ABSTRACT
Pediatric radiology studies can be some of the most anxiety-inducing imaging examinations encountered in practice. This can be in part due to the wide range of normal anatomic appearances inherent to the pediatric population that create potential interpretive pitfalls for radiologists. The pediatric head is no exception; for instance, the inherent greater water content within the neonatal brain compared to older patients could easily be mistaken for cerebral edema, and anatomic variant calvarial sutures can be mistaken for skull fractures. This article reviews potential pitfalls emergency radiologists may encounter in practice when interpreting pediatric head CTs, including trauma, extra-axial fluid collections, intra-axial hemorrhage, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications.
Subject(s)
Skull Fractures , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Child , Head , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Radiologists , Retrospective Studies , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Ventriculoperitoneal ShuntSubject(s)
Pleurisy/diagnostic imaging , Pleurisy/etiology , Positron-Emission Tomography , Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology , Spondylitis, Ankylosing/complications , Spondylitis, Ankylosing/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Chronic Disease , Diagnosis, Differential , Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 , Humans , Male , RadiopharmaceuticalsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality can be prevented by identification and modification of specific risk factors. Ethnic minorities have a higher incidence of cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, ethnic minorities often reside in medically underserved areas and are subject to health care disparities. We hypothesized that ethnic minorities residing in medically underserved areas would experience greater health care disparities related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and treatment compared with those residing near an urban academic medical center. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review (N = 200) comparing an urban academic medical center with a rural community center. We evaluated the effects of ethnicity, demographics, and the absence or presence of CVD on cardiovascular risk factor prevalence, risk factor reduction, and CVD prevention and treatment. RESULTS: We found that Hispanics had more cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes mellitus and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with non-Hispanic whites. However, there were no ethnically based differences in risk factor prevalence by location. Additionally, ethnicity had no impact on the management of cardiovascular risk factors. However, patients with CVD residing in the rural location, regardless of ethnicity, received significantly fewer secondary prevention treatments compared with patients residing near the urban academic medical center, including aspirin or antiplatelets (p < .0001); beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers (p < or = .0001); diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers (p = .014); and statins (p < or = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Hispanics have more CVD risk factors than non-Hispanic whites but receive equivalent prevention initiatives. Residing in a rural, medically underserved area, regardless of ethnicity, was associated with the largest CVD treatment and health care disparity.
