Assessing the Policy of Non-Smoking Areas in Schools in Indonesia: A Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Regulations in the form of Regional Regulations on Non-Smoking Areas are efforts to prevent smoking in schools. We will show qualitatively and quantitatively whether the policy can control smoke-free schools since 2015 in Muaro Jambi Regency. However, the implementation is still not optimal, even almost not implemented following the mandate of government regulation Number 109 of 2012 and regional regulation Number 5 of 2018. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the smoke-free area policy in schools in Muaro Jambi Regency. METHOD: Research using mixed method study employing quantitative through distribution survey of smoke-free zones and qualitative by interviewing 31 schools of informants and observing 499 points of educational institutions. Selection of informants by considering the criteria of adequacy and suitability of data analysis with content analysis. RESULTS: The cause of the non-implementation of the smoke-free area policy is the lack of socialization of local regulations. The regulation of non-smoking area bylaws has not been made, implementing rules with the decree of the law. Schools do not run areas without cigarettes because they do not fully understand the rules, namely that they are not allowed to smoke in all school environments and health facilities. Oversight of the no-smoking area policy has not been carried out due to the lack of policy support from policymakers and sources of funds for monitoring the no-smoking area. CONCLUSION: No smoking area policy is meaningless if there is neglect in its implementation so that it does not impact the compliance of smoking behavior following the No Smoking Area policy. The need for the commitment of school leaders in implementing and operational rules from the regional regulations in the implementation of smoke-free areas.

Communication Patterns of Muslim Communities' After Involvement in the Pela Gandong Ritual in Moluccas Immanuel Church, Indonesia.

In this article, the authors discuss the contribution of the target article (Sulaeman et al., Contemporary Islam, 16(2), 225-257, 2022) and further studies on the communication patterns of Muslim communities after involvement in the pela gandong ritual. The target article qualitatively explores identity transformation, employing the theories of ritual processes and civic pluralism. The authors found differences in the meaning and treatment of communication acceptance after involvement with the surrounding environment. After involvement, the authors are interested in conducting a study of the communication patterns of the Muslim community and with other involved and uninvolved individuals, such as family, friends in the village and outside the village, and fellow members of the pela gandong ritual. Detailed exploration is needed to clarify the after-effects of involvement. The authors found that communication patterns related to forms of communication through verbal and nonverbal communication were classified into six categories: (1) spiritual communication, (2) family communication, (3) community communication, (4) cross-religious communication, (5) religious organization communication, and (6) government communication. The authors argue that the Muslim community faces psychological disorders of intrapersonal and interpersonal communication after involvement. This study contributes to the acceptance of different religious contexts, and there is no difference in the social context daily with the application of religious values and local traditions. Strengthening acceptance of treatment is very important for overcoming disharmony that reflects human values such as self-identity. This contribution is very important in the digital era to influence cross-religion by building kinship bonds of social identity.

Association between cognitive dysfunction and nocturnal peaks of blood pressure estimated from pulse transit time in obstructive sleep apnoea.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterised by recurrent episodes of partial or complete cessation of breathing during sleep and an increased effort to breathe. Patients with untreated OSA exhibit cognitive impairment that is only partly accounted for by hypoxia and sleep disruption, suggesting that other factors remain to be identified. OSA can involve repeated spikes of nocturnal blood pressure because of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system during sleep. While high resting blood pressure is associated with cognitive dysfunction, it is not yet known whether peaks in nocturnal blood pressure are associated with cognitive impairment in OSA. METHODS: A cohort of patients participated in overnight polysomnographic studies at a major sleep laboratory to investigate whether nocturnal elevations in blood pressure are associated with cognitive dysfunction in OSA. Nocturnal pulse transit time was measured as a surrogate for arterial blood pressure during sleep. RESULTS: Of the 75 patients, 12 had no obstructive sleep apnoea, 26 had mild OSA, 18 moderate, and 19 severe OSA. The results revealed that systolic blood pressure peaks were associated with OSA severity, while diastolic blood pressure peaks were not. Peaks of nocturnal systolic blood pressure were independently associated with poorer performance on a test of visuospatial function, but not with impairments on tests of sustained attention, reaction time or autobiographical memory. CONCLUSION: The present findings indicate nocturnal peaks of systolic blood pressure that are substantially higher than normal daytime values may contribute to visuospatial dysfunction in OSA.

