Factores asociados al desarrollo de hidrocefalia dependiente de derivación ventrículo peritoneal en pacientes operados de aneurismas cerebrales

RESUMEN Introducción: Diversos factores pueden estar asociados al desarrollo de hidrocefalia en pacientes operados de aneurismas cerebrales que luego son dependientes de derivación ventrículo peritoneal, pueden estar dados por obstrucción mecánica o inflamatoria con disminución de la absorción del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Objetivo: Determinar factores asociados al desarrollo de hidrocefalia dependiente de derivación ventrículo peritoneal en pacientes con aneurismas cerebrales que han recibido tratamiento quirúrgico para clipaje. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal de expedientes clínicos de 171 pacientes operados de aneurismas cerebrales en el Hospital de Clínicas desde el año 2013 hasta febrero del 2020. Resultados: Se han analizado 171 casos operados de aneurismas cerebrales, la mayoría del sexo femenino (71%), con un rango de edad de 17-77 años (mediana 53 años). El 7,6 % desarrolló hidrocefalia con requerimiento de derivación ventrículo peritoneal. De estos pacientes el 61,5 % tuvieron antecedentes de craniectomía descompresiva (p< 0,001). El 84,6 % presentó vasoespasmo tanto clínico como radiológico (p < 0,001). Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron en las arterias carótida interna y cerebral media con 38,9 % para ambos. La escala de Fisher IV fue la más frecuente con 76,9%, luego Fisher II con 15,3 % (p= 0,14). El 62,2 % fueron operados durante la fase aguda (p= 0,03). Conclusión: Se ha observado en este estudio factores con asociación estadísticamente significativas con el desarrollo de hidrocefalia como la presencia de vasoespasmo y los operados de craniectomía descompresiva los cuales están acordes a la literatura, respecto a la fase de la enfermedad en la que se realizó la cirugía, en este estudio se observó predominio en la fase aguda, en contraste a lo que se observa en varias fuentes bibliográficas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Various factors may be associated with the development of hydrocephalus in patients operated on for cerebral aneurysms that are later dependent on peritoneal ventricular shunt, may be due to mechanical or inflammatory obstruction with decreased absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Objective: To determine factors associated with the development of peritoneal ventricular shunt-dependent hydrocephalus in patients with cerebral aneurysms who have received surgical treatment for clipping. Methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study of clinical records of 171 patients operated on for cerebral aneurysms at the Hospital de Clínicas from 2013 to February 2020. Results: 171 cases operated on for cerebral aneurysms have been analyzed, most of the female sex (71%), with an age range of 17-77 years (median 53 years). 7.6 % developed hydrocephalus with a peritoneal ventricle shunt requirement. Of these patients, 61.5% had a history of decompressive craniectomy (p <0.001). 84.6% presented both clinical and radiological vasospasm (p <0.001). The most frequent locations were in the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries with 38.9% for both. The Fisher IV scale was the most frequent with 76.9%, then Fisher II with 15.3% (p = 0.14). 62.2% underwent surgery during the acute phase (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Factors with a statistically significant association with the development of hydrocephalus have been observed in this study, such as the presence of vasospasm and those undergoing decompressive craniectomy, which are in accordance with the literature, unlike what occurs with the phase of the disease in the that surgery was performed, which in our study showed a predominance in the acute phase, in contrast to what is observed in various bibliographic sources.

Alteraciones cognitivas en pacientes operados de aneurismas cerebrales en el Hospital de Clínicas

