Nanoscale Dynamics of Streptococcal Adhesion to AGE-Modified Collagen.

The adhesion of initial colonizers such as Streptococcus mutans to collagen is critical for dentinal and root caries progression. One of the most described pathological and aging-associated changes in collagen-including dentinal collagen-is the generation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) such as methylglyoxal (MGO)-derived AGEs. Despite previous reports suggesting that AGEs alter bacterial adhesion to collagen, the biophysics driving oral streptococcal attachment to MGO-modified collagen remains largely understudied. Thus, the aim of this work was to unravel the dynamics of the initial adhesion of S. mutans to type I collagen in the presence and absence of MGO-derived AGEs by employing bacterial cell force spectroscopy with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Type I collagen gels were treated with 10 mM MGO to induce AGE formation, which was characterized with microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subsequently, AFM cantilevers were functionalized with living S. mutans UA 159 or Streptococcus sanguinis SK 36 cells and probed against collagen surfaces to obtain force curves displaying bacterial attachment in real time, from which the adhesion force, number of events, Poisson analysis, and contour and rupture lengths for each individual detachment event were computed. Furthermore, in silico computer simulation docking studies between the relevant S. mutans UA 159 collagen-binding protein SpaP and collagen were computed, in the presence and absence of MGO. Overall, results showed that MGO modification increased both the number and adhesion force of single-unbinding events between S. mutans and collagen, without altering the contour or rupture lengths. Both experimental and in silico simulations suggest that this effect is due to increased specific and nonspecific forces and interactions between S. mutans UA 159 and MGO-modified collagen substrates. In summary, these results suggest that collagen alterations due to aging and glycation may play a role in early bacterial adherence to oral tissues, associated with conditions such as aging or chronic hyperglycemia, among others.

Economic valuation of the eco-systemic benefits derived from the environmental asset lake Laguna Santa Elena, through the multi-criteria analysis / Valoração econômica dos benefícios ecossistêmicos derivados do ativo ambiental Laguna Santa Elena por meio da análise multicritério

Abstract Lake Laguna Santa Elena, a freshwater body, located in mid-south of Chile, is an environmental asset used as a water resource by the agricultural and touristic sector and is the habitat for a wide variety of endemic avifauna. The objective of this study was to assign a monetary value to this lacustrine body, using the methodology of AMUVAM (Multicriteria Analysis of Environmental Active Values). The information was collected through the application of surveys to a panel of experts involved in the use of the environmental resource. The result obtained with the AMUVAM method corresponds to the US $ 17,780,686, a figure that represents an estimated value of the TEV (Total Economic Value) of the environmental asset. This study, a pioneer in the Region, will support decision making, allowing an adequate management of this critical water resource.

Resumo A Laguna Santa Elena, um corpo de água doce localizado no centro-sul do Chile, é um ativo ambiental usado como recurso hídrico pelos setores agrícola e turístico e é o habitat de uma ampla variedade de avifauna endêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi atribuir um valor monetário a esse corpo lacustre, utilizando a metodologia da AMUVAM (Análise Multicritério de Valores Ambientais Ativos). As informações foram coletadas por meio da aplicação de pesquisas a um painel de especialistas envolvidos no uso do recurso ambiental. O resultado obtido com o método AMUVAM corresponde a US$ 17.780.686, que representam um valor estimado do valor econômico total (VT) do ativo ambiental. Este estudo, pioneiro na região, apoiará a tomada de decisões, permitindo um gerenciamento adequado desse recurso hídrico crítico.

Economic valuation of the eco-systemic benefits derived from the environmental asset lake Laguna Santa Elena, through the multi-criteria analysis.

Lake Laguna Santa Elena, a freshwater body, located in mid-south of Chile, is an environmental asset used as a water resource by the agricultural and touristic sector and is the habitat for a wide variety of endemic avifauna. The objective of this study was to assign a monetary value to this lacustrine body, using the methodology of AMUVAM (Multicriteria Analysis of Environmental Active Values). The information was collected through the application of surveys to a panel of experts involved in the use of the environmental resource. The result obtained with the AMUVAM method corresponds to the US $ 17,780,686, a figure that represents an estimated value of the TEV (Total Economic Value) of the environmental asset. This study, a pioneer in the Region, will support decision making, allowing an adequate management of this critical water resource.