Annotating and prioritizing genomic variants using the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor-A tutorial.

The Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) is a freely available, open-source tool for the annotation and filtering of genomic variants. It predicts variant molecular consequences using the Ensembl/GENCODE or RefSeq gene sets. It also reports phenotype associations from databases such as ClinVar, allele frequencies from studies including gnomAD, and predictions of deleteriousness from tools such as Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion. Ensembl VEP includes filtering options to customize variant prioritization. It is well supported and updated roughly quarterly to incorporate the latest gene, variant, and phenotype association information. Ensembl VEP analysis can be performed using a highly configurable, extensible command-line tool, a Representational State Transfer application programming interface, and a user-friendly web interface. These access methods are designed to suit different levels of bioinformatics experience and meet different needs in terms of data size, visualization, and flexibility. In this tutorial, we will describe performing variant annotation using the Ensembl VEP web tool, which enables sophisticated analysis through a simple interface.

Ensembl Genomes 2022: an expanding genome resource for non-vertebrates.

Ensembl Genomes (https://www.ensemblgenomes.org) provides access to non-vertebrate genomes and analysis complementing vertebrate resources developed by the Ensembl project (https://www.ensembl.org). The two resources collectively present genome annotation through a consistent set of interfaces spanning the tree of life presenting genome sequence, annotation, variation, transcriptomic data and comparative analysis. Here, we present our largest increase in plant, metazoan and fungal genomes since the project's inception creating one of the world's most comprehensive genomic resources and describe our efforts to reduce genome redundancy in our Bacteria portal. We detail our new efforts in gene annotation, our emerging support for pangenome analysis, our efforts to accelerate data dissemination through the Ensembl Rapid Release resource and our new AlphaFold visualization. Finally, we present details of our future plans including updates on our integration with Ensembl, and how we plan to improve our support for the microbial research community. Software and data are made available without restriction via our website, online tools platform and programmatic interfaces (available under an Apache 2.0 license). Data updates are synchronised with Ensembl's release cycle.

Biomarkers of pneumonia disease in under five children in "grill culture".

OBJECTIVE: Based on data WHO in 2018, almost 802,200 cases of pneumonia occur in children. Indonesia data on Riskesdas in 2018, the increase in pneumonia with the prevalence of pneumonia based on the age group 1-4 years was 5.0. This study aims to obtain more information about biomarkers of the clinical assessment on patient cases and prevention management and then whether postpartum culture contributed to the increase in pneumonia. METHODS: The method used is a Literature review. Search for scientific articles collected through Scopus indexed journals through Science Direct, Pubmed, Elsevier, MDPI, WHO, Riskesdas, Google Scholar. RESULT: From the literature articles we read, it shows that the incidence of pneumonia increases from year to year and is the leading cause of death. So it needs prevention from use biomarkers as markers and examined the association of Grill Culture with pneumonia in children under five. CONCLUSION: The results of the biomarker examination are a marker of the case and prevention management will be carried out using existing cultural approaches.

The evaluation of effect Gammarana intervention to reducing stunting during the Covid-19 pandemic: Protocol evaluation of stunting intervention in Enrekang District.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of large-scale stunting interventions in Indonesia has never been carried out, because it found limited sensitive and specific interventions that were carried out massively at the village level. The provincial government of South Sulawesi Indonesia in 2020 has implemented a stunting intervention model called Gammarana. The purpose of this evaluation is to analyze the impact of Gammarana on changes in stunting at the project site. Location project as many as 30 villages with a population estimated 60,000.  Design and methods: Evaluation in this study using a retrospective method and internal and external audit to document potential, then validated after the field visit Gammarana first phase in 2020. Basic Logic Model evaluation model with 22 indicators (input, process, secondary output and primary output). Proving the effect of Gammarana on changes in stunting by comparing the phenomena in the comparison village. RESULTS: The comparison villages were set as equal and comparable in 13 indicators that could disturb the study conclusions. The result of the initial condition is that the conditions of the two villages of Gammarana and Villages Comparison are seen as the same in various characteristics, so that whatever the results of this evaluation study are believed to be the impact of Gammarana Project. CONCLUSIONS: this protocol eligible to evaluation of Gammarana Project Intervention in Enrekang District, South Sulawesi Indonesia.