RESUMEN Introducción: la hemorragia subaracnoidea por sí misma puede dar lugar a un daño cerebral, por esto, en pacientes sin complicaciones los trastornos cognitivos pueden estar presentes. Objetivos: analizar las alteraciones neuropsicológicos en los pacientes operados de aneurismas cerebrales y los factores que se asocian a su desarrollo. Metodología: estudio analítico, observacional, ambispectivo, 2013-2020, que incluyó pacientes operados de aneurismas cerebrales rotos en el Hospital de Clínicas. La evaluación cognitiva se realizó con el mini examen cognitivo de Lobo. Se consideró alterado cuando la puntuación fue menor a 27. Se analizaron 12 variables asociando las mismas con el tema de estudio. Los datos fueron analizados con Epiinfo 7.2. Resultados: La edad mayor a 60 años se asoció al déficit cognitivo de forma significativa, así como también la lateralidad a izquierda, el uso de clipado temporario durante la cirugía, la ruptura del aneurisma en el intraoperatorio, el vasoespasmo y la hidrocefalia. No se asoció significativamente con el desarrollo de un trastorno cognitivo; el sexo, el nivel de escolaridad, la cantidad de sangre cisternal, la localización del aneurisma, el Glasgow de ingreso ni la fase en la cual se realzó la cirugía. Discusión: en general los hallazgos coinciden con la literatura. Llamó la atención que la escala de Fisher en la muestra estudiada no demostró tener una asociación significativa con el trastorno cognitivo, sin embargo, hay datos en la literatura que sostienen que la cantidad de sangre cisternal al ingreso es un fuerte predictor del estado cognitivo del paciente al alta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: subarachnoid hemorrhage itself can lead to brain damage, so in uncomplicated patient's cognitive disorders may be present. Objective: To analyze the cognitive impairments in patients following clipping of ruptured aneurysms and the factors that are associated with their development. Methodology: analytical, observational, ambispective study, 2013-2020, including patients operated for ruptured aneurysms at the Hospital de Clínicas. The cognitive evaluation was performed with the Lobo mini cognitive exam. It was considered altered when the score was less than 27. Twelve variables were analyzed associating them with the study topic. The data was analyzed with Epiinfo 7.2. Results: Age over 60 years was significantly associated with cognitive deficit, as well as left laterality, the use of temporary clipping during surgery, intraoperative aneurysm rupture, vasospasm, and hydrocephalus. It was not significantly associated with the development of a cognitive disorder; sex, level of education, amount of cisternal blood, location of the aneurysm, admission Glasgow, and the timing in which the surgery was performed. Discussion: In general, the findings coincide with the literature. It was noteworthy that the Fisher scale in the studied sample did not show to have a significant association with cognitive disorder, however, there are data in the literature that maintain that the amount of cisternal blood on admission is a strong predictor of the patient's cognitive state at discharge.

Spectacle-wear compliance in school children in Concepción Chile.

PURPOSE: Although international policies promote programs for correction of refractive errors in school children, recent studies report low compliance with respect to spectacle wear. Our aim was to assess spectacle-wear compliance and identify associated visual factors among children participating in Chile's school spectacle provision program. METHODS: A total of 270 school children were prescribed spectacles and monitored after 1 year. Visual acuity, refractive error, reasons for not wearing spectacles, and self-reported visual function were assessed. Compliance is reported as the proportion of children wearing spectacles at the 1-year visit. Factors associated with compliance and reasons for not wearing spectacles were examined using contingency table analyses. Logistic models were constructed to assess independently associated factors. RESULTS: Only 204 children (76%) participated in the 1-year follow-up. Mean age was 10 years (range 4-19 years); 58% were girls, 42% boys. Overall compliance was 58%. Spectacle use was independently associated with age and refractive error. Older children were less likely to be compliant (odds ratio, OR, 0.8, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.76-0.92/year of increasing age). Compared with children with refractions of -0.75 to +0.75 diopters, both myopic and hyperopic children were more compliant (OR 4.93, 95% CI 2.28-10.67 and OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.06-5.31, respectively). Primary reasons for not wearing spectacles included breakage/loss in younger children, and disliking the appearance in teenagers. CONCLUSION: We found greater compliance in spectacle wear than that reported in most published studies. Guidelines for provision of children's spectacles should consider excluding children with mild refractive error and improving spectacle quality and appearance.

Use of tigecycline in critically ill patients with serious nosocomial intra-abdominal infections.

Intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is a frequent complication found in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) and continues to be associated with considerable mortality. Tigecycline, the first-in-class glycylcycline has demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of bacteria commonly found in IAI. This observational retrospective study aimed to describe the experience with tigecycline for serious nosocomial IAI in the SICU. Data were collected from 23 consecutive patients admitted to SICU with serious nococomial IAI who had received empirical treatment with tigecycline. In all cases, IAI was diagnosed via emergency surgery. Severe sepsis was found in 56.5% and 43.5% developed septic shock. Oncological disease was the most common comorbidity (60%). The mean Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) III within 24 hours from IAI diagnosis was 57.5±14.7, and 87% showed a McCabe score >1 (2 or 3). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen (43.5%), followed by Bacteroides spp. and Streptococcus spp. (30.4%, respectively). All but one patient received tigecycline in combination (95.7%), particularly with fluconazole (52.2%), followed by piperacillin-tazobactam (43.5%). Empirical antibiotic therapy was considered adequate in 95%. The mean duration of treatment was 8.5±4.5 days. A favorable response was achieved in 78%. Failure of the antibiotic therapy was not observed in any patient. None of the patients discontinued tigecycline due to adverse reactions. SICU mortality was 13%, with no deaths attributable to tigecycline. These findings suggest that tigecycline combination therapy is an effective and well tolerated empirical treatment of serious nosocomial IAI in the SICU.

