ABSTRACT
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)D4 is a member of the StAR related lipid transfer family. Homology comes from the approximately 210 amino acid lipid binding domain implicated in intracellular transport, cell signaling, and lipid metabolism. StARD4 was identified as a gene downregulated 2-fold by dietary cholesterol (Soccio, R. E., R. M. Adams, K. N. Maxwell, and J. L. Breslow. 2005. Differential gene regulation of StarD4 and StarD5 cholesterol transfer proteins. Activation of StarD4 by sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and StarD5 by endoplasmic reticulum stress. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 19410-19418). A mouse knockout was created to investigate StARD4's functionality and role in lipid metabolism. Homozygous knockout mice exhibited normal Mendelian mating genetics, but weighed less than wild-type littermates, an effect not accounted for by energy metabolism or food intake. Body composition as analyzed by DEXA scan showed no significant difference. No significant alterations in plasma or liver lipid content were observed on a chow diet, but female knockout mice showed a decrease in gallbladder bile cholesterol and phospholipid concentration. When challenged with a 0.2% lova-statin diet, StARD4 homozygous mice exhibited no changes. However, when challenged with a 0.5% cholesterol diet, female StARD4 homozygous mice showed a moderate decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, and cholesterol ester concentrations. Microarray analysis of liver RNA found few changes. However, NPC1's expression, a gene not on the microarray, was decreased approximately 2.5-fold in knockouts. These observations suggest that StARD4's role can largely be compensated for by other intracellular cholesterol transporters.
