Side branch predilatation during percutaneous coronary bifurcation intervention: Long-term mortality analysis.

BACKGROUND: Side branch predilatation (SBPD) during coronary bifurcation interventions is a technique that is not recommended by the latest guidelines. However, the data about the clinical outcomes after SBPD are surprisingly few. AIMS: The current study aimed to explore the association between SBPD and mortality in long-term follow-up. METHODS: All patients with coronary bifurcation stenoses revascularized with percutaneous coronary intervention were included in a prospective registry. Patients with stable angina and a bifurcation lesion with ≥50% diameter stenosis were included in the current analysis. Patients were assigned to two groups - those with SBPD(+) and those without SBPD(-). Propensity score matching was performed to equalize the risk factors and severity of coronary artery disease between the groups. A Kaplan-Meier analysis with a log-rank test for between-group differences was also performed. RESULTS: From January 2013 to June 2021, 813 patients were included in the final study population. The mean age was 67 (10) years. After propensity score matching, 648 patients remained for analysis - 324 in each group. At a median follow-up of 57 months patients in the SBPD(+) group had a higher all-cause mortality (n = 107 (33%) vs. n = 98 [30.2%]; P = 0.045) and cardiovascular mortality (n = 82 [25.3%] vs. n = 70 [21.6%]; P = 0.03) when compared with SBPD(-) patients. SBPD was independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSION: SBPD treatment of coronary bifurcation stenoses is associated with worse patient survival in the follow-up of up to 8 years. SBPD treatment gives better angiographic results, but this did not translate into better clinical outcomes.

Trends in mortality related to venous thromboembolism in the European Union, 2012-2020.

We sought to assess the sex- and age-specific trends in venous thromboembolism (VTE) mortality in the 27 European Union Member States (EU-27) between years 2012 and 2020. Data on cause-specific deaths and population numbers by sex for each country of the EU-27 were retrieved through the publicly available European Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) dataset for the years 2012-2020. VTE-related deaths were ascertained when ICD-10 codes I26, I80, and I82.9 were listed as the primary cause of death in the medical death certificate. To calculate annual trends, we assessed the average annual percent change (AAPC) with relative 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Joinpoint regression. During the study period, 96,037 (55,278 males and 40,759 females) died for VTE. The age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) linearly declined from 2.86 (95% CI 2.84-2.90) deaths per 100,000 individuals in 2012 to 2.53 (95% CI 2.50-2.56) deaths per 100,000 population in 2020 [AAPC: - 2.1% (95% CI - 3.6 to - 0.6), p = 0.001] without differences between sexes (p = 0.60). The higher AAMR was observed in some eastern European countries such as Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Lithuania. On the contrary, the lower AAMR was mainly clustered in the Mediterranean area (Italy, Spain, and Cyprus). Over the last decade, the age-adjusted VTE-related mortality has been continuously declining in most of the in EU-27 Member States. However, some disparities still exist between western and eastern European countries.

Trends of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related mortality in United States young adults: a nationwide 20-year analysis.

AIMS: Data regarding hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)-related mortality in United States young adults, defined as those aged between 25 and 44 years, are lacking. We sought to assess the trends in HCM-related mortality among US young adults between 1999 and 2019 and determine differences by sex, race, ethnicity, urbanization and census region. METHODS: Mortality data were retrieved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) dataset from January 1999 to December 2019. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were assessed using the Joinpoint regression modeling and expressed as estimated average annual percentage change (AAPC) with relative 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: Over 20-year period, the AAMR from HCM in US young adults linearly decreased, with no differences between sexes [AAPC: -5.3% (95% CI -6.1 to -4.6), P  < 0.001]. The AAMR decrease was more pronounced in Black patients [AAPC: -6.4% (95% CI -7.6 to -5.1), P  < 0.001], Latinx/Hispanic patients [AAPC: -4.8% (95% CI -7.2 to -2.36), P  < 0.001] and residents of urban areas [AAPC: -5.4% (95% CI -6.2 to -4.6), P  < 0.001]. The higher percentages of HCM-related deaths occurred in the South of the country and at the patient's home. CONCLUSION: HCM-related mortality in US young adults has decreased over the last two decades in the United States. Subgroup analyses by race, ethnicity, urbanization and census region showed ethnoracial and regional disparities that will require further investigation.

Prognostic Role of Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion to Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure Ratio for the Identification of Early Clinical Deterioration in Intermediate-High-Risk Pulmonary Embolism Patients.

The ratio of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) to echocardiographically measured systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PASP) has been proposed as a surrogate of RV-arterial coupling. In this analysis, we assess the prognostic role of TAPSE/PASP for early clinical deterioration and short-term mortality in an often clinically challenging population of intermediate-high-risk patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). A post hoc analysis of intermediate-high-risk patients with PE enrolled in the Italian Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01604538) was performed. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography at admission. The primary and secondary outcomes were clinical deterioration within 48 hours from admission and 30-day all-cause mortality, respectively. In 422 intermediate-high-risk patients with PE (mean age 71.2 ± 5.3 years, 238 men), 37 (8.7%) experienced clinical deterioration within 48 hours of admission. The 30-day mortality rate was 6.6% (n = 28). The receiver operating characteristic analysis established 0.33 as the optimal cut-off value for the TAPSE/PASP in predicting 48-hour clinical deterioration (area under the curve 0.79 ± 0.1). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 81%, 88.5%, 40.5%, and 97.9%, respectively. The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that a TAPSE/PASP ≤0.33 was an independent predictor of 48-hour clinical deterioration (hazard ratio 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.98 to 2.11, p <0.0001) and 30-day mortality (hazard ratio 2.28, 95% confidence interval 2.25 to 2.33, p <0.001). TAPSE/PASP shows promise as a noninvasive prognostic predictor to identify intermediate-high-risk patients with PE at a higher risk of early clinical deterioration and short-term mortality.

Differences and similarities in interatrial shunts management.

Atrial septal defects (ASD) and Patent foramen ovale (PFO) represent the most common congenital heart diseases (CHD) adulthood. These two clinical entities, having different embryological origin, as well as clinical manifestations, clinical course and treatment must be carefully distinguished. Right heart failure and pulmonary hypertension are considered the major determinants of morbidity and mortality in ASD. Conversely, new pathophysiology concepts have been raised in the management of PFO as left atrium cardiopathy. New diagnostic tools, including cardiac magnetic resonance and intracardiac echocardiography have joint transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnostic definition of both ASD and PFO as well as in guiding their percutaneous closure. Moreover, several innovations have been developed in the field of percutaneous ASD and PFO closure devices including new evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of device-based closure. Aim of the present review is to present review we provided and update overview on ASD and PFO, focusing on the novel concepts regarding their pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects.

Residence time in complex left main bifurcation disease after stenting.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding the mean resident time (RT) after left main (LM) bifurcation stenting are scant. In the present study we performed a patient-specific computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis to investigate the different post-stenting mean RT values in LM patients treated with single-or double stenting techniques. METHODS: Patients were identified after reviewing the local Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scans database. Overall, 27 patients (mean age 65.5 ± 12.4, 21 males) [10 patients treated with provisional cross-over stenting, 7 with the double kissing crush (DK crush) and 10 with the nano-inverted T (NIT) technique, respectively] with isolated and significant LM bifurcation disease were analyzed. RESULTS: After LM bifurcation stenting, the NIT showed a higher averages WSS values at all bifurcation sites compared to DK crush and provisional cross-over stenting. Moreover, the mean RT resulted lower after NIT compared to provisional or DK crush. During the diastolic phase, the average RT of the entire LM bifurcation was 0.46 s, 0.38 s and 0.33 s after using the provisional stenting, DK crush and NIT, respectively. Moreover, the average RT in the LM bifurcation decreased by 17.1 % using the DK crush and by 28.2 % using the NIT compared to the Provisional. CONCLUSION: The present OCT-derived CFD analysis revealed that, in patients with complex bifurcation LM disease, the provisional approach resulted in lower WSS values, while double stenting techniques, especially the NIT technique, resulted in a marked reduction of average RT compared to the provisional approach. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: In the present study we performed a patient-specific Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis to investigate the different post-stenting mean RT values in 27 patients treated with provisional cross-over stenting, DK crush and Nano-inverted-T (NIT) stenting. The NIT showed a higher averages WSS values at all bifurcation sites compared to DK crush and Provisional. The mean RT resulted lower in NIT compared to Provisional or DK crush. During the entire diastolic phase, the average RT of the entire LM bifurcation was 0.46 s, 0.38 s and 0.33 s after using the provisional stenting, DK crush and NIT, respectively. Moreover, the average RT in the entire LM bifurcation decreased by 17.1 % using the DK crush and by 28.2 % using the NIT compared to the Provisional.