Association between nocturnal activity of the sympathetic nervous system and cognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnoea.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with repetitive breathing obstructions during sleep. These episodes of hypoxia and associated arousals from sleep induce physiological stress and nocturnal over-activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). One consequence of OSA is impairment in a range of cognitive domains. Previous research into cognitive impairment in OSA have focussed on intermittent hypoxia and disrupted sleep, but not nocturnal over-activation of the SNS. Therefore, we investigated whether nocturnal over-activity of the SNS was associated with cognitive impairments in OSA. The extent of nocturnal SNS activation was estimated from heart rate variability (HRV), pulse wave amplitude (PWA) and stress response biomarkers (cortisol and glucose levels). OSA severity was significantly associated with PWA indices and the HRV low frequency/ high frequency ratio (p < 0.05). Morning blood glucose levels were significantly associated with the duration of a blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) < 90% (p < 0.01). PWA and HRV were significantly associated with the time taken to perform a task involving visuospatial functioning (p < 0.05), but not with impairments in sustained attention, reaction time or autobiographical memory. These results suggest that the visuospatial dysfunction observed in people with OSA is associated with increased nocturnal activity of the SNS.

The intervention of maternal nutrition literacy has the potential to prevent childhood stunting: Randomized control trials.

BACKGROUND: Stunting is the impaired growth and development of children due to poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychological stimulation. This research aims to examine the impact of maternal nutrition literacy (MNL) in increasing the height or score of a stunted child. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study is a randomized control trial, which uses a sample size of 85 participants, 43 interventions and 42 controls, an 80% stress test and a 95% confidence level. The intervention group of the MNL consists of families with children under the age of five, focused on the mother's ability to perform breastfeeding, hygiene activities, care, and intervention for 3 months. RESULT: The status of stunting was determined by the different distribution of stunting before and after the intervention in both the intervention and control groups. There was a decrease of about 9.3% of MNL in the intervention group, while in the control group it decreased by just 2.4% (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that MNL has an effect in preventing stunting, and it is recommended that preventive measures should focus more on normal children, while stunted children should be provided with breastfeeding as the core of MNL.

Differential associations of hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and depressive symptoms with cognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete cessation of breathing during sleep and increased effort to breathe. This study examined patients who underwent overnight polysomnographic studies in a major sleep laboratory in Saudi Arabia. The study aimed to determine the extent to which intermittent hypoxia, sleep disruption, and depressive symptoms are independently associated with cognitive impairments in OSA. In the sample of 90 participants, 14 had no OSA, 30 mild OSA, 23 moderate OSA, and 23 severe OSA. The findings revealed that hypoxia and sleep fragmentation are independently associated with impairments of sustained attention and reaction time (RT). Sleep fragmentation, but not hypoxia, was independently associated with impairments in visuospatial deficits. Depressive symptoms were independently associated with impairments in the domains of sustained attention, RT, visuospatial ability, and semantic and episodic autobiographical memories. Since the depressive symptoms are independent of hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, effective reversal of cognitive impairment in OSA may require treatment interventions that target each of these factors.

