ABSTRACT
Data to support the type and level of physical activity that are necessary for health benefits in children and for later prevention of disease as adults are not available. This lack of information may be caused by inconsistency in terminology and by issues and concerns with available instruments to measure the concept. The purpose of this article is to address measurement issues related to physical activity/exercise or physical fitness in children. Implications of these issues for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Subject(s)
Exercise , Nursing Assessment/methods , Physical Fitness , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Nursing Research , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
This study investigated the relationship of state and trait anger measured by the Jacob's Pediatric Anger Scale, patterns of anger expression measured by Jacob's Pediatric Anger Expression Scale, and blood pressure readings (BPR) in 230 third-grade children. Analysis of data revealed significant inverse relationships between anger suppression and diastolic BPR and anger reflection and control and both diastolic and systolic BPR. As anger suppression increased, diastolic BPR decreased. As anger reflection and control increased, both systolic and diastolic BPR decreased. When gender was considered, the relationship between anger reflection and control and systolic BPR was apparent only for girls, whereas the relationship between anger reflection and control and diastolic BPR was apparent only for boys. When correlations were computed based on gender and race, a significant inverse relationship between anger reflection and control and systolic BPR in Black girls was found. The results suggest that the influence of race and gender on the relationships between anger expression and systolic and diastolic BPR, which has been documented in adults, may be present in childhood.
Subject(s)
Anger/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Blood Pressure , Child , Ethnicity , Female , Humans , Male , Personality , Sex Factors , Southeastern United StatesABSTRACT
The effectiveness of 4-, 6-, and 8-hour heparin flushing intervals on the logevity of 22- and 24-gauge intermittent i.v. catheters was examined in 83 pediatric patients. Catheters lasted 18-20 hours longer with 6- and 8-hour flushing intervals than with 4-hour intervals. A comparison of 22- and 24-gauge catheters revealed that there was no difference in longevity based on size. Also, use of medications did not affect catheter longevity. Age differences in catheter longevity were noted (greater longevity in older children) and is a result that needs further research. Based on the results of this study, if longer flushing intervals were used, fewer i.v.'s would have to be restarted and nursing time caring for i.v.'s would be decreased.
