Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae).

The species of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 include some of the most colorful amphinomid annelids in tropical seas. Their pigmentation patterns can be diagnostic but because some pigments may fade after ethanol preservation, they have been disregarded as useful taxonomic characters. In this contribution we revise the tropical American species of Chloeia, and we confirm stability of pigmentation patterns, the presence of cirriform branchiae along a few anterior chaetigers, and emphasize the size of eyes and of ventral cirri as diagnostic characters. Five species are redescribed and two ones are newly described; the redescribed species are C. entypa Chamberlin, 1919 from Western Mexico, C. euglochis Ehlers, 1887 from the Grand Caribbean (reinstated), C. pinnata Moore, 1911 from Southern California (extended southwards in Western Mexico), C. pseudeuglochis Augener, 1922 from Pacific Costa Rica (includes several records for a colorful shallow water species in the Eastern Pacific), and C. viridis Schmarda, 1861 from the Grand Caribbean, which is restricted to specimens having a single, dorsal longitudinal T-shaped band. New species are Chloeia nuriae sp. n. from the Gulf of California, and C. paulayi sp. n. from the Gulf of Mexico . Two other species previously recorded for the region, C. conspicua Horst, 1910 and C. flava (Pallas, 1766) are briefly characterized in order to avoid future misidentifications. Further, C. candida Kinberg, 1857 from the Virgin Islands, is regarded as indeterminable. A key to identify tropical American species of Chloeia is also included.

Transcriptomic signaling in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to environmental concentrations of glyphosate.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is one of the most popular herbicides worldwide. Globally, the use of glyphosate is increasing, and its residues have been found in drinking water and food products. The data regarding the possible toxic effects of this herbicide are controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate at environmental concentrations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 100, and 1,000 µg/L glyphosate for 96 h, and mortality, heart rate, and hatching rate were evaluated. After the experiment, RNA was extracted from the embryos for transcriptional analysis. No mortality was recorded, and exposure to 100 µg/L and 1,000 µg/L of glyphosate resulted in lower heart rates at 48 h. In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed that glyphosate exposure induced subtle changes in gene transcription profiles. We found 30 differentially expressed genes; however, the highest glyphosate concentration (1,000 µg/L) induced the greatest number of differentially expressed genes involved in oocyte maturation, metabolic processes, histone deacetylation, and nervous system development.

Feeding behavior of early life stages of the zebrafish Danio rerio is altered by exposure to glyphosate.

Glyphosate levels and the transfer of glyphosate across trophic levels have rarely been studied in zooplankton. The food preferences of zebrafish during the first-feeding stage (which is critical for the survival of organisms), were analyzed because of the requirement for live food. Larval survival begins to be affected when glyphosate intake exceeds 0.3666 µg/larvae/day, in the case that only the food is contaminated; if the medium is also contaminated, the effects on survival start from 0.2456 µg/larvae/day. It was shown that glyphosate was more likely to be incorporated through the medium than through the food (zooplankton), which supports the results of previous studies that have ruled out the potential for biomagnification. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of glyphosate was determined using an ELISA tests specific to measure glyphosate in the fish D. rerio, the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Lecane papuana, and the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia. The experimental design consisted in exposing seven zebrafish adults per replica (four replicates) in three treatments 1, 5, and 10 mg/L of glyphosate for 96 h to obtain bioconcentration factors in the gills, liver, and muscle. These concentrations were selected as potential glyphosate concentrations right after application as double highest reported concentration. Glyphosate levels in zooplankton can represent up to 6.26% of the total weight of rotifers (BFC = 60.35) and in zebrafish adult organs were less than 8 µg/mg of tissue (BCF values < 6). Although glyphosate does not biomagnify, our results suggest that glyphosate affected the dynamics between zooplankton and zebrafish larvae, diminishing survival and feeding rates, given that zooplankton species bioconcentrate glyphosate in large quantities. The BCF values found in this contribution are higher than expected. Glyphosate exposure affected energy metabolism and feeding behavior of zebrafish larvae, which presented high mortality rates at environmentally relevant concentrations.