[Lymphomas associated with HIV infection in patients at the Hospital San Borja Arriarán /Fundación Arriarán 2001-2008, Santiago, Chile]. / Linfomas asociados a infección por VIH en pacientes del Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán / Fundación Arriarán2001-2008.

INTRODUCTION: Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) and non Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are frequently associated to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in adults. OBJECTIVE: To systematize the clinical features and histological characteristics of lymphomas in AIDS patients, its treatment and outcomes in our institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients with HIV-associated lymphoma between January 2001 and December 2008 at the San Borja Arriarán Hospital complex. RESULTS: Information was obtained from 30 patients with NHL and 7 with HL, with a median of 40 years. The majority of tumors were Burkitt lymphoma (47%), diffuse large cell lymphoma B-cell (37%) and NHL of T lineage (10%). There was no CNS or cavities lymphoma. Almost all patients (86.7%) with NHL were treated with CHOP chemotherapy, 57% of those receiving treatment had progression or relapse from complete remission. A rescue chemotherapy was indicated in 4 patients. 73% of patients receiving CHOP, complete 5 to 6 cycles of chemotherapy. The use of CHOP chemotherapy for the subgroup of patients with Burkitt lymphoma achieved low rates of complete remission and frequent relapse and disease progression, showing that CHOP was ineffective in improving survival, especially in high risk patients. We found statistically significant differences in survival according to IPIae (International prognostic Index age-adjusted). CONCLUSION: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV patients treated with chemotherapy protocols PAlNDA persists in our environment as a disease with a poor prognosis compared with findings in the international literature. The incorporation of new drugs of proven utility as rituximab and specific schemes chemotherapy could improve these results. The establishment of prognostic groups established by IPIae can guide clinical work for the use of chemotherapy tailored to their specific risk and optimized according to histological type.

Use of tigecycline in critically ill patients with serious nosocomial intra-abdominal infections

La infección intraabdominal (IIA) es una patología habitual en la unidad de cuidados intensivos quirúrgica (UCIQ) y se asocia a una considerable mortalidad. Tigeciclina es el primer antibiótico de la familia de las glicilciclinas que presenta un amplio espectro de actividad frente a las bacterias habituales responsables de la IIA. Este estudio observacional retrospectivo tiene como objetivo describir la experiencia con tigeciclina en los pacientes con IIA nosocomial grave ingresados en la UCIQ. Los datos fueron recogidos en 23 pacientes consecutivos admitidos en la UCIQ con IIA nosocomial grave que habían recibido tratamiento antibiótico empírico con tigeciclina. En todos los casos, la IIA fue diagnosticada mediante cirugía urgente. En el 56,5% de los pacientes se encontró sepsis grave y el 43,5% presentaron shock séptico. La enfermedad concomitante más frecuente fue la enfermedad oncológica (60%). El SAPS III (Simplified Acute Physiology Score ) a las 24 h del diagnóstico de la IIA fue 57,5 ± 14,7 y un 87% de los pacientes presentaron un McCabe > 1 (2 o 3). El patógeno más frecuente fue Escherichia coli (43,5%), seguido de Bacteroides spp y Streptococcus spp (30,4%, respectivamente). Todos los pacientes excepto uno de ellos, recibieron tigeciclina en combinación con otros antimicrobianos (95,7%), con más frecuencia fluconazol (52,2%), seguido de piperacilina-tazobactam (43,5%). El tratamiento antibiótico empírico fue considerado adecuado en el 95% de los pacientes. La duración media del tratamiento antibiótico fue 8,5 ± 4,5 días. Se consiguió una respuesta favorable en el 78% de los pacientes. No se observó fracaso del tratamiento antibiótico en ningún paciente. Tampoco en ningún caso hubo que suspender el tratamiento con tigeciclina debido a la presencia de reacciones adversas. La mortalidad en la UCIQ fue del 13%, y ninguna muerte fue atribuible a tigeciclina. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la utilización de tigeciclina en combinación con otros antimicrobianos es un tratamiento eficaz y bien tolerado en los pacientes con IIA nosocomial grave ingresados en la UCIQ(AU)

Intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is a frequent complication found in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) and continues to be associated with considerable mortality. Tigecycline, the first-in-class glycylcycline has demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of bacteria commonly found in IAI. This observational retrospective study aimed to describe the experience with tigecycline for serious nosocomial IAI in the SICU. Data were collected from 23 consecutive patients admitted to SICU with serious nococomial IAI who had received empirical treatment with tigecycline. In all cases, IAI was diagnosed via emergency surgery. Severe sepsis was found in 56.5% and 43.5% developed septic shock. Oncological disease was the most common comorbidity (60%). The mean Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) III within 24 hours from IAI diagnosis was 57.5±14.7, and 87% showed a McCabe score >1 (2 or 3). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen (43.5%), followed by Bacteroides spp. and Streptococcus spp. (30.4%, respectively). All but one patient received tigecycline in combination (95.7%), particularly with fluconazole (52.2%), followed by piperacillin-tazobactam (43.5%). Empirical antibiotic therapy was considered adequate in 95%. The mean duration of treatment was 8.5±4.5 days. A favorable response was achieved in 78%. Failure of the antibiotic therapy was not observed in any patient. None of the patients discontinued tigecycline due to adverse reactions. SICU mortality was 13%, with no deaths attributable to tigecycline. These findings suggest that tigecycline combination therapy is an effective and well tolerated empirical treatment of serious nosocomial IAI in the SICU(AU)

Linfomas asociados a infección por VIH en pacientes del Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán / Fundación Arriarán2001-2008 / Lymphomas associated with HIV infection in patients at the Hospital San Borja Arriarán /Fundación Arriarán 2001-2008, Santiago, Chile

Introduction: Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) and non Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are frequently associated to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in adults. Objective: To systematize the clinical features and histological characteristics of lymphomas in AIDS patients, its treatment and outcomes in our institution. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients with HIV-associated lymphoma between January 2001 and December 2008 at the San Borja Arriarán Hospital complex. Results: Information was obtained from 30 patients with NHL and 7 with HL, with a median of 40 years. The majority of tumors were Burkitt lymphoma (47%), diffuse large cell lymphoma B-cell (37%) and NHL of T lineage (10%). There was no CNS or cavities lymphoma. Almost all patients (86.7%) with NHL were treated with CHOP chemotherapy, 57% of those receiving treatment had progression or relapse from complete remission. A rescue chemotherapy was indicated in 4 patients. 73% of patients receiving CHOP, complete 5 to 6 cycles of chemotherapy. The use of CHOP chemotherapy for the subgroup of patients with Burkitt lymphoma achieved low rates of complete remission and frequent relapse and disease progression, showing that CHOP was ineffective in improving survival, especially in high risk patients. We found statistically significant differences in survival according to IPIae (International prognostic Index age-adjusted). Conclusion: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV patients treated with chemotherapy protocols PAlNDA persists in our environment as a disease with a poor prognosis compared with findings in the international literature. The incorporation of new drugs of proven utility as rituximab and specific schemes chemotherapy could improve these results. The establishment of prognostic groups established by IPIae can guide clinical work for the use of chemotherapy tailored to their specific risk and optimized according to histological type.

Introducción: Los linfomas de Hodgkin (LH) y no Hodgkin (LNH) se asocian con alta frecuencia al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia humana en adultos. Objetivo: Sistematizar los aspectos clínicos e histológicos de los linfoma que afectan a pacientes con SIDA, su tratamiento y resultados globales en nuestra institución. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes con linfoma asociado a VIH entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2008 en el complejo hospitalario San Borja Arriarán. Resultados: Se obtuvo información de 30 pacientes con LNH y 7 LH, con una mediana de 40 años. Los tipos histológicos predominantes fueron linfoma de Burkitt (47 %), linfoma difuso de células grandes de estirpe B (37 %) y LNH de estirpe T (10%). No se diagnosticaron LNH del SNC ni linfoma de cavidades. Casi la totalidad de los pacientes (86,7%) con LNH se trataron con esquema CHOP, 57% de quienes recibieron tratamiento presentaron progresión o recaída desde remisión completa, ofreciéndoles una quimioterapia de rescate a cuatro pacientes. El 73% de los pacientes que recibieron CHOP lograron completar entre cinco y seis ciclos de quimioterapia. El uso de quimioterapia CHOP para el subgrupo de pacientes con linfoma de Burkitt alcanzó bajos porcentajes de remisión completa y mayoritariamente progresó la enfermedad, siendo esta quimioterapia, inefectiva para mejorar la sobrevida, especialmente en los pacientes de riesgo alto. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en sobrevida según el IPIae (índice internacional pronóstico ajustado por edad) al ingreso. Conclusión: El LNH en los pacientes con VIH tratados con los protocolos de quimioterapia PANDA persiste en nuestro medio como una enfermedad de muy mal pronóstico comparado con los resultados en la literatura internacional. La incorporación de nuevos fármacos de demostrada utilidad como rituximab y esquemas específicos de quimioterapia podrían mejorar estos resultados. El establecimiento de grupos pronósticos establecidos por IPIae puede orientar el trabajo clínico para el uso de quimioterapia ajustada a su riesgo específico y optimizado según tipo histológico.