ABSTRACT
Objective: Glaucoma is the most frequent cause of blindness in Japan and is primarily treated using IOP-lowering ophthalmic solutions. Although the patients themselves frequently instill ophthalmic solutions, instillation by caregivers may be necessary for various reasons. Therefore, we evaluated pharmaceutical characteristics of antiglaucoma ophthalmic solutions and their usability from the caregivers' viewpoint.Methods: Five dorzolamide hydrochloride-timolol maleate ophthalmic solutions and 2 travoprost-timolol maleate ophthalmic solutions were evaluated concerning the pharmaceutical characteristics and subjective squeezability rated by adults aged 20 years or above.Results: Among the dorzolamide hydrochloride-timolol maleate compounding ophthalmic solutions, the squeeze force was the lowest in COSOPT® ophthalmic solution (11.8 N), and DORMOLOL® combination ophthalmic solution NITTEN was rated highest, with 68.2% of the subjects placing it within the top 3 levels of a 7-level scale. Of the travoprost-timolol maleate ophthalmic solutions, the squeeze force was 9.8 N, lower than the pioneer drug, in TraTimo® combination ophthalmic solution NITTO, which was also rated in the top 3 levels by 90.3% of the subjects. A strong negative correlation was observed between the squeeze force and squeezability.Conclusion: In instillation by caregivers, the squeeze force was shown to be correlated with subjective squeezability as in instillation by patients themselves. This study provided information concerning the usability of ophthalmic solutions from the caregivers' viewpoint. For the future, it is necessary to select ophthalmic solutions from the caregivers' as well as the patients' viewpoints by utilizing information obtained in this study.
ABSTRACT
To smoothly proceed with the national policies and projects concerning dementia measures, it is important that pharmacists who take care of patient in clinical practice sufficiently understand its contents. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey involving chain community pharmacists to investigate the level of awareness concerning these policies and projects. Subjects were 446 chain community pharmacists. The questionnaire consisted of 17 items (e.g. the level of awareness regarding the “Comprehensive Strategy to Accelerate Dementia Measures (New Orange Plan)”, “Dementia Supporters Caravan Program (Caravan Program)”, and “Dementia training certified pharmacist program (Certification program)”). The questionnaires were filled out anonymously. The levels of awareness concerning the “New Orange Plan” and “Caravan Program” were 34.7% and 48.9%, respectively. Sixty-one percent of subjects attended a “Dementia Supporter Training Lecture”, 30.4% of whom were wearing the “orange ring”. The levels of awareness and the hope of acquisition concerning the “Certification program” were 47.8% and 79.8%, respectively. To achieve the purpose of “contribution to early detection of dementia by pharmacist” of the “New Orange Plan”, it is necessary to conducting the workshop and to create an opportunity to come in contact with dementia patients. It is also important to recognize that it is necessary to enlighten the meaning of wearing an “orange ring” and to enlarge the circle of dementia supporters. In addition, it is thought that more dementia patients can be supported in the community by increasing the levels of awareness concerning the “Certification program” and giving appropriate advice and response.
ABSTRACT
Thiacalix[3]pyridine (Py3S3) consists of pyridines and bridging sulfur atoms producing a stable octahedral mononuclear Rh(II) complex [Rh(II)(Py3S3)2]2+ showing mutual Jahn-Teller effect, a metal based reversible redox couple of Rh(III/II) at 0.02 V vs. SCE and a g(perpendicular) > g(||) relationship in EPR measurements.
ABSTRACT
The first structurally characterised example of a 2-D clathrate hydrate spontaneously assembles when [CuF(tptm)] (tptm = tris(2-pyridylthio)methyl) crystallises from toluene/water solutions to produce a material in which planar arrays of [CuF(tptm)] sandwich and hydrogen bond to continuous 2-D sheets of water that incorporate toluene molecules at regular intervals.
