Analyses and Declarations of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Canned Seafood May Help to Quantify Their Dietary Intake.

The American Heart Association (AHA) recently confirmed common recommendations of one to two fish dishes per week in order to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, the natural fluctuations of lipids and fatty acids (FA) in processed seafood caught little public attention. Moreover, consumers of unprocessed seafood in general do not know how much omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) within servings they actually ingest. The few studies published until today considering this aspect have been re-evaluated in today's context. They included four observational studies with canned fatty coldwater fish (mackerel and herring from the same region, season, producer and research group). Their outcomes were similar to those conducted in the following years using supplements. Cans containing seafood (especially fatty coldwater fish) with declared content of omega-3 FA are ready-to-use products. Human studies have shown a higher bioavailability of omega-3 FA by joint uptake of fat. Canned fatty coldwater fish contain omega-3 FA plus plenty of fat in one and the same foodstuff. That suggests a new dietary paradigm with mixed concepts including several sources with declared content of omega-3 FA for reducing the cardiovascular risk and other acknowledged indications.

Circulating cell adhesion molecules in metabolically healthy obesity.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: People with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) may still have an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality compared to metabolically healthy lean (MHL) individuals. However, the mechanisms linking obesity to cardiovascular diseases are not entirely understood. We therefore tested the hypothesis that circulating cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are higher in MHO compared to MHL individuals. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Serum concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), E-selectin and P-selectin were measured in age- and sex-matched groups of MHL (n = 32), MHO categorized into BMI-matched insulin sensitive (IS, n = 32) or insulin resistant (IR) obesity (n = 32) and people with metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO, n = 32). RESULTS: Indeed, individuals with MHO have significantly higher sICAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin serum concentrations compared to MHL people. However, these CAMs are still significantly lower in IS compared to IR MHO. There was no difference between the groups in sVCAM-1 serum concentrations. Compared to all other groups, circulating adhesion molecules were significantly higher in individuals with MUO. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that obesity-related increased cardiovascular risk is reflected and may be mediated by significantly higher CAMs. The mechanisms causing elevated adhesion molecules even in the absence of overt cardio-metabolic risk factors and whether circulating CAMs could predict cardiovascular events need to be explored.

Cardiovascular risk factor profile on a population basis: Results from the Lipid Study Leipzig (LSL).

Population-based lipid screening studies were initiated in the city of Leipzig, Germany, and included more than 30,000 subjects. The objectives of the Lipid Study Leipzig (LSL) were to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factor profile and its dependence on age, nutrition and social factors. In addition, the study results were compared with those of other population-based studies, and the development of cardiovascular risk factors over a 10-year period was evaluated. LSL data were obtained from subjects recruited at community centres, work sites, schools and the University of Leipzig, Germany. Capillary blood cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were measured using the Reflotron dry-chemistry system (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). Study data also included blood pressure, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and the evaluation of dietary and lifestyle factors. The results of LSL show an age-dependent increase in cardiovascular risk, which may have been partly preventable. Furthermore, LSL showed an improvement in cardiovascular risk, with respect to plasma cholesterol, over the past 10 years in men and women older than 30 and 50 years, respectively. The known age dependence of total cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol is less pronounced for those following a healthy lifestyle and for vegetarians. This suggests that the age-dependent rise of these parameters is partly preventable.

Circulating vascular cell adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in dependence on aging.

BACKGROUND: Elevated levels of circulating cell adhesion molecules (cCAMs) such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin) are found in subjects with vascular diseases and in subjects with several risk factors for atherosclerosis. However, data evaluating cCAMs and biological age are limited. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess in subjects with different cardiovascular risk profiles the levels of cVCAM-1, cICAM-1, and cE-selectin in dependence on age. METHODS: The following groups of subjects were included in the study: 282 apparently healthy subjects of the average population aged 18-89 years, 77 vegetarians who are characterized by a favourable global cardiovascular risk profile, 94 patients with coronary heart disease, and 181 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast for measurement of cCAMs, lipoproteins, and other clinical/biochemical parameters. The cCAM levels were determined by the use of monoclonal antibody based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Amongst the cCAMs, cVCAM-1 is uniquely elevated in elderly persons with different risks for atherosclerosis, including subjects of the average population, vegetarians with a favourable risk profile, and patients with both coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. With respect to cICAM-1, an age-dependent elevation was found in the control subjects included in the study. The cE-selectin levels were not correlated with age. Moreover, no associations of cCAMs with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were found. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that cVCAM-1 is an age-dependent parameter independent of cardiovascular risk.

Effect of fatty acids on expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules.

BACKGROUND: With respect to linoleic acid both beneficial and proatherogenic effects have been described. However, the effect on expression of cell adhesion molecules on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) is not yet established. The aim of the experiments was to evaluate the influence of linoleic acid in comparison with palmitic acid regarding the cytokine-induced expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 ICAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 VCAM-1, E-selectin). METHODS: HCAEC were cultured in microvascular endothelial cell growth medium. In the experiments, the cells were preincubated with linoleic acid and palmitic acid, respectively (10 micro mol/l, 2 days) or under control conditions, after which interleukin- 1alpha (IL-1alpha, 10 ng/ml in the test medium) was added for 1 day. The monoclonal antibodies used were fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- labeled anti-ICAM-1, FITC-labeled anti-VCAM-1, and FITC-labeled anti-E-selectin. Expression was analyzed by flow cytofluorimetry. Next, to examine the effects of fatty acids on adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, adhesion experiments with the monocytic U 937 cell line were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: IL-1alpha increased ICAM-1,VCAM-1, and E-selectin expression compared to controls. Incubation with IL-1alpha together with linoleic acid reduced the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in contrast to palmitic acid. Furthermore, in the presence of linoleic acid a tendency of diminished adhesion of monocytes is seen. The results indicate that a reduced expression of cell adhesion molecules may be relevant to the antiatherogenic effects of linoleic acid. This is in contrast to the properties of palmitic acid.

Levels of adhesion molecules do not decrease after 3 months of statin therapy in moderate hypercholesterolaemia.

Studies in animals and humans indicate a pivotal role for adhesion molecules (AMs) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Whereas an association between hypercholesterolaemia and AM expression has been suggested, it is unclear whether lowering cholesterol decreases AM expression and release. We compared the effects of a 3-month treatment with standard doses of three different statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin) on plasma levels of circulating AM (cAM) in 75 hypercholesterolaemic patients in a randomized clinical trial. Plasma levels of circulating (c)E-selectin, circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (cICAM-1) and circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (cVCAM-1) were measured before and after 3 months of therapy. None of the statins lowered plasma cAM levels and pooled analyses of all patients showed a 1.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), -1.4-4.9%] increase in cE-selectin, a 2.1% (95% CI, -0.2-4.4%) increase in cICAM-1, and a 2.7% (95% CI, -0.6-6.1%) increase in cVCAM-1 levels. cAM levels did not decrease, even in patients with a >50% decrease ( n =19) in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. This study provides strong evidence that 3 months of therapy with three different statins does not decrease cAM levels, despite normalization of cholesterol levels, and a minor decrease in C-reactive protein levels in patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemia.