ABSTRACT
The small-molecule trans-3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine 6 was identified from in silico three-dimensional (3D) pharmacophore searches based on known X-ray structures of renin-inhibitor complexes and demonstrated to be a weakly active inhibitor of the human enzyme. The unexpected binding mode of the more potent enantiomer (3S,4S)-6a in an extended conformation spanning the nonprime and S1' pockets of the recombinant human (rh)-renin active site was elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Initial structure-activity relationship work focused on modifications of the hydrophobic diphenylamine portion positioned in S1 and extending toward the S2 pocket. Replacement with an optimized P3-P1 pharmacophore interacting to the nonsubstrate S3(sp) cavity eventually resulted in significantly improved in vitro potency and selectivity. The prototype analogue (3S,4S)-12a of this new class of direct renin inhibitors exerted blood pressure lowering effects in a hypertensive double-transgenic rat model after oral administration.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Models, Molecular , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrrolidines/chemistry , Pyrrolidines/pharmacology , Renin/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Computational Biology , Humans , Protease Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Protein Conformation , Pyrrolidines/administration & dosage , Pyrrolidines/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Renin/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A small library of fragments comprising putative recognition motifs for the catalytic dyad of aspartic proteases was generated by in silico similarity searches within the corporate compound deck based on rh-renin active site docking and scoring filters. Subsequent screening by NMR identified the low-affinity hits 3 and 4 as competitive active site binders, which could be shown by X-ray crystallography to bind to the hydrophobic S3-S1 pocket of rh-renin. As part of a parallel multiple hit-finding approach, the 3,5-disubstituted piperidine (rac)-5 was discovered by HTS using a enzymatic assay. X-ray crystallography demonstrated the eutomer (3S,5R)-5 to be a peptidomimetic inhibitor binding to a nonsubstrate topography of the rh-renin prime site. The design of the potent and selective (3S,5R)-12 bearing a P3(sp)-tethered tricyclic P3-P1 pharmacophore derived from 3 is described. (3S,5R)-12 showed oral bioavailability in rats and demonstrated blood pressure lowering activity in the double-transgenic rat model.
Subject(s)
Drug Design , Piperidines/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacology , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Renin/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Molecular , Piperidines/administration & dosage , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Protease Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Protein Conformation , Rats , Renin/chemistryABSTRACT
Inspired by natural product HDAC inhibitors, we prepared a series of conformationally restrained HDAC inhibitors based on the hydroxamic acid dacinostat (LAQ824, 7). Several scaffolds with improved biochemical and cellular potency, as well as attenuated hERG inhibition, were identified, suggesting that the introduction of molecular rigidity is a viable strategy to enhance HDAC binding and mitigate hERG liability. Further SAR studies around a 3-piperidin-3-ylindole moiety resulted in the discovery of compound 30, for which a unique conformation was speculated to contribute to overcoming increased lipophilicity and attenuating hERG binding. Separation of racemate 30 afforded 32, the R enantiomer, which demonstrated improved potency in both enzyme and cellular assays compared to dacinostat.
Subject(s)
Histone Deacetylases/metabolism , Hydroxamic Acids/chemistry , Indoles/chemistry , Molecular Conformation , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/chemistry , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/metabolism , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Hydroxamic Acids/metabolism , Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Molecular , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
The enantiomers of two different derivatives of tert-leucine were separated by continuous chromatography on chiral stationary phases applying the simulated moving bed technique. About 1 kg of racemic N-carbobenzoxy-tert-leucine was resolved on the cellulose-based phase Chiralcel OD using a mixture of heptane/ethanol and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid modifier as the mobile phase, while 520 g of the N-Boc-tert-leucine-benzylester was resolved on the amylose-based phase Chiralpak AD with a mixture of heptane/2-propanol as the mobile phase. In both instances the corresponding enantiomers were obtained in high yield and high optical purity.