Trends in sudden cardiac death mortality in Italy, 2013-2019.

We sought to analyse the incidence of sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs) amongst subjects aged less than 39 years in Italy and its time trend between 2013 and 2019. Data regarding cause-specific mortality and population size by sex in 5-year age groups were extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database. Decedents reporting the codes I46.1, I45.6, I47.2, I41.9, R09.2 and R96.0 of the International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) coding system, were extracted. The age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs), with relative 95% confidence intervals (CIs) stratified by sex, were determined using the direct method. Joinpoint regression analyses were used to identify periods with statistically distinct log linear trends in SCD-related death rates. To calculate nationwide annual trends in SCD-related mortality, we assessed the annual and average annual per cent change (AAPC) and relative 95% CIs. Over the study period, 314 deaths [220 males (70.0%) and 94 females] were due to SCD corresponding to a 0.06 per 100,000 per year (0.10 per 100,000 in males and 0.04 per 100,000 in females, respectively). Proportional mortality slightly increased, without reaching the statistical significance (p = 0.82) from 3.06 to 3.56 per 100 deaths, with a similar trend in both sexes. Joinpoint regression analysis revealed a plateau in age-standardised SCD-related mortality over the period [AAPC: -4.2 (95% CI: -24.0 to 20.8, p = 0.71], which was consistent between males and females. In Italy, SCD remains a public health issue of concern in the last decade after adjusting for age.

Computational fluid dynamics as supporting technology for coronary artery disease diagnosis and treatment: an international survey.

Background: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is emerging as an effective technology able to improve procedural outcomes and enhance clinical decision-making in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study aims to assess the state of knowledge, use and clinical acceptability of CFD in the diagnosis and treatment of CAD. Methods: We realized a 20-questions international, anonymous, cross-sectional survey to cardiologists to test their knowledge and confidence on CFD as a technology applied to patients suffering from CAD. Responses were recorded between May 18, 2022, and June 12, 2022. Results: A total of 466 interventional cardiologists (mean age 48.4 ± 8.3 years, males 362), from 42 different countries completed the survey, for a response rate of 45.9%. Of these, 66.6% declared to be familiar with the term CFD, especially for optimization of existing interventional techniques (16.1%) and assessment of hemodynamic quantities related with CAD (13.7%). About 30% of respondents correctly answered to the questions exploring their knowledge on the pathophysiological role of some CFD-derived quantities such as wall shear stress and helical flow in coronary arteries. Among respondents, 85.9% would consider patient-specific CFD-based analysis in daily interventional practice while 94.2% declared to be interested in receiving a brief foundation course on the basic CFD principles. Finally, 87.7% of respondents declared to be interested in a cath-lab software able to conduct affordable CFD-based analyses at the point-of-care. Conclusions: Interventional cardiologists reported to be profoundly interested in adopting CFD simulations as a technology supporting decision making in the treatment of CAD in daily practice.

