Ruptured dissecting cerebral aneurysms in young people: report of three cases.

Intracranial arterial aneurysms in the pediatric population are rare. Among these, dissecting aneurysms are the most frequent, followed by saccular, infectious, and posttraumatic. It is widely known that aneurysmal rupture is uncommon in the first two decades of life. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysms (SDAs) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) affecting young individuals most frequently present as occlusive syndrome with ischemia, although bleeding and subarachnoid hemorrhage can also occur. Between March 2006 and January 2008, three young patients (20 months, 8 and 20 years old) were surgically treated for MCA SDA in the Neurosurgical Department of "12 de Octubre" Hospital of Madrid. These patients showed hemorrhage as primary radiological finding, and all of them underwent surgical operation. Aneurysms were always treated by trapping, with aneurysmectomy in one case, but no distal extra-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass was performed. In two cases, the histological examination of the aneurysm's wall evidenced signs of subintimal dissection with widespread disruption of the internal elastic lamina and media with neointima formation and intramural hemorrhage. Although bleeding is an uncommon presenting sign of SDAs, they should be suspected in young people showing hemorrhage at CT scan. Early surgical treatment and, if possible, preoperative neuroimaging evaluation of intracranial vessels should be performed to reduce the mortality in these patients despite a higher postoperative morbidity. From a technical point of view, surgical trapping of the aneurysm seems to be a reasonable treatment strategy especially in an emergency basis. However, whenever possible, an EC-IC bypass could help diminish the ischemic morbidity associated with these aneurysms.

Mycophenolate mofetil induced myopathy in a patient with lupus nephritis.

We describe a case of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) induced myopathy in a patient with lupus nephritis. Two months after starting MMF treatment she developed asthenia, lower limb weakness, and abnormal increase of muscle enzymes. An electromyogram showed a myogenic pattern with small polyphasic discharges without neurogenic signs involving proximal muscles of lower limbs. Muscle biopsy revealed the presence of fibers of variable size with irregular sarcoplasmic basophilic areas. Using oxidative enzyme techniques, many type I fibers showed a moth-eaten appearance resembling minicores. The ultrastructural findings consisted of myofibrillary lesions with multiple small foci of Z-band streaming. MMF withdrawal was followed by complete clinical and enzymatic recovery.