Self-Meaning of Oligodactyly: Health Communication Study of People with Oligodactyly in the Village of Ulutaue, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

A health communication of the people with oligodactyly aims at exploring the meanings associated with deformities of physical organs in fingers and/or toes from birth. This study discusses how fifteen people with oligodactyly in the village Ulutaue, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, construct themselves having physical abnormalities and physical organs different from those of other people through communicating with the surrounding environment. This research uses a subjective interpretive method with a health communication approach. The results explain that the people with oligodactyly are as the subjects and are considered to have their self-meaning, including the meaning of the physical abnormalities with the positive and negative self, the physical organ limitations with the self-meaning of feel ashamed, worthy to be pitied, will to work hard, patience and encouragement. The physical organ abnormalities provide a "scary, goose-bumpy, pity, and disgusting" image for the people who see them. To feel as "like anything" becomes the basis for the appearance of subjective meanings of every action in constructing oneself.

Biomarkers of pneumonia disease in under five children in “grill culture”

Objective: Based on data WHO in 2018, almost 802,200 cases of pneumonia occur in children. Indonesia data on Riskesdas in 2018, the increase in pneumonia with the prevalence of pneumonia based on the age group 1–4 years was 5.0. This study aims to obtain more information about biomarkers of the clinical assessment on patient cases and prevention management and then whether postpartum culture contributed to the increase in pneumonia. Methods: The method used is a Literature review. Search for scientific articles collected through Scopus indexed journals through Science Direct, Pubmed, Elsevier, MDPI, WHO, Riskesdas, Google Scholar. Result: From the literature articles we read, it shows that the incidence of pneumonia increases from year to year and is the leading cause of death. So it needs prevention from use biomarkers as markers and examined the association of Grill Culture with pneumonia in children under five. Conclusion: The results of the biomarker examination are a marker of the case and prevention management will be carried out using existing cultural approaches. (AU)

Where have all the parasites gone? Unusual Plasmodium falciparum monoparasitaemia in a cross-sectional malariometric survey in northern Nigeria.

Background: Malaria is caused by one of five currently known Plasmodium parasite species causing disease in humans. While modelling has provided information of the vector, the same is not entirely the case for the parasite. The World Malaria reports of 2014 to 2016 reported 100% of confirmed cases from Nigeria being due to Plasmodium falciparum. Generally, about 98% of cases of uncomplicated malaria in most regions surveyed in Nigeria recently is due to P. falciparum, with the remainder being due to P. malariae. This study aimed to determine the proportions of Plasmodium parasites causing uncomplicated malaria in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State, north-western Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted during the rainy season and dry season in north-western Nigeria. The area has a 'local steppe' climate and Sudanian Savannah vegetation. Sampling was via multistage cluster sampling. Selected participants were examined for pallor, palpable splenomegaly and signs of complicated malaria. Blood samples were also taken for rapid diagnosis of malaria and thick and thin films to identify parasitaemia and the parasite species. Participants found to have malaria were treated with Artemether/Lumefantrine and those with complicated malaria were referred to the nearest hospital.  Results: We found a parasite prevalence of 34.8% overall, which was higher in the rainy season (49.3%) than in the dry season (20.2%). There was monoparasitaemia of Plasmodium falciparum throughout the study area, irrespective of the clinical status of the participant. Mapping of the parasite was extended throughout the Local Government Area and the State. Conclusions: Despite the intermediate endemicity in the area. P. falciparum monoparasitaemia affirms theories of disappearance of other parasite species, either due to faltering control of P. falciparum or more efficient control of other species.

The relationship of mercury exposure with neurological problems in artisanal gold in Makassar city.

Objectives This research aims to analyse the relationship between urine mercury levels and neurological problems. Methods This research is an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. There are 44 goldsmiths in the gold jewellery small scale industry involved in this study. Urine mercury levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Neurological problems were assessed by a medician. Data collected includes age, time of exposure, work duration, smoking behaviour and nutrition status of the goldsmiths which were obtained by interview. Results The results showed that the concentration of mercury in the goldsmith's urine was around 0.93-64.59 µg/L. The analysis showed that there were 63% of goldsmiths experiencing neurological problems, such as tremors (9.1%) and knee pass reflex (6.8%). The bivariate analysis showed that there is no significant relationship between the concentration of mercury (p=0.133), age (p=0.155), time of exposure (p=0.702), time of working (p=0.354), smoking behaviour (p=0.169) and nutrition status (p=0.541) with neurological problems. Conclusions The goldsmiths who had high levels of mercury in urine samples were diagnosed with at least one of the neurological symptoms. It is recommended that the goldsmith use personal protective equipment during work such as mask, glasses and gloves.

