective cesarean section had a protective effect. Previous fetal loss did not remain significant in the multilevel model, but the inclusion of a contextual variable (poverty rate) showed that 15% of neonatal mortality variation can be explained by varying poverty rates in the microregions. CONCLUSIONS: The use of multilevel models showed a small effect of contextual determinants on the neonatal mortality rate. There was found a positive association with the poverty rate in the general model, and the proportion of households with water supply among preterm newborns.


Subject(s)
Cause of Death , Infant Mortality , Models, Statistical , Apgar Score , Birth Weight/physiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Live Birth/epidemiology , Male , Mothers/statistics & numerical data , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy , Risk Factors , Water Supply
14.
Rev. saúde pública ; 44(5): 934-941, oct. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-558924

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo preditivo de óbito hospitalar com base nos dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com dados de 453.515 autorizações de internação de 332 hospitais do Rio Grande do Sul no ano de 2005. A partir da razão entre óbitos observados e óbitos esperados elaborou-se um ranking ajustado dos hospitais que foi comparado ao ranking bruto da taxa de mortalidade. Utilizou-se regressão logística para desenvolvimento do modelo preditivo de probabilidade para óbito hospitalar segundo sexo, idade, diagnóstico e uso de unidade de terapia intensiva. Foram obtidos os intervalos com 95 por cento de confiança para 206 hospitais com mais de 365 internações por ano. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se um índice de risco para mortalidade hospitalar. A ordenação dos hospitais utilizando apenas a taxa de mortalidade bruta diferiu da ordenação quando se utiliza o ranking ajustado pelo modelo preditivo de probabilidade. Dos 206 hospitais analisados, 40 hospitais apresentaram mortalidade observada significativamente superior à esperada e 58 hospitais com mortalidade significativamente inferior à esperada. Uso de unidade de terapia intensiva apresentou maior peso para a composição do índice de risco, seguida pela idade e diagnóstico. Quando os hospitais atendem pacientes com perfis muito diferentes, o ajuste de risco não resulta numa indicação definitiva sobre qual prestador é o melhor. Os hospitais de grande porte apresentaram, no conjunto, maior número de óbitos do que seria esperado de acordo com as características das internações. CONCLUSÕES: O índice de risco de óbito hospitalar mostrou-se preditor adequado para o cálculo dos óbitos esperados, podendo ser aplicado na avaliação do desempenho hospitalar. Recomenda-se que, ao comparar hospitais, seja utilizado o ajuste pelo modelo preditivo de probabilidade de risco, estratificando-se pelo porte do hospital.


Subject(s)
Quality Indicators, Health Care , Hospital Mortality , Hospital Information Systems , Cross-Sectional Studies
15.
Rev Saude Publica ; 44(5): 934-41, 2010 Oct.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20835498

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To develop a hospital mortality prediction model based on data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian National Health System. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using data from 453,515 authorizations for hospital admission relating to 332 hospitals in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil in the year 2005. From the ratio between observed and expected deaths, the hospitals were ranked in an adjusted manner, and this was compared with the crude ranking of the mortality rate. Logistic regression was used to develop a predictive model for the likelihood of hospital mortality according to sex, age, diagnosis and use of an intensive care unit. Confidence intervals (95%) were obtained for the 206 hospitals with more than 365 hospital admissions per year. RESULTS: An index for the risk of hospital mortality was obtained. Ranking the hospitals using only the crude mortality rate differed from the ranking when it was adjusted according to the predictive likelihood model. Among the 206 hospitals analyzed, 40 of them presented observed mortality that was significantly greater than what was expected, while 58 hospitals presented mortality that was significantly lower than expected. Use of an intensive care unit presented the greatest weight in making up the risk index, followed by age and diagnosis. When the hospitals attended patients with widely differing profiles, the risk adjustment did not result in a definitive indication regarding which provider was best. Among this group of hospitals, those of large size presented greater numbers of deaths than would be expected from the characteristics of the hospital admissions. CONCLUSIONS: The hospital mortality risk index was shown to be an appropriate predictor for calculating the expected death rate, and it can be applied to evaluate hospital performance. It is recommended that, in comparing hospitals, the adjustment using the predictive likelihood model for the risk should be used, with stratification according to hospital size.