Epigenetic Transgenerational Modifications Induced by Xenobiotic Exposure in Zebrafish.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a well-established vertebrate model in ecotoxicology research that responds to a wide range of xenobiotics such as pesticides, drugs, and endocrine-disrupting compounds. The epigenome can interact with the environment and transform internal and/or external signals into phenotypic responses through changes in gene transcription. Environmental exposures can also generate epigenetic variations in offspring even by indirect exposure. In this review, we address the advantages of using zebrafish as an experimental animal model to study transgenerational epigenetic processes upon exposure to xenobiotics. We focused mostly on DNA methylation, although studies on post-translational modifications of histones, and non-coding RNAs related to xenobiotic exposure in zebrafish are also discussed. A revision of the methods used to study epigenetic changes in zebrafish revealed the relevance and reproducibility for epigenetics-related research. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were consulted for original research articles published from 2013 to date, by using six keywords: zebrafish, epigenetics, exposure, parental, transgenerational, and F2. From 499 articles identified, 92 were considered, of which 14 were selected as included F2 and epigenetic mechanisms. Current knowledge regarding the effect of xenobiotics on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and changes in non-coding RNAs expressed in F2 is summarized, along with key experimental design considerations to characterize transgenerational effects.

The genus Cletocamptus (Harpacticoida, Canthocamptidae): a reappraisal, with proposal of a new subfamily, a new genus, and a new species.

A new species of Cletocamptus closely related to C.helobius was found in sediment samples taken from a polluted estuarine system in north-western Mexico. The genus Cletocamptus was relegated to species incertae sedis in 1986, and this finding prompted us to evaluate the current taxonomic position of the genus within the Canthocamptidae. The latter has been subdivided in several, seemingly unnatural subfamilies in the past to better understand the relationships between its constituent taxa. In this study we propose a new subfamily, the Cletocamptinaesubfam. nov. for Amphibiperita, Cletocamptus, and Cletocamptoides gen. nov., defined by the synapomorphic subdistal ventral spinules on the rostrum. The genus Cletocamptoides gen. nov. is proposed for C.helobius, C.merbokensis, and C.biushelo sp. nov., and is supported by the 'cletodid' shape of the body and the reduced one-segmented endopod of the fourth swimming leg. Cletocamptus includes all the other species with long slender spinules on the posterior margin of prosomites and with the sexually modified inner spine on the second endopodal segment of the second swimming leg in the males. Amphibiperita retained the primitive female fifth leg with exopod and baseoendopod separated, and the primitive prehensile endopod of the first leg, but is defined by the loss of the antennary exopod. Other (syn)apomorphies are given, and the evolution of the mandibular palp is briefly discussed. Additionally, a diagnosis for the new subfamily, Cletocamptinae subfam. nov., an amended narrower diagnosis for Cletocamptus, the diagnosis for Cletocamptoides gen. nov., and a phylogenetic analysis supporting the proposal of these new taxa, are given.

First Evidence of Glyphosate in American Horseshoe Crab from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.

Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the world. Unfortunately, contamination of water bodies by this herbicide has been reported. A severe concern has been triggered given its detrimental impact on the environment and wildlife. The American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is a benthic arthropod that inhabits the Yucatan Peninsula in Southeast Mexico. This study evaluates the glyphosate concentration in 34 recently dead specimens of L. polyphemus from four localities of the Ria Lagartos Biosphere Reserve in Yucatan, Mexico. The analysis was carried out using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer. All the samples showed residues of glyphosate in the range from 0.08 to 2.38 ng g-1. These records constitute the first evidence of glyphosate bioaccumulation in this species. Although the scope might be limited, the results demonstrate a potentially prejudicial exposition of the marine biota to glyphosate-based herbicides, given its use in the region.

Non-native terrestrial slugs from Sinaloa, Mexico: Deroceraslaeve (O. F. Müller, 1774) and Sarasinulaplebeia (P. Fischer, 1868) (Mollusca, Gastropoda).

This is the first record of two non-native terrestrial slug species from Sinaloa, Mexico. Deroceraslaeve and Sarasinulaplebeia were collected between 2019 and 2022 in Concordia and Mazatlan Municipalities (north-western Mexico). The external morphology and anatomic features of the dissected specimens coincide with the descriptions of each species, whose identities were also confirmed by their partial COI sequences. The ample occurrence of S.plebeia suggests that this species has an established population, while D.laeve was found as isolated individuals, likely associated with plant nurseries.

The Development and Evaluation of Brain and Heart Cell Lines from a Marine Fish for Use in Xenobiotic-Induced Cytotoxicity Testing.

Two cell lines derived from the brain and heart of a Pacific white snook specimen (Centropomus viridis) were developed and evaluated in terms of their responsiveness to glyphosate-induced cytotoxicity. The cells were grown in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and were passaged 36 times. Growth was tested at different concentrations of FBS (5, 10 and 20%) at 27°C. The cell lines were cryopreserved at different passages and were successfully thawed, with a survival rate greater than 80% without detectable contamination. At passage 36, the cells were used to assess the deleterious effects of glyphosate, and cell proliferation was measured by direct counting and with the MTT assay. Similar LC50 values were obtained with both methods. Although the principles behind these two assessment methods differ, our results show that both are suitable for evaluating glyphosate toxicity. In addition, heart- and brain-derived cells showed similar sensitivity, suggesting that the same mode of action might be responsible for the toxicity of glyphosate at the cellular level. The newly developed Pacific white snook brain and heart cell lines could be useful to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, satisfying the need to reduce the use of animals in experiments. Glyphosate-related toxicological data obtained in the present study will allow us to continue investigating the effects of this herbicide directly on brain and heart fish cells since similar studies have only been carried out on either live organisms or on human cell lines such as neuroblastoma, which are immortalised by oncogenes or similar.

Short exposure to glyphosate induces locomotor, craniofacial, and bone disorders in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the active ingredient in widely used broad-spectrum herbicides. Even though the toxicity mechanism of this herbicide in vertebrates is poorly understood, evidence suggests that glyphosate is an endocrine disruptor capable of producing morphological anomalies as well as cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects. We used the zebrafish model to assess the effects of early life glyphosate exposure on the development of cartilage and bone tissues and organismal responses. We found functional alterations, including a reduction in the cardiac rate, significant changes in the spontaneous tail movement pattern, and defects in craniofacial development. These effects were concomitant with alterations in the level of the estrogen receptor alpha osteopontin and bone sialoprotein. We also found that embryos exposed to glyphosate presented spine deformities as adults. These developmental alterations are likely induced by changes in protein levels related to bone and cartilage formation.

Genomic and molecular evolutionary dynamics of transcriptional response regulator genes in bacterial species of the Harveyi clade of Vibrio.

Transcriptional response regulators (TRR) are the most abundant signal transducers in prokaryotic systems that mediate intracellular changes in response to environmental signals. They are involved in a wide range of biological processes that allow bacteria to persist in particular habitats. There is strong evidence that the bacterial habitat and their lifestyle influence the size of their TRR genetic repertoire. Therefore, it would be expected that the evolution of bacterial genomes could be linked to natural selection processes. To test this hypothesis, we explored the evolutionary dynamics of TRR genes of the widely studied Harveyi clade of the genus Vibrio at the molecular and genomic levels. Our results suggest that the TRR genetic repertoire of the species belonging to the Harveyi clade is a product of genomic reduction and expansion. The gene loss and gains that drive their genomic reduction and expansion could be attributed to natural selection and random genetic drift. It seems that natural selection acts to maintain the ancestral state of core TRR genes (shared by all species) by purifying processes and could be driving the loss of some accessory (found in certain species) genes through the diversification of sequences. The neutrality observed in gene gain could be attributed to spontaneous events as horizontal gene transfer driven by stochastic events as occurs in random genetic drift.

Changes in microtubule stability in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos after glyphosate exposure.

Glyphosate, the most commonly used pesticide worldwide, blocks aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways and inhibits growth in plants. Although the specific mode of action of glyphosate in animals remains unclear, adverse effects during embryonic development have been reported, including epiboly delays, morphological alterations, and changes in central nervous system development and cardiogenesis. In this study, we suggest a possible toxicity mechanism for this herbicide related to changes in microtubule stability, which could alter the distribution and dynamics of cytoskeleton components. Using zebrafish embryos to evaluate in vivo effects of glyphosate exposure (5, 10, and 50 µg/ml), we found significant reductions in the levels of acetylated α-tubulin (50 µg/ml) and in the polymeric tubulin percentage in zebrafish embryos that had been exposed to 10 and 50 µg/ml glyphosate, without any changes in either the expression patterns of α-tubulin or the stability of actin filaments. These results indicate that high concentrations of glyphosate were associated with reduced levels of acetylated α-tubulin and altered microtubule stability, which may explain some of the neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects that have been attributed to this herbicide.