A validation of the Malaria Atlas Project maps and development of a new map of malaria transmission in Sokoto, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study using geographic information systems.

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Africa. There is inadequate information regarding malaria transmission-intensity in some of the worst-affected parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) was developed in 2006, to project estimates of malaria transmission intensity where this data is not available, based on the vector behaviour for malaria. Data from malariometric studies globally were obtained and modelled to provide prevalence estimates. The sensitivity of these maps, however, reduces with unavailability of data. This necessitates a validation of these maps locally, and investigation into alternative methods of predicting prevalence to guide malaria control interventions and improve their efficiency and effectiveness. This study was conducted to compare the true estimates in Sokoto, Nigeria, with the MAP projections for north-western Nigeria, and it proposes an alternative way of mapping malaria intensity in Nigeria and beyond. METHODS: A malariometric survey was conducted including children aged 2-10 years in communities in Wamakko Local Government Area (LGA) of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Children had blood examinations for the presence of malaria parasitaemia and a physical examination for the signs of clinical malaria. All the sites from which children were included in the study were geo-located using a hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) device and compared this to MAP maps of the same area. A mapping software was also used to generate a malaria prevalence map of the study area, considering the average flight distances of the vector. RESULTS: The prevalence among children 2 to 10 years was found to be 34.8% which was within the 30-40% projected prevalence for the study area by MAPs. However, it was much lower than the projection during the dry season (20.2%) and higher than the projected estimate during the rainy season (49.3%). There was monoparasitaemia of Plasmodium falciparum throughout the study area, although the study was not specifically designed to identify other species. The prevalence of parasitaemia and splenomegaly were similar when overall and when considered by age of the participants. The study also generated a map of malaria transmission, which mapped out areas where the prevalence was confirmed or likely to be to be within the range of 30-40%, based on the sites which constituted the study area for this study. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that the prevalence of malaria and its transmission intensity in Sokoto are similar to Malaria Atlas Project predictions for the area and that, for malaria control planning purposes, the projections may be utilized, with more efforts at validation of the MAPs in other locations and terrains. Also, the vector behaviour may be used to map transmission of malaria and other vector-transmitted diseases, where this information is lacking.

Layer-by-Layer Printing of Photopolymers in 3D: How Weak is the Interface?

Additive manufacturing or, as also called, three-dimensional (3D) printing is considered as a game-changer in replacing traditional processing methods in numerous applications; yet, it has one intrinsic potential weakness related to bonding of layers formed during the printing process. Prior to finding solutions for improvement, a thorough quantitative understanding of the mechanical properties of the interface is needed. Here, a quantitative analysis of the nanomechanical properties in 3D printed photopolymers formed by digital light processing (DLP) stereolithography (SLA) is shown. Mapping of the contact Young's modulus across the layered structure is performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a submicrometer resolution. The peakforce quantitative nanomechanical mapping (PF-QNM) mode was employed in the AFM experiments. The layered specimens were obtained from an acrylate-based resin (PR48, Autodesk), containing also a light-absorbing dye. We observed local depressions with values up to 30% of the maximum stiffness at the interface between the consecutively deposited layers, indicating local depletion of molecular cross-link density. The thickness values of the interfacial layers were approximately 11 µm, which corresponds to ∼22% of the total layer thickness (50 µm). We attribute this to heterogeneities of the photopolymerization reaction, related to (1) atmospheric oxygen inhibition and (2) molecular diffusion across the interface. Additionally, a pronounced stiffness decay was observed across each individual layer with a skewed profile. This behavior was rationalized by a spatial variation of the polymer cross-link density related to the variations of light absorption within the layers. This is caused by the presence of light absorbers in the printed material, resulting in a spatial decay of light intensity during photopolymerization.