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1.
J Community Health ; 39(1): 60-71, 2014 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23903907

ABSTRACT

This study examines breast cancer knowledge, attitudes and screening behaviors of Hispanic women living in the South Texas colonias of Maverick and Val Verde Counties. We used the Health Belief Model to analyze the effects of HBM constructs on clinical breast exam (CBE) and mammogram screening. Using a multistage systematic sampling approach we interviewed women living within these colonias. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict CBE and mammography screening behaviors. The results indicate that knowledge, susceptibility, barriers and source of health information were statistically significant in predicting CBE among these women. In addition, background variables such as marital status and health insurance were also significant in predicting CBE. Findings further indicate that source of health information, barriers, and health insurance significantly predicts mammography screening behaviors. Results suggest that for women living in colonias along the South Texas Border socio-demographic variables play a significant role in CBE and mammography utilization.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/ethnology , Early Detection of Cancer/psychology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology , Hispanic or Latino , Adult , Aged , Female , Health Behavior , Humans , Male , Mammography , Middle Aged , Perception , Socioeconomic Factors , Texas/epidemiology
2.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 30(2): 133-43, 2011 Aug.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22159722

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is (a) to examine the ways in which Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have benefited from increases in international development assistance for health (DAH) at the global level and whether the trend observed after the Millennium Summit has also applied to the Region; (b) to determine whether there are differences in the distribution of this assistance, based on the gross per capita income of each country; (c) to identify the possible effects of the 2008 international financial crisis on official bilateral assistance; and (d) to compare trends in public health expenditure in relation to DAH before and after the Millennium Summit. The study has found that DAH in LAC follows a very different pattern than in other regions of the world. The period from 1997 to 2008 was one of fluctuating stagnation, with average annual disbursements of US$ 1 200 million. Multilateral financial institutions accounted for 79% of the average disbursements in the upper-middle income countries between 2002 and 2008, while official bilateral assistance held the greatest share (61%) in the low- and lower-middle income countries. Bilateral assistance grew at an annual rate of 13% during this period, but in the year after the crisis, disbursements fell to US$ 20 million. Sixty-four percent of bilateral assistance came from the United States, Spain, and Canada, with 29% of it being directed to HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. After the Millennium Summit DAH channeled to governments decreased 30% in the period 2001-2006, and its share of public health expenditure in the region was 0.3% for the same period, with an equally marginal proportion in relation to total health expenditure for 2008 (0.37%; US$ 2 per capita). The study concludes that after the Millennium Summit, DAH in LAC did not grow nor did it equal the trends prior to 2000, and public health expenditure followed its historical growth trend, without further increases in relation to the regional gross domestic product. Given these realities and the fact that LAC is the world's most unequal region, but not its poorest, it is imperative to reconsider the concepts, management, and delivery of cooperation in the development of health, using innovative approaches and alternative financing mechanisms that respond more effectively to the realities of the region.


Subject(s)
Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Global Health/economics , International Cooperation , Public Health/economics , Caribbean Region , Developing Countries/economics , Goals , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Planning Support , Health Promotion/economics , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Health Services Needs and Demand , Humans , Latin America , Pan American Health Organization/economics , Pan American Health Organization/organization & administration , World Health Organization/economics , World Health Organization/organization & administration
3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 30(2): 133-143, agosto 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-608297