Tubicolous polychaete worms (Annelida) from Bahía de Chamela Islands Sanctuary, Mexico, with the description of a new bamboo worm.

BACKGROUND: The islands and islets of Bahía de Chamela, in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, were declared as the first marine sanctuary in Mexico and has been protected since 2002. Their marine biodiversity has been documented in a series of papers in the last decade, but only three species of polychaete worms have been reported. NEW INFORMATION: Sixteen species of sedentary polychaete worms belonging to the families Maldanidae, Oweniidae, Sabellariidae, Sabellidae and Serpulidae are reported to the Bahía de Chamela Islands Sanctuary, 15 of these species constituting the first records in the area. Isocirrus tropicus (Monro, 1928) (Monro 1928) and Notaulax californica (Treadwell, 1906) (Treadwell 1906) constitute new records to Mexico; Idanthyrsus mexicanus Kirtley, 1904 (Kirtley 1994) is first recorded since its description and one species of bamboo worm (Maldanidae) is described as new to science. The new species belongs to the genus Clymenura Verril, 1900 (Verrill 1900) and its characterised by the presence of a glandular shield on chaetiger 8; a cephalic plaque oval with smooth margins and a rounded palpode; nuchal organs straight, parallel, almost full length of plaque; manubriavicular uncini present from chaetiger 1 with 3-4 teeth above the main fang without hairs or bristles; two pre-anal achaetous segments with tori; an anal funnel with alternating triangular cirri, being the longest that are located mid-ventrally.

Calidad percibida por ostomizados en la utilización de un nuevo producto que contiene miel de manuka / Quality perceived by ostomized on the use of a new product containing manuka hone

La calidad es un concepto fundamental en el avance de todo producto sanitario. Objetivo. Evaluar el grado de calidad percibida por los usuarios en una bolsa colectora con miel de Manuka integrada en el protector cutáneo para ostomías. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo transversal comparativo realizado entre diciembre de 2017 y marzo de 2018, en distintos centros españoles. Criterios de selección: ser portador de una ostomía intestinal temporal o permanente, ≥18 años y no haber utilizado el nuevo producto. Se empleó un cuestionario autodiseñado con 16 ítems. Las variables analizadas fueron: tipo de estoma del paciente, cambio de frecuencia de bolsa, manejo del nuevo dispositivo, estado de la piel periestomal, nivel de satisfacción del usuario y necesidad del uso de accesorios complementarios. Resultados. Se incluyeron 31 pacientes. El 58% era portador de una ileostomía. El 71% consideró que la nueva bolsa era mejor o mucho mejor con un filtro más efectivo y una muy buena calidad del apósito (61,3%). Un 25,6% indicó haber reducido el número de cambios precisado. El 87,10% indicó que la bolsa era más fácil de colocar y al 64,5% le resultó más fácil despegarla con menor presencia de residuos (67,7%). Un 25,8% señaló requerir un número menor de accesorios. Conclusiones. La reducción en el número de cambios de bolsas y el mayor nivel de confort se relaciona con la rápida adherencia a la piel y la ventana de inspección. El mayor nivel de satisfacción se relaciona con la buena calidad del apósito y del filtro, la mejor adaptación a la piel y el cuidado de esta

