Controls of DSi in streams and reservoirs along the Kaveri River, South India.

There is an increasing body of evidence showing that land use may affect the concentration and flux of dissolved silica (DSi) and amorphous, biogenic Si particles (ASi/BSi) in surface waters. Here, we present a study of riverine waters collected within the Kaveri River Basin, which has a long history of land occupation with +43% population increase in the watershed during the last 30 years associated with agricultural practices including canal irrigation from reservoirs and, more recently, bore well pumping. We report total dissolved solids (TDS) and suspended material (TSM) for 15 river stations and 5 reservoirs along the Kaveri itself and its main tributaries sampled during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon periods in 2006 and 2007. The TDS in the Kaveri River globally increases from the upper reaches (humid to sub-humid climate) to the lower reaches (semi-arid climate), and at a given station from monsoon (M) to hot season (HS). The DSi concentrations range from 129 µmol L(-1) (M) to 390 µmol L(-1) (HS) in the main Kaveri stream and reaches up to 686 µmol L(-1) in the Shimsha River (HS). Our results indicate that DSi and the main solutes of the Kaveri River have not drastically changed since the last 30 years despite the population increase. The pollution index of Van der Weijden and Pacheco (2006) ranges from 13% to 54% but DSi does not seem to be affected by domestic wastewater. ASi is mostly composed of diatoms and phytoliths that both play roles in controlling DSi. We suggest that DSi and ASi delivered to the cultivated areas through irrigation from reservoir may have two important consequences: increasing Si bioavailability for crops and limiting Si flux to the ocean.

[The spasmolytic activity of propiverine and some of its structural analogs]. / Untersuchungen zur spasmolytischen Aktivität von Propiverin und einigen seiner Strukturanaloga.

The spasmolytic activity of propiverine and its corresponding methyl ether analogue was investigated in the isolated ileum and urinary bladder of the rat. It could be demonstrated that the antispasmodic properties of propiverine were, in contrast to its methyl ether analogue, not only based on a blockade of muscarinic receptors but were also a consequence of nonspecific papaverine-like effects. Investigations with three putative metabolites showed that the alcohol derivative O-desalkylpropiverine was about two orders of magnitude more potent than propiverine itself in blocking spasmogenic effects of the agonist arecaidine propargyl ester. In contrast no spasmolytic effect could be observed after application of the corresponding carboxylic acids (benzilic acid propyl ether; benzilic acid 2-hydroxypropyl-ether.