ABSTRACT

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos a) conocer en qué medida América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) se vio beneficiada por los aumentos de la asistencia internacional para el desarrollo de la salud (ADS) a nivel mundial y si la tendencia observada después de la Cumbre del Milenio, también fue una tendencia observada en la Región, b) determinar si existen diferencias en la distribución de esta asistencia, según el ingreso bruto per cápita de los países, c) identificar el posible efecto de la crisis financiera internacional de 2008 en la ayuda oficial bilateral y d) comparar las tendencias que tuvo el gasto público salud con respecto a la ADS antes y después de la Cumbre del Milenio Se encontró que la ADS en ALC sigue un curso muy diferente al de otras regiones del mundo. A partir de 1997 se entra en un período de estancamiento fluctuante que se extiende hasta 2008, con desembolsos promedios anuales de US$ 1 200 millones. La banca multilateral tuvo una participación de 79 por ciento de los desembolsos promedios entre 2002 y 2008 en los países de ingreso medio alto, mientras que la ayuda oficial bilateral registró la mayor participación (61 por ciento) en los países de ingresos medios bajos y bajos. En este período la ayuda bilateral tiene un crecimiento anual de 13 por ciento, pero en el año posterior a la crisis los desembolsos caen en US$ 20 millones. El 64 por ciento de la ayuda bilateral provino de Estados Unidos, España y Canadá, y el 29 por ciento de la misma se destinó a VIH/Sida y enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Después de la Cumbre del Milenio la ADS canalizada hacia los gobiernos disminuyó en un 30 por ciento entre 2001-2006 y su participación con respecto al gasto público en salud regional fue de 0,30 por ciento en el mismo período, con una proporción igualmente marginal con respecto al gasto total en salud para 2008 (0,37 por ciento; US$ 2 per cápita). Se concluye que después de la Cumbre del Milenio la ADS en ALC no creció ni logró igualar las tendencias antes del 2000 y el gasto público en salud siguió su tendencia de crecimiento histórico, sin mayores incrementos con respecto al producto interno bruto regional. Frente a este panorama y por ser ALC la región más desigual pero no la más pobre del mundo, resulta imperativo replantearse las formas de pensar, conducir y entregar la cooperación para el desarrollo de la salud con enfoques innovadores y mecanismos alternativos de financiamiento que respondan más y mejor a las realidades de la región.


The purpose of this study is (a) to examine the ways in which Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have benefited from increases in international development assistance for health (DAH) at the global level and whether the trend observed after the Millennium Summit has also applied to the Region; (b) to determine whether there are differences in the distribution of this assistance, based on the gross per capita income of each country; (c) to identify the possible effects of the 2008 international financial crisis on official bilateral assistance; and (d) to compare trends in public health expenditure in relation to DAH before and after the Millennium Summit. The study has found that DAH in LAC follows a very different pattern than in other regions of the world. The period from 1997 to 2008 was one of fluctuating stagnation, with average annual disbursements of US$ 1 200 million. Multilateral financial institutions accounted for 79 percent of the average disbursements in the upper-middle income countries between 2002 and 2008, while official bilateral assistance held the greatest share (61 percent) in the low- and lower-middle income countries. Bilateral assistance grew at an annual rate of 13 percent during this period, but in the year after the crisis, disbursements fell to US$ 20 million. Sixty-four percent of bilateral assistance came from the United States, Spain, and Canada, with 29 percent of it being directed to HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. After the Millennium Summit DAH channeled to governments decreased 30 percent in the period 2001-2006, and its share of public health expenditure in the region was 0.3 percent for the same period, with an equally marginal proportion in relation to total health expenditure for 2008 (0.37 percent; US$ 2 per capita). The study concludes that after the Millennium Summit, DAH in LAC did not grow nor did it equal the trends prior to 2000, and public health expenditure followed its historical growth trend, without further increases in relation to the regional gross domestic product. Given these realities and the fact that LAC is the world's most unequal region, but not its poorest, it is imperative to reconsider the concepts, management, and delivery of cooperation in the development of health, using innovative approaches and alternative financing mechanisms that respond more effectively to the realities of the region.


Subject(s)
Humans , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , International Cooperation , Public Health/economics , Global Health/economics , Caribbean Region , Developing Countries/economics , Goals , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Planning Support , Health Promotion/economics , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Health Services Needs and Demand , Latin America , Pan American Health Organization/economics , Pan American Health Organization/organization & administration , World Health Organization/economics , World Health Organization/organization & administration
6.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 5(4/5): 222-231, abr.-mayo 1999. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-244232

ABSTRACT

El propósito de este artículo es describir las bases conceptuales y los métodos empleados en el estudio multicéntrico ACTIVA, así como el proceso que se cumplió en las diferentes etapas de la investigación. Se brinda información general sobre el enfoque, diseño y métodos que se aplicaron en las ciudades que participaron en el estudio: San Salvador, El Salvador; San José, Costa Rica; Cali, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela; Salvador de Bahía y Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Santiago, Chile y Madrid, España. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: 1) analizar y comparar entre ciudades la prevalencia de conductas agresivas verbales y físicas hacia los niños, la pareja y personas que no son miembros de la familia; y 2) identificar factores personales, ambientales y socioeconómicos asociados con estas conductas violentas. El propósito del proyecto ACTIVA fue generar información que ayudara a orientar políticas y programas para la prevención de la violencia en las ciudades y brindar criterios para la toma de decisiones, así como recabar información que sirviera de base para evaluar políticas y programas de prevención. Para cumplir con los objetivos propuestos se procedió a elaborar y validar un cuestionario común, que se aplicó, mediante el método de entrevista cara-cara, a los residentes de hogares particulares urbanos entre los 18 y 70 años de edad. La muestra fue seleccionada en cada ciudad mediante un muestreo multietápico, estratificado y por conglomerados y proporcionada según los estratos socioeconómicos y la densidad de la población y sin reemplazo o sustitución. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 10,821 personas. En general, los porcentajes de respuesta se encontraron comprendidos entre los límites establecidos, salvo algunas excepciones. En San José, Rio de Janeiro y Madrid el tamaño de la muestra final fue ligeramente menor del esperado. Se registraron mayores rechazos en varones jóvenes adultos de los estratos altos, por lo cual en las muestras se observó una sobrerrepresentación de mujeres con predominio de los estratos medio y bajo. Se indica que con el método propuesto es posible analizar la asociación entre las conductas violentas y diferentes factores de riesgo y atributos a nivel individual en un momento particular en el tiempo. Sin embargo, se advierte que este diseño tiene limitaciones a la hora de establecer relaciones causales y que no permitió evaluar el contexto en que se manifiesta y desarrolla la violencia en cada situación particular


The purpose of this article is to describe the conceptual bases and methods used in the ACTIVA multicenter study, as well as the process employed in the different stages of the research. General information is given on the approach, design, and methods that were applied in the cities that participated in the study: San Salvador, El Salvador; San José, Costa Rica; Cali, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Santiago, Chile; and Madrid, Spain. The objectives of the study were to: (1) analyze and compare among cities the prevalence of verbal and physical aggressive behaviors toward children, the spouse or other partner, and persons outside the family; and (2) identify personal, environmental, and socioeconomic factors associated with these violent behaviors. The purpose of the ACTIVA project was to generate information to help guide violence-prevention policies and programs in the cities and to provide criteria for decision-making, as well as to obtain baseline data to use in evaluating prevention policies and programs. To achieve the proposed objectives, a single, common questionnaire was prepared and validated. The questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews with residents of private urban homes who were between 18 and 70 years old. The sample was selected in each city through stratified multistage sampling of clusters proportionate to the socioeconomic strata of the general population and without any substitutions. The final sample consisted of 10 821 people. In general, the response rates were within the established limits. Exceptions included San José, Rio de Janeiro, and Madrid, where the size of the final sample was slightly smaller than anticipated. More young men of higher socioeconomic strata declined to participate, so that the samples had an overrepresentation of women from medium and lower strata. The article concludes with a description of the scope and limitations of the study, in terms of both the approach and methods. With their comparative analyses, studies of this type can contribute to identifying the differences and similarities between cities. The article shows that with this method it is possible to analyze how violent behaviors are associated with different risk factors and individuals' characteristics, at a point in time. However, this design is limited in terms of establishing causal relationships, and it did not allow an evaluation of the context of every specific instance of violence.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Violence/prevention & control , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Cultural Characteristics , Venezuela , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Spain
7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 5(4/5): 309-315, abr.-mayo 1999.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-244240