Objective. To evaluate the level of quality perceived by users on a collection bag with Manuka honey integrated into the ostomy skin protector. Methodology. Descriptive transversal study realised between December 2017 and March 2018, in different Spanish centers. Selection criteria: To be a carrier of a temporary or permanent intestinal ostomy, ≥ 18 years old and not to have used the new product. The patients answered a self-designed questionnaire with 16 items. The variables analyzed were: Type of patient stoma, change of bag frequency, use of the new product, peristomal skin condition, level of user satisfaction and need for the use of complementary accessories. Results. 31 patients were included. 58% were carriers of an ileostomy. The 71% considered that the new bag was better or much better with a more effective filter and a very good quality of the dressing (61.3%). A 25.6% indicated that they had reduced the number of changes of the bag. The 87.10% indicated that the bag was easier to place and 64.5% said that it was easier to take off with less presence of waste (67.7%). A 25.8% pointed that the new bag required less accessories. Conclusions. The reduction in the number of bag changes and the higher level of comfort is related to the quick adherence to the skin and the inspection window. The highest level of satisfaction is related to the good quality of the dressing and the filter, the best adaptation to the skin and the care of it

Multiple biomarker approach in the fiddler crab to assess anthropogenic pollution in tropical coastal environments.

CONTEXT: Fiddler crabs are important to the ecology of estuarine systems around the world, however, few studies have incorporated them as bioindicators. Urias estuary represents one of the most urbanized lagoons in the Gulf of California region and received discharges from different sources: shrimp farm, thermoelectric plant, fish processing plants, and untreated domestic and sewage wastes. OBJECTIVE: Assess the effects on anthropogenic contamination on female fiddler crabs reproduction, survival and genetic stability. METHODS: Exposition of wild crabs from a less impacted (reference) site to naturally contaminated sediments on under controlled laboratory conditions. Reproductive parameters, levels of DNA damage and mortality rates were measured, together with chemical analyses of sediments. RESULTS: The most contaminated sediments corresponded to the site where fish processing plants were located and the integrated biomarker response analysis revealed that the most adverse effects were produced by exposure to sediments from this site; these crabs showed higher mortality (67%) and poorer ovarian development than those crabs exposed to sediments from other sites. CONCLUSIONS: Female crabs under pollution stress are able to trade-off reproduction for survival, and surviving animals were able to restore genetic stability possibly by activating DNA repair mechanisms. Multiple biomarker approach discriminates different coastal contamination scenarios.

Manejo de la ferroterapia para enfermería / Use of ferrotherapy for nursing

El hierro es esencial para el mantenimiento de la salud. Su disminución está asociada con una reducción en la calidad de vida y un aumento en el número de hospitalizaciones. La terapia oral es económica y cómoda, pero no siempre bien tolerada, poco efectiva en presencia de ciertas enfermedades y con una adherencia muy pobre. Las nuevas moléculas de hierro intravenoso muestran mayor eficacia y seguridad. Esto ha hecho que se conviertan en la vía de elección cuando se trata de repleciones rápidas y con altos requerimientos, así como en procesos renales o digestivos inflamatorios crónicos. El hierro a altas dosis permite reducir el número de infusiones, preservando los accesos venosos del paciente, además de reducir el coste sanitario

Iron is essential for maintaining health. Its decrease is associated with a reduction in the quality of life and an increase in the number of hospitalizations. Oral therapy is economical and convenient but not always well tolerated, ineffective in the presence of certain diseases and with a high rate of low adherence. New molecular intravenous iron preparations show greater effectiveness and safety. This has made it the route choice when it comes to rapid high demanding repletion, as well as in chronic inflammatory renal or digestive processes. High-dose iron decreases the frequency of hospital visits and preserves venous access by reducing the number of punctures, resulting in lower healthcare costs

Administración de fármacos en el adulto en el ámbito hospitalario / Drug administration in adult hospital inpatients

La seguridad del paciente es una prioridad dentro del ámbito hospitalario. Los nuevos fármacos, la complejidad de los tratamientos o su duración favorecen la aparición de eventos adversos. Las terapias intravenosas son muy frecuentes, pero su aplicación no está exenta de complicaciones debido a la manipulación de los fármacos y catéteres para hacer viable su administración. Por ello, uno de los mayores retos y responsabilidades de la enfermera es la administración de medicamentos y la prevención y detección de posibles efectos adversos, debido a la relevancia de las potenciales lesiones sobre el paciente. El presente artículo revisa los criterios y las buenas prácticas clínicas basadas en la evidencia referentes al manejo de la terapia intravenosa en lo que respecta a aspectos tan importantes como las diferentes formas de