Subject(s)
Hospital Information Systems , Hospital Mortality , International Classification of Diseases/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
16.
Rev Bras Epidemiol ; 13(3): 487-501, 2010 Sep.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20857035

ABSTRACT

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a scale that measures the latent trait intensity of depression symptoms, can be assessed by the Item Response Theory (IRT). This study used the Graded-Response model (GRM) to assess the intensity of depressive symptoms in 4,025 individuals who responded to the BDI, in order to efficiently use the information available on different aspects enabled by the use of this methodology. The fit of this model was done in PARSCALE software. We identified 13 items of the BDI in which at least one response category was not more likely than others to be chosen, so that these items had to be categorized again. The items with greater power of discrimination were sadness, pessimism, feeling of failure, dissatisfaction, self-hatred, indecision, and difficulty of work. The most serious items were weight loss, suicidal ideas, and social withdrawal. The group of 202 individuals with the highest levels of depressive symptoms was comprised by 74% of women and almost 84% had a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder. The results show gains resulting from use of IRT in the analysis of latent traits.


Subject(s)
Depression/diagnosis , Psychological Tests , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Severity of Illness Index
17.
Rev Bras Epidemiol ; 13(3): 533-42, 2010 Sep.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20857039

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To use a multilevel analysis methodology to evaluate hospital mortality from the data available in the Hospital Information System of the National Unified Health System. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with data obtained from Authorization Forms for Hospital Admissions in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in 2005. The modeling was performed using multilevel logistic regression, with variables from the individual level (hospital admissions) and the context level (hospital profile). The variability originated from individual variables was analyzed as well as the participation of the profile of hospitals in the rate of hospital mortality. RESULTS: The crude death rate calculated for all hospitals was 6.3%. The variables "Use of Intensive Care Unit" followed by "Patient Age" were the main predictors for hospital death at the individual level. The context variables that were related most closely to hospital death (outcome) were: size of hospital, legal nature, and average length of stay. The OR for deaths at large hospitals was 1.85 times the odds for small hospitals and the OR for medium hospitals was 1.69 times the odds for small ones. The chance of deaths in public hospitals was 67% higher than in private ones. CONCLUSIONS: The hospital profile has an important role in hospital mortality in the Hospital Information System of the National Unified Health System. Multilevel analysis should be used to estimate the contribution of the profile of mortality in hospitals.


Subject(s)
Hospital Mortality/trends , Models, Statistical , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Delivery of Health Care , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
18.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 13(3): 487-501, set. 2010. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-557924

ABSTRACT

O Inventário de Depressão Beck (BDI), uma escala que mede o traço latente de intensidade de sintomas depressivos, pode ser avaliado através da Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI). Este estudo utilizou o modelo TRI de Resposta Gradual na avaliação da intensidade de sintomas depressivos de 4.025 indivíduos que responderam ao BDI, de modo a explorar eficientemente a informação disponível nos diferentes aspectos possibilitados pelo uso desta metodologia. O ajuste foi efetuado no software PARSCALE. Foram identificados 13 itens do BDI nos quais pelo menos uma categoria de resposta não tinha chance maior que as demais de ser escolhida, de modo que estes itens tiveram de ser recategorizados. Os itens com maior capacidade de discriminação são relativos à tristeza, pessimismo, sentimento de fracasso, insatisfação, auto-aversão, indecisão e dificuldade para trabalhar. Os itens mais graves são aqueles relacionados com perda de peso, retraimento social e idéias suicidas. O grupo dos 202 indivíduos com as maiores intensidades de sintomas depressivos foi composto por 74 por cento de mulheres, e praticamente 84 por cento possuíam diagnóstico de algum transtorno psiquiátrico. Os resultados evidenciam alguns dos inúmeros ganhos advindos da utilização da TRI na análise de traços latentes.