Risk of incident pericarditis after coronavirus disease 2019 recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: Data regarding the risk of incident pericarditis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovered patients are lacking. We determined the risk of incident pericarditis after COVID-19 infection by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of available data. METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched MEDLINE and Scopus to locate all articles published up to 11 February 2023 reporting the risk of incident pericarditis in patients who had recovered from COVID-19 infection compared to noninfected patients (controls) defined as those who did not experience the disease over the same follow-up period. Pericarditis risk was evaluated using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects models with hazard ratio (HR) as the effect measure with 95% confidence interval (CI) while heterogeneity was assessed using Higgins I2 statistic. RESULTS: Overall, 16 412 495 patients (mean age 55.1 years, 76.8% males), of whom 1 225 715 had COVID-19 infection, were included. Over a mean follow-up of 9.6 months, pericarditis occurred in 3.40 (95% CI: 3.39-3.41) out of 1000 patients who survived COVID-19 infection compared with 0.82 (95% CI: 0.80-0.83) out of 1000 control patients. Recovered COVID-19 patients presented a higher risk of incident pericarditis (HR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.56-2.43, I2 : 71.1%) compared with controls. Meta-regression analysis showed a significant direct relationship for the risk of incident pericarditis using HT ( P  = 0.02) and male sex ( P  = 0.02) as moderators, while an indirect association was observed when age ( P  = 0.01) and the follow-up length ( P  = 0.02) were adopted as moderating variables. CONCLUSIONS: Recovered COVID-19 patients have a higher risk of pericarditis compared with patients from the general population.

Trends in age and sex-specific dilated cardiomyopathy mortality in Italy, 2005-2017.

AIMS: Data regarding the dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)-related mortality and relative time trends in the Italian population remain scant. We sought to assess the DCM mortality rates and relative trends among the Italian population between 2005 and 2017. METHODS: Annual death rates by sex and 5-year age group were extracted from the WHO global mortality database. The age-standardized mortality rates, with relative 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), also stratified by sex, were calculated using the direct method. Joinpoint regression analyses were used to identify periods with statistically distinct log linear trends in DCM-related death rates. To calculate nationwide annual trends in DCM-related mortality, we assessed the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and relative 95% CIs. RESULTS: In Italy, the DCM age-standardized annual mortality rate decreased from 4.99 (95% CI: 4.97-5.02) deaths per 100 000 to 2.51 (95% CI: 2.49-2.52) deaths per 100 000 population. Over the entire period, men had a higher DCM-related mortality rates than women. Moreover, the mortality rate increased with age, with a seemingly exponential distribution and showing a similar trend among men and women. Joinpoint regression analysis revealed a linear decrease in age-standardized DCM-related mortality from 2005 to 2017 [AAPC: -5.1% (95% CI: -5.9 to -4.3, P < 0.001)] in the entire Italian population. However, the decline was more pronounced among women [AAPC: -5.6 (95% CI: -6.4 to -4.8, P < 0.001)] compared with men [AAPC: -4.9 (95% CI: -5.8 to -4.1, P < 0.001)]. CONCLUSION: In Italy, the DCM-related mortality rates linearly declined from 2005 to 2017.

Risk of ischemic stroke in patients recovered from COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding the risk of ischemic stroke within 1 year after the post-acute phase of COVID-19 remain scant. We assess the risk of ischemic stroke in COVID-19 survivors after SARS-CoV-2 infection by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available data. METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched Medline and Scopus to locate all articles published up to February 11, 2023, reporting the risk of incident ischemic stroke in adult patients recovered from COVID-19 infection compared to non-infected patients (controls) defined as those who did not experience the infection over the same follow-up period. Ischemic stroke risk was evaluated using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects models with adjusted Hazard ratio (HR) as the effect measure with 95% confidence interval (CI) while heterogeneity was assessed using Higgins I2 statistic. RESULTS: Overall, 23,559,428 patients (mean age 56, 1 year, 54.3% males), of whom 1,595,984 had COVID-19, were included. Over a mean follow-up of 9.2 months, ischemic stroke occurred in 4.40 [95% CI: 4.36-4.43] out of 1000 patients survived to COVID-19 compared to 3.25 [95% CI:3.21-3.29] out of 1000 controls. Recovered COVID-19 patients presented a higher risk of ischemic stroke ((HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.75-2.41, p < 0.0001, I2 = 63.7%) compared to people who did not have COVID-19. COVID-19 patients hospitalized at the time of the infection have a subsequent higher risk of stroke during the follow-up compared to those non-hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: Recovered COVID-19 patients have a higher risk of ischemic stroke compared to subjects from the general population within 9 months from the index infection.