ABSTRACT
The sequencing of the 12 genomes of members of the genus Drosophila was taken as an opportunity to reevaluate the genetic and physical maps for 11 of the species, in part to aid in the mapping of assembled scaffolds. Here, we present an overview of the importance of cytogenetic maps to Drosophila biology and to the concepts of chromosomal evolution. Physical and genetic markers were used to anchor the genome assembly scaffolds to the polytene chromosomal maps for each species. In addition, a computational approach was used to anchor smaller scaffolds on the basis of the analysis of syntenic blocks. We present the chromosomal map data from each of the 11 sequenced non-Drosophila melanogaster species as a series of sections. Each section reviews the history of the polytene chromosome maps for each species, presents the new polytene chromosome maps, and anchors the genomic scaffolds to the cytological maps using genetic and physical markers. The mapping data agree with Muller's idea that the majority of Drosophila genes are syntenic. Despite the conservation of genes within homologous chromosome arms across species, the karyotypes of these species have changed through the fusion of chromosomal arms followed by subsequent rearrangement events.
Subject(s)
Chromosomes/genetics , Drosophila/genetics , Genome, Insect/genetics , Physical Chromosome Mapping , Animals , Genetic Markers , Karyotyping , Sequence Alignment , SyntenyABSTRACT
Os polimorfismos genéticos da fosfatase ácida, esterase D e glioxalase I foram investigadas em uma amostra de 363 indivíduos adultos brancos habitantes do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As freqüências gênicas observadas foram: ACP*A: 0,27; ACP*C: 0,03; ESD*2: 0,13; GLO*1: 0,42. Um alelo raro (ESD*3) foi encontrado em um indivíduo e seu filho. Utilizando-se dados deste e de estudos prévios calculou-se, para a populaçäo de Porto Alegre, o grau de heterozigosidade médio para respectivamente 13 e 20 sistemas eletroforéticos. Os níveis observados säo da mesma ordem de magnitude dos encontrados na América do Norte, apesar do grau mais elevado de mistura racial observado entre brasileiros