The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a scale that measures the latent trait intensity of depression symptoms, can be assessed by the Item Response Theory (IRT). This study used the Graded-Response model (GRM) to assess the intensity of depressive symptoms in 4,025 individuals who responded to the BDI, in order to efficiently use the information available on different aspects enabled by the use of this methodology. The fit of this model was done in PARSCALE software. We identified 13 items of the BDI in which at least one response category was not more likely than others to be chosen, so that these items had to be categorized again. The items with greater power of discrimination were sadness, pessimism, feeling of failure, dissatisfaction, self-hatred, indecision, and difficulty of work. The most serious items were weight loss, suicidal ideas, and social withdrawal. The group of 202 individuals with the highest levels of depressive symptoms was comprised by 74 percent of women and almost 84 percent had a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder. The results show gains resulting from use of IRT in the analysis of latent traits.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Depression/diagnosis , Psychological Tests , Surveys and Questionnaires , Severity of Illness Index
19.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 13(3): 533-542, set. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-557928

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a mortalidade hospitalar por meio de análise multinível utilizando dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com dados de internações obtidas das Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar do Rio Grande do Sul no ano de 2005. A modelagem foi realizada por meio de regressão logística multinível, utilizando variáveis do nível individual (internações) e do nível contextual (hospitais). Analisou-se a variabilidade causada por variáreis individuais no nível hospitalar, bem como a participação do perfil dos hospitais na taxa de mortalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: A taxa bruta de mortalidade calculada para o conjunto de hospitais foi de 6,3 por cento. As variáveis uso de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e idade foram os principais preditores para óbito hospitalar no nível individual. As variáveis de contexto que se relacionaram mais intensamente com o óbito hospitalar foram: porte do hospital, natureza jurídica e média de permanência. A chance de óbito em hospital de grande porte é 1,85 vezes a chance do hospital de pequeno porte e no hospital de médio porte é 1,69 vezes a chance do hospital de pequeno porte. Os hospitais públicos apresentam 67 por cento mais chances de óbito hospitalar do que os privados. CONCLUSÕES: O perfil hospitalar tem papel importante na mortalidade hospitalar do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. A análise multinível deve ser empregada para a estimação da contribuição do perfil dos hospitais na mortalidade hospitalar.


OBJECTIVE: To use a multilevel analysis methodology to evaluate hospital mortality from the data available in the Hospital Information System of the National Unified Health System. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with data obtained from Authorization Forms for Hospital Admissions in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in 2005. The modeling was performed using multilevel logistic regression, with variables from the individual level (hospital admissions) and the context level (hospital profile). The variability originated from individual variables was analyzed as well as the participation of the profile of hospitals in the rate of hospital mortality. RESULTS: The crude death rate calculated for all hospitals was 6.3 percent. The variables "Use of Intensive Care Unit" followed by "Patient Age" were the main predictors for hospital death at the individual level. The context variables that were related most closely to hospital death (outcome) were: size of hospital, legal nature, and average length of stay. The OR for deaths at large hospitals was 1.85 times the odds for small hospitals and the OR for medium hospitals was 1.69 times the odds for small ones. The chance of deaths in public hospitals was 67 percent higher than in private ones. CONCLUSIONS: The hospital profile has an important role in hospital mortality in the Hospital Information System of the National Unified Health System. Multilevel analysis should be used to estimate the contribution of the profile of mortality in hospitals.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Hospital Mortality/trends , Models, Statistical , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Delivery of Health Care , Young Adult
20.
Cad Saude Publica ; 25(5): 1035-45, 2009 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19488488

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to analyze the trend in infant mortality rates in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1994 to 2004, in a longitudinal ecological study, by means of panel data analysis and multilevel linear regression (two levels: microregion and time) to estimate factors associated with infant mortality. The infant mortality rate decreased from 19.2 per thousand (1994) to 13.7 per thousand (2004) live births, and the principal causes of death in the last five years were perinatal conditions (54.1%). Approximately 47% of the variation in mortality occurred in the microregions, and a 10% increase in coverage by the Family Health Program was associated with a 1 per thousand reduction in infant mortality. A 10% increase in the poverty rate was associated with a 2.1 per thousand increase in infant deaths. Infant mortality was positively associated with the proportion of low birthweight newborns and the number of hospital beds per thousand inhabitants and negatively associated with the cesarean rate and number of hospitals per 100 thousand inhabitants. The findings suggest that individual and community variables display significant effects on the reduction of infant mortality rates.


Subject(s)
Cause of Death/trends , Infant Mortality/trends , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Longitudinal Studies , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors
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