ABSTRACT

Those in charge of directing scientific research face a daunting task: finding a proper balance between excellence in research and that research's relevance to people's health problems. In developing countires, this task is further hampered by deficient scientific and technological infrastructure, the lack of competitiveness of its research community, and the shortage of research funds. This article explains some of the mechanisms that have been put in place in Latin America to achieve a balance between excellence and relevance, especially by promoting research that targets pertinent public health problems. Within this context, the multicenter studies being conducted under the auspices of the Pan American Health Organization's Program for the Support of Research are described. The article also lays out the fundamental features of a new model for international cooperation to generate knowledge to help resolve the public health problems of the countries of the Americas


Subject(s)
Research , Research Design/trends , Public Health , Americas
9.
Article in Spanish | PAHO | ID: pah-27881

ABSTRACT

El propósito de este artículo es describir las bases conceptuales y los métodos empleados en el estudio multicéntrico ACTIVA, así como el proceso que se cumplió en las diferentes etapas de la investigación. Se brinda información general sobre el enfoque, diseño y métodos que se aplicaron en las ciudades que participaron en el estudio: San Salvador, El Salvador; San José, Costa Rica; Cali, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela; Salvador de Bahía y Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Santiago, Chile y Madrid, España. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: 1) analizar y comparar entre ciudades la prevalencia de conductas agresivas verbales y físicas hacia los niños, la pareja y personas que no son miembros de la familia; y 2) identificar factores personales, ambientales y socioeconómicos asociados con estas conductas violentas. El propósito del proyecto ACTIVA fue generar información que ayudara a orientar políticas y programas para la prevención de la violencia en las ciudades y brindar criterios para la toma de decisiones, así como recabar información que sirviera de base para evaluar políticas y programas de prevención. Para cumplir con los objetivos propuestos se procedió a elaborar y validar un cuestionario común, que se aplicó, mediante el método de entrevista cara-cara, a los residentes de hogares particulares urbanos entre los 18 y 70 años de edad. La muestra fue seleccionada en cada ciudad mediante un muestreo multietápico, estratificado y por conglomerados y proporcionada según los estratos socioeconómicos y la densidad de la población y sin reemplazo o sustitución. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 10,821 personas. En general, los porcentajes de respuesta se encontraron comprendidos entre los límites establecidos, salvo algunas excepciones. En San José, Rio de Janeiro y Madrid el tamaño de la muestra final fue ligeramente menor del esperado. Se registraron mayores rechazos en varones jóvenes adultos de los estratos altos, por lo cual en las muestras se observó una sobrerrepresentación de mujeres con predominio de los estratos medio y bajo. Se indica que con el método propuesto es posible analizar la asociación entre las conductas violentas y diferentes factores de riesgo y atributos a nivel individual en un momento particular en el tiempo. Sin embargo, se advierte que este diseño tiene limitaciones a la hora de establecer relaciones causales y que no permitió evaluar el contexto en que se manifiesta y desarrolla la violencia en cada situación particular


Subject(s)
Violence/prevention & control , Cultural Characteristics , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , El Salvador , Costa Rica , Colombia , Venezuela , Brazil , Chile , Spain
10.
Article in Spanish | PAHO | ID: pah-27889

ABSTRACT

Those in charge of directing scientific research face a daunting task: finding a proper balance between excellence in research and that research's relevance to people's health problems. In developing countires, this task is further hampered by deficient scientific and technological infrastructure, the lack of competitiveness of its research community, and the shortage of research funds. This article explains some of the mechanisms that have been put in place in Latin America to achieve a balance between excellence and relevance, especially by promoting research that targets pertinent public health problems. Within this context, the multicenter studies being conducted under the auspices of the Pan American Health Organization's Program for the Support of Research are described. The article also lays out the fundamental features of a new model for international cooperation to generate knowledge to help resolve the public health problems of the countries of the Americas


Subject(s)
Public Health , Research , Research Design/trends , Latin America
14.
18.
Washington, D.C; Pan American Health Organization; 1993. 280 p. tab.(PAHO. Scientific Publication, 541).
Monography in English | PAHO | ID: pah-15803
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