Economic valuation of the eco-systemic benefits derived from the environmental asset lake Laguna Santa Elena, through the multi-criteria analysis / Valoração econômica dos benefícios ecossistêmicos derivados do ativo ambiental Laguna Santa Elena por meio da análise multicritério

Lake Laguna Santa Elena, a freshwater body, located in mid-south of Chile, is an environmental asset used as a water resource by the agricultural and touristic sector and is the habitat for a wide variety of endemic avifauna. The objective of this study was to assign a monetary value to this lacustrine body, using the methodology of AMUVAM (Multicriteria Analysis of Environmental Active Values). The information was collected through the application of surveys to a panel of experts involved in the use of the environmental resource. The result obtained with the AMUVAM method corresponds to the US $ 17,780,686, a figure that represents an estimated value of the TEV (Total Economic Value) of the environmental asset. This study, a pioneer in the Region, will support decision making, allowing an adequate management of this critical water resource.(AU)

A Laguna Santa Elena, um corpo de água doce localizado no centro-sul do Chile, é um ativo ambiental usado como recurso hídrico pelos setores agrícola e turístico e é o habitat de uma ampla variedade de avifauna endêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi atribuir um valor monetário a esse corpo lacustre, utilizando a metodologia da AMUVAM (Análise Multicritério de Valores Ambientais Ativos). As informações foram coletadas por meio da aplicação de pesquisas a um painel de especialistas envolvidos no uso do recurso ambiental. O resultado obtido com o método AMUVAM corresponde a US$ 17.780.686, que representam um valor estimado do valor econômico total (VT) do ativo ambiental. Este estudo, pioneiro na região, apoiará a tomada de decisões, permitindo um gerenciamento adequado desse recurso hídrico crítico.(AU)

Economic valuation of the eco-systemic benefits derived from the environmental asset lake Laguna Santa Elena, through the multi-criteria analysis

Abstract Lake Laguna Santa Elena, a freshwater body, located in mid-south of Chile, is an environmental asset used as a water resource by the agricultural and touristic sector and is the habitat for a wide variety of endemic avifauna. The objective of this study was to assign a monetary value to this lacustrine body, using the methodology of AMUVAM (Multicriteria Analysis of Environmental Active Values). The information was collected through the application of surveys to a panel of experts involved in the use of the environmental resource. The result obtained with the AMUVAM method corresponds to the US $ 17,780,686, a figure that represents an estimated value of the TEV (Total Economic Value) of the environmental asset. This study, a pioneer in the Region, will support decision making, allowing an adequate management of this critical water resource.

Resumo A Laguna Santa Elena, um corpo de água doce localizado no centro-sul do Chile, é um ativo ambiental usado como recurso hídrico pelos setores agrícola e turístico e é o habitat de uma ampla variedade de avifauna endêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi atribuir um valor monetário a esse corpo lacustre, utilizando a metodologia da AMUVAM (Análise Multicritério de Valores Ambientais Ativos). As informações foram coletadas por meio da aplicação de pesquisas a um painel de especialistas envolvidos no uso do recurso ambiental. O resultado obtido com o método AMUVAM corresponde a US$ 17.780.686, que representam um valor estimado do valor econômico total (VT) do ativo ambiental. Este estudo, pioneiro na região, apoiará a tomada de decisões, permitindo um gerenciamento adequado desse recurso hídrico crítico.

Economic valuation of the eco-systemic benefits derived from the environmental asset lake Laguna Santa Elena, through the multi-criteria analysis

Abstract Lake Laguna Santa Elena, a freshwater body, located in mid-south of Chile, is an environmental asset used as a water resource by the agricultural and touristic sector and is the habitat for a wide variety of endemic avifauna. The objective of this study was to assign a monetary value to this lacustrine body, using the methodology of AMUVAM (Multicriteria Analysis of Environmental Active Values). The information was collected through the application of surveys to a panel of experts involved in the use of the environmental resource. The result obtained with the AMUVAM method corresponds to the US $ 17,780,686, a figure that represents an estimated value of the TEV (Total Economic Value) of the environmental asset. This study, a pioneer in the Region, will support decision making, allowing an adequate management of this critical water resource.

Resumo A Laguna Santa Elena, um corpo de água doce localizado no centro-sul do Chile, é um ativo ambiental usado como recurso hídrico pelos setores agrícola e turístico e é o habitat de uma ampla variedade de avifauna endêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi atribuir um valor monetário a esse corpo lacustre, utilizando a metodologia da AMUVAM (Análise Multicritério de Valores Ambientais Ativos). As informações foram coletadas por meio da aplicação de pesquisas a um painel de especialistas envolvidos no uso do recurso ambiental. O resultado obtido com o método AMUVAM corresponde a US$ 17.780.686, que representam um valor estimado do valor econômico total (VT) do ativo ambiental. Este estudo, pioneiro na região, apoiará a tomada de decisões, permitindo um gerenciamento adequado desse recurso hídrico crítico.

Genetic diversity in natural populations of Theobroma subincanum Mart. in the Brazilian Amazon.

The genus Theobroma, recently reclassified in the family Malvaceae, comprises some species with high economic potential, including the cupuí, Theobroma subincanum Mart., which has not yet been domesticated, and whose genetics and population structure are mostly unknown. This study aimed to assess the population structure and genetic diversity in natural populations of T. subincanum Mart., using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 59 individuals were sampled in three geographically separate populations, CFA, CMN, and CPT. Nei's genetic distance was estimated to characterize populations with the use of 13 polymorphic primers. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that the variability between populations (51.71%) was higher than that within populations (48.29%). Among the three populations, CPT showed the highest diversity index and percentage of polymorphism. The ISSR molecular markers were efficient and presented sufficient polymorphism to estimate genetic diversity in populations of T. subincanum Mart.

Validación de escala de valoración del dolor en recién nacidos en una unidad de neonatología / Validation of a scale of assessment of pain in infants in neonatal unit

La escala de valoración de dolor de Givens permite determinar presencia y magnitud del dolor que presentan los Recién Nacidos (RN) hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), para así poder valorar de manera constante este signo vital y tomar las medidas necesarias para atenuar la sensación dolorosa. Sentir dolor es un estado no deseable, donde se ve alterado el patrón fisiológico y el estado de conciencia de los niños; se hace necesario aplicar de manera constante escalas que permitan visualizar la magnitud real y tomar medidas de prevención y cuidado enfermero, favoreciendo la tranquilidad de los RN. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo validar la escala Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale de Givens, en la Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, durante el período abril - septiembre de 2010. El estudio utilizó un diseño de corte transversal, donde se determinó validez y confabilidad del instrumento. La investigación permitió entregar un instrumento válido y confiable para medir presencia y magnitud del dolor en RN. Así, se determinó un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,78 y un porcentaje total de varianza de 57,72. El análisis sugirió la eliminación de dos ítemes de valoración, quedando con dos dominios (Conductual y Fisiológico), estableciéndose que la Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale es adecuada para su objetivo de valoración, constituyendo un aporte en unidades de cuidados neonatales, contribuyendo al propósito de mejorar la calidad de hospitalización de estos usuarios y otorgando cumplimiento a la norma ministerial y calidad de los cuidados.

Givens Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale, allows determining the presence and the degree of pain in Newborns (RN) hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU) present, in order to constantly assess the vital signs and take the necessary measures to reduce pain sensation. Feeling pain is an undesirable state, where the physiological pattern and the children consciousness state is altered; it is necessary to consistently apply scales that helps illustrate the real magnitude as well as adopting preventive actions and nursing care, to promote tranquility of the RN. The research, aimed to validate the Givens Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale at Neonatal Unit from Dr. Hernan Henríquez Aravena Hospital, during the period April to September 2010. The study uses a cross-sectional design, which determined validity and reliability of the instrument. The research delivers a valid and reliable instrument to measure the presence and degree of pain in neonates. Thus, we determined a Cronbach´s alpha of 0,78 and a total percentage of variance of 57,72. The analysis suggested the elimination of two items of value, leaving with two domains (Behavioral, and Physiological), establishing that the Neonatal Pain Assessment Scale, is suitable for objective assessment, making a contribution in Neonatal Care Units, contributing to the purpose of improving the quality of hospitalization of these users and granting Ministerial compliance with the standard and quality of care.

Experiencia subjetiva de estudiantes y docentes que vivencian un cambio curricular / Subjective experience of students and teachers who experience a curriculum change

Objetivo: Conocer la experiencia subjetiva de estudiantes y docentes respecto del cambio curricular. Metodología: Estudio transversal, muestra de 169 estudiantes de cuarto año curricular y 32 docentes. Información recogida en cuestionario “Inquietudes y procedimientos para adoptar Innovaciones Educativas” (IPIE) validado y adaptado al estudio. Análisis descriptivo. Estudio respetó normas éticas y consentimiento informado. Resultados: 26,0 por ciento de alumnos correspondió a Tecnología Médica; 22,5 por ciento Enfermería y Nutrición, respectivamente, y 29,0 por ciento Obstetricia. Edad media de 21,3+/-1,43 años. Mujeres 68,1 por ciento. En “Información”, los estudiantes mostraron el promedio más alto en el ítem “Quisiera saber lo que otros están haciendo en esta área” (4,1+/-0,9), y los docentes en “Me gustaría saber si se contará con los recursos para mantener esta innovación en un futuro inmediato” (4,7+/-0,4). En “Funcionalidad”, promedio más alto correspondió a “Me gustaría saber qué es lo que esta innovación va a requerir para mantenerla en el futuro” (4,3+/-0,8) y el más bajo en “Estoy totalmente ocupado/a en otras cosas, para mí la innovación no es prioridad” (2,4+/-1,4). En “Resultados”, los docentes presentaron el promedio más alto en “Me interesa evaluar mi impacto sobre los estudiantes” y “Quisiera que otros equipos de docentes se motiven con los logros que tenemos en este proceso de innovación curricular” (4,6+/-0,4; 4,6+/-0,4). Conclusiones: Estudiantes y docentes se mostraron conformes con la experiencia del cambio curricular. Aún existen dudas respecto de cómo este cambio afectará las competencias del estudiantado y la sustentabilidad en el tiempo. Es necesario continuar esta línea investigativa durante el ejercicio profesional de egresados.

Objective: To determine the subjective experience of students and teachers on curriculum change. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in a sample of 169 Regular fourth-year students and 32 teachers. Information collected in the survey “Concerns and procedures to adopt educational innovations” (IPIE) validated and adapted to the study. Descriptive analysis with means, medians, ranges, percentages and averages compared with t-test and ANOVA. Study respected ethical and informed consent. Results: 26.0 percent of students accounted for Medical Technology, Nursing and Nutrition 22.5 percent, 29.0 percent respectively and Obstetrics. Mean age 21.3 +/- 1.43 years. 68.1 percent women. In “Information”, students showed the highest average item “I want to know what others are doing in this area” (4.1 +/- 0.9), and teachers in “I wonder if they have the resources to keep this innovation in the immediate future “(4.7 +/- 0.4). In “Functionality” highest average corresponded to “I wonder what this innovation will be required to keep it in the future” (4.3 +/- 0.8) and lowest in the scale “I am fully occupied / to other things, for innovation is not my priority “(2.4 +/- 1.4). In teaching, in “Results” highest average “I am interested in evaluating my impact on students” and “I want other teachers to motivate teams with the achievements we have in this curricular innovation process” (4.6 +/- 0, 4, 4.6 +/- 0.4). Conclusions: students and teachers were satisfed with the experience of curriculum change. Still, there are doubts about how this will affect the student skills and sustainability over time. It is necessary to continue this line of research for the professional practice of graduates, to objectively assess the skills of the new student-centered curriculum.

Valores expresados en estudiantes de enfermería: Temuco - Chile, 2009 / Values expressed in students of nursing: Temuco - Chile, 2009

Introducción: Los valores y las competencias en las(os) enfermeras(os) son facilitadores de la socialización profesional y elementales en la toma de decisiones. Objetivos: Relacionar los valores personales expresados en alumnos de cuarto semestre de la Carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO) el 2009 con sus aspectos sociodemográficos y curriculares y con el perfil educacional-laboral de sus padres. Metodología: Estudio transversal-correlacional, muestra intencionada de 70 alumnos de cuarto semestre de Enfermería. Recopilación de información a través del instrumento Perfil de Valores Personales (Portrait Values Questionnaire). Resultados: En Escala de Valores Centrales, la puntuación promedio total fue de 4,8, considerada importante, según escala Likert, con un rango de 3,6 a 6,7. En Escala de Valores Secundarios, la puntuación promedio total fue de 5, considerada importante, con un rango de 3,6 a 6,7. Relación significativa entre Valores Centrales y nivel de avance curricular (p= 0,026) y entre etnia mapuche con Valores Secundarios (p <0,0001). Conclusiones: Los valores centrales fueron considerados importantes por los alumnos estudiados, donde el valor dar sentido a la vida presenta la mayor puntuación promedio. Además, se observó diferencia significativa entre estos valores y el haber repetido cursos previamente. Asimismo, en valores secundarios existió diferencia significativa entre la etnia mapuche y estos valores. El desarrollo de la persona se ve acrecentado por sus valores personales y profesionales, así la disciplina debe estar estructurada de tal manera que desde la perspectiva filosófica, del lenguaje y de valores se puedan generar estrategias activas y reflexivas que permitan orientar y situar al futuro profesional en armonía con su contexto social.

Introduction: The values and skills of nurses (I) are facilitators of professional socialization and basic for decision-making. Objectives: To relate personal values expressed in nursing students in their 4th semester, Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO). Temuco - Chile, 2009. Methodology: Cross-sectional, correlational study. Purposive sample of 70 students of fourth semester of nursing. Data collection, through the Personal Values Profle instrument (Portrait Values Questionnaire). Results: On a scale of core values, the total average score was 4.8, considered important, according to Likert scale, ranging from 3.6 to 6.7. Scale of secondary values, whose total average score was 5, considered important, with a range of 3.6 to 6.7. Significant Core Values relationship between level of advancement and curriculum (p = 0.026) and between Mapuche with secondary values (p <0.0001). Conclusions: The Core Values were considered important by the students studied, where the value “giving meaning to life” has the highest average score. In addition, significant difference between these values and have repeated courses previously, was observed. Also, as for secondary values, significant difference between the Mapuche and these values, was found. The personal development is enhanced by their personal and professional values and discipline must be structured so that from the philosophical perspective, language and values, can create strategies that enable active and reflective guide and put forward professional in harmony with its social context.

Errores en prescripción y transcripción de medicamentos endovenosos en Servicios Pediátricos, Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena: Temuco, 2008-2009 / Frequency of prescription and transcription errors for intravenous medications in four pediatric services

Background: Errors in the prescription and transcription of medications in pediatric services is a source of adverse events that can be prevented. Aim: To determine and compare the frequency of prescription and transcription errors for intravenous drugs in four pediatric services in a regional general hospital. Material and Methods: Cross sectional analysis of a probabilistic sample of 500 prescriptions of intravenous medications. Information was gathered using an instrument from the American Academy of Pediatrics. Results: The detected prescription errors were illegible indications in 20 percent, lack of dosing indication in 11 percent, omission of the administration route in 24 percent and omission of the frequency of administration in 15 percent. Transcription errors were illegible transcription in 3 percent, not transcribing all indicated medications in 4 percent and transcription of medications that were not prescribed in 3 percent. Twenty one percent of prescriptions and 6 percent of transcriptions had at least one incorrect action. In the different services studied there was a significant association between the percentage of incorrect prescriptions and transcriptions and between illegible prescriptions and transcriptions. Conclusions: A high percentage of errors in prescription of intravenous medications and their transcriptions, was detected in these services. A better quality of care control is required.

Bioseguridad en la prescripción y transcripción de terapia medicamentosa endovenosa / Prescription and transcription biosecurity in endovenous drug therapy

Los errores en el proceso de medicación en sus diferentes fases es un problema que involucra riesgos para el usuario, así como en la calidad de atención de los servicios. Los objetivos fueron: a) Determinar la bioseguridad en la prescripción y transcripción de la terapia medicamentosa endovenosa, b) Relacionar legibilidad en prescripción y transcripción en el Servicio de Neonatología, Temuco 2008-2009, con el propósito de generar un diagnóstico de eventos adversos en la prescripción y transcripción de la terapia medicamentosa endovenosa. Estudio de corte transversal, con muestra probabilística de 125 prescripciones de medicamentos endovenosos. Recolección de información a través de instrumento del American Academy of Pediatrics. Análisis en STATA v10.0. Se consideró: asentimiento ético de jefe Servicio y de la Dirección del Hospital. Conjuntamente, los padres de los neonatos firmaron consentimiento informado. En prescripción 33,6 por ciento no cumple el estándar de seguridad. En escala de acciones incorrectas, categoría "Una acción incorrecta" 20,0 por ciento y 3,2 por ciento "Todas las acciones incorrectas". En transcripción, escala de acciones incorrectas, arroja "Una acción incorrecta" 1,6 por ciento y "Dos acciones incorrectas" 0,8 por ciento. En la evaluación del ítem transcripción de fármacos sin indicación, no hubo fármacos transcritos sin indicación. Todas las asociaciones fueron significativas, p: 0,0000. Asegurar la inexistencia de errores en el proceso de prescripción y transcripción de medicamentos debe ser nuestra meta, teniendo en consideración la presencia de factores adversos. Por otra parte, se deben establecer protocolos de bioseguridad, sujetos a evaluación como indicadores de proceso y de resultado, según requieran las políticas en materia de calidad y gestión inmersas en la Reforma en Salud. En este contexto enfermería debe propiciar un rol garante en sus acciones de cuidado. Se espera que la investigación realizada incentive a generar...

The mistakes in the process of medication in your phases, it is a medicine problem, that involves risks for the user, the quality of attention of the services, the professional exercise (fiscal year) and the development of those who are the persons in charge of this process. The objective were: a) To determine the bioseguridad in the prescription and transcription of therapy medicines endovenous, b) Relate legibibility in prescription and transcription in the Service of Neonatology. Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena. Temuco, 2008-2009. Study of transverse court, with sample probabilistic of 125 prescriptions of medicines endovenous. The compilation of the information across instrument of American Academy of Pediatrics validated and adapted to the aims of the study. The analysis in STATA v 10.0. It was considered: Chief's ethical assent Service and of the Direction of the Hospital. Together, the parents of the new born signed informed assent. In Prescription: 33, 6 percent does not fulfill the safety standard. In scale of incorrect actions, category "An incorrect action" 20, 0 percent and 3, 2 percent "All the incorrect actions". In Transcription: scale of incorrect actions, throws "An incorrect action" 1, 6 percent and "Two incorrect actions" 0, 8 percent. In the evaluation of the transcription of medicaments without indication, there were not medicaments transcribed without indication. All the associations were significant, p: 0, 0000. To assure the nonexistence of mistakes in the process of prescription and transcription of medicines must be our goal, taking into account the presence having of adverse factors. On the other hand, we must establish biosecurity protocols, subject to evaluation as indicators of process and outcome, as required by policies and management quality embedded in the Health Reform. In this context, nurses should encourage an guarantor role in their actions carefully. Is expected to encourage research to generate performance...

Conocimientos y actitudes sobre VIH/SIDA de estudiantes de enfermería de las Universidades de La Frontera y Austral de Chile. Temuco - Valdivia. Chile, 2004 / Knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS in nursing students of two universities of southern of Chile, 2004

Los adolescentes constituyen la población más expuesta a contraer enfermedades de transmisión sexual, entre otros aspectos, porque muchos experimentan su primera relación sexual sin protección. El VIH/SIDA persiste como una enfermedad socialmente temida y causa de discriminación, evidenciándose déficit de conocimientos sobre formas de contagio, conduciendo a actitudes perjudiciales hacia quienes padecen este mal. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los conocimientos y actitudes de estudiantes de Enfermería de las universidades de La Frontera y Austral de Chile frente al VIH/SIDA. Se ejecutó una investigación cualitativa con enfoque antropológico cognitivo para estudiar los conocimientos y actitudes de estudiantes de tercer y cuarto año de Enfermería sobre el tema en foco. Como técnica de recolección de datos se empleó la entrevista semiestructurada, analizándose la información mediante distribución de frecuencias y análisis de discursos. Se identificaron ocho dimensiones: qué es el VIH/SIDA, formas de contagio, ¿con qué se relaciona el VIH/SIDA?, prácticas de alto riesgo, medidas de prevención, ¿quiénes están expuestos al contagio?, causas de negación al examen, y propuestas de prevención. El análisis cualitativo, evidenció déficit de formación de los estudiantes respecto del manejo de pacientes y en las medidas de prevención en población de riesgo. Enfatizan la necesidad de medidas de promoción y prevención de la enfermedad. En ambos grupos se observó una tendencia biologicista en: transmisión sexual, formas de contagio, con qué se relaciona el SIDA y prácticas de alto riesgo. En medidas de prevención, se observó limitada ponderación para educación sexual y altos valores en uso del preservativo.

Adolescents make up the most exposed population to acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, among other aspects, because many experience their first sexual relation without protection. HIV/AIDS persists as a socially feared disease and cause of discrimination, showing a lack of knowledge on the forms of infection, generating detrimental attitudes towards those who suffer from the disease. The aim of the study was to describe the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students from the Universidad de la Frontera and the Universidad Austral de Chile, in relation to HIV/AIDS. Qualitative research with anthropologic cognitive approach was executed, to study the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students of third and fourth year about the topic in focus. For data collection, the semi structured interview was used, analyzing the information by frequency distribution, and discourse analysis. Eight dimensions were identified: What is HIV/AIDS?; Ways of infection; What is related to the HIV/AIDS?; High risk practices; Prevention methods; Who are exposed to infection?; Causes of refusal of HIV/AIDS tests; and Proposal of prevention. The qualitative analysis, showed an educational deficit about the care of patients and prevention measures to the risk population. The students emphasize the need of promotion and prevention measures for the disease. In both groups, a biologicist trend was observed in: Sexual transmission, Ways of infection, What is related to the HIV/AIDS? and high risk practices. In prevention methods, a limited percentage was given to sexual education and the highest to the use of condoms.

First Report of Phaeoacremonium parasiticum Causing Petri Disease of Grapevine in Peru.

Since 2005, symptoms of grapevine decline have been observed on 4- to 8-month-old grapevines (cvs. Red globe and Crimson) grafted onto 1103 P rootstock in Ica and Pisco valleys in southern Peru. Affected plants exhibited weak growth, interveinal chlorosis, necrosis and wilting of leaves, and death. Dark brown-to-black streaking of the xylem was seen when transverse or longitudinal cuts were made in the trunk and shoots. Symptomatic plants were collected and sections (5 cm long) were cut from the zone between the rootstock and the scion, surface sterilized for 1 min in a 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, and washed twice with sterile distilled water. The sections were split longitudinally, and small pieces of discolored tissues were placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with oxytetracycline (500 mg liter-1). Plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark for 15 days. A Phaeoacremonium sp. was consistently isolated from necrotic tissues. Single conidial isolates were obtained and grown on PDA and malt extract agar (MEA) in the dark at 25°C for 3 weeks until colonies produced spores (3). Colonies were brown on PDA and olive brown on MEA. Conidiophores were branched, 27.5 to 67.5 (42.5) µm long, and often consisting of a single phialide. Conidia were hyaline, oblong ellipsoidal, 2.5 to 4.5 (3.6) µm long, and 1.2 to 1.9 (1.6) µm wide. On the basis of these characteristics, the isolates were identified as Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (Ajello, Georg & C.J.K Wang) W. Gams, Crous & M.J. Wingf. (teleomorph Togninia parasitica L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous) (2,3). Identity of isolate Ppa-1 was confirmed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region (Phaeoacremonium-specific primers Pm1-Pm2) with the restriction enzymes BssKI, EcoO109I, and HhaI (1). Additionally, the beta-tubulin gene fragment (primers T1 and Bt2b) of this isolate was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. FJ151015). The sequence was identical to the sequence of P. parasiticum (GenBank Accession No. AY328379). Pathogenicity tests were conducted using the isolate Ppa-1. Approximately 20 µl of a suspension containing 103 conidia ml-1 was injected into the pith of four nodes on each of 10 dormant, unrooted, 15 cm long cuttings of cv. Red Globe. Four nodes on each of 10 cuttings were used as controls and injected with an equal volume of sterile distilled water. Inoculation points were covered with Parafilm. The cuttings were planted in plastic pots and maintained at 24 ± 3°C in diffuse light, watering as needed. Within 2 months of inoculation, all P. parasicitum-inoculated cuttings exhibited shoots with very poor growth with small leaves and short internodes. In the xylem vessels, black streaks identical to symptoms observed in declining vines in the vineyard were observed. Control plants did not show any of these symptoms. The fungus was reisolated from internal tissues of symptomatic shoots of all inoculated cuttings but not from the control shoots. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. parasiticum causing young grapevine decline in Peru. References: (1) A. Aroca and R. Raposo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:2911, 2007. (2) P. W. Crous et al. Mycology 88:786, 2006. (3) L. Mostert et al. Stud. Mycol. 54:1, 2006.

Vigilancia bacteriológica de salmonella enteritidis / Bacteriological survillance of salmonella enteritidis

Salmonella enteritidis es la salmonella que con mayor frecuencia se aísla en cultivos de pacientes del Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Esta bacteria es objeto de gran atención epidemiológica en la literatura médica, debido al aumento de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos, que se viene describiendo en numerosos países. Mediante un estudio de vigilancia bacteriológica efectuado en el Hospital Universitario de Caracas entre 1998 y 1999, se identificó a 55 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección por salmonella enteritidis. Los cultivos bacteriológicos se procesaron según las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Americana de Microbiología, y la determinación de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana por la técnica de difusión estándar del disco impregnado de antimicrobiano (NCCLS). Treinta pacientes fueron del sexo masculino (54 por ciento), el 62 por ciento procedían de los Servicios de Medicina, el 15 por ciento de Pediatría y el 9 por ciento de Cirugía. El 64 por ciento de los aislamientos se efectuaron en coprocultivos, el 31 por ciento en hemocultivos y el 5 por ciento en líquido cefalorraquídeo. El 100 por ciento de las salmonellas fueron sensibles a ciprofloxacina, cefepime y ceftriaxona, el 97 por ciento a fleroxacina, el 96 por ciento a cloranfenicol, el 82 por ciento a trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMX) y el 73 por ciento a ampicilina. El mayor número de aislamientos se efectuó en pacientes diarreicos, lo que confirma la importancia de este agente en la etiología de este síndrome. Se observó una buena sensibilidad de salmonella enteritidis a quinolonas, y se está empezando a encontrar una disminución de la misma a cloranfenicol, así como una marcada disminución a TMP-SMX y ampicilina. Se concluye con la recomendación de efectuar vigilancia bacteriológica de salmonella enteritidis y hacer el seguimiento de la evolución de su sensibilidad antimicrobiana, debido al alerta internacional sobre la posibilidad de una pandemia por este microorganismo

Sépsis neonatal: factores de riesgo, cuadro clínico, diagnóstico, tratamiento y resultados

Contexto. La sépsis neonatal tiene, en el tiempo, un comportamiento cambiante. en efecto, su etiología muestra a lo largo de la historia el predominio de ciertos agentes, el repunte de algunos aparentemente superados y la persistencia de otros. La introducción de nuevos procedimientos invasivos, en el cuidado intensivo de neonatos de peso muy bajo y muy muy bajo al nacer, modifica la etiología de las infecciones que les afecta con alguna frecuencia. Es importante revisar periódicamente sus causas cuadro clínico, tratamiento y resultados para obtener una idea precisa de su estado actual. Objetivos. Probar la presencia de agentes infecciosos nuevos a partir de la utilización de procedimientos invasivos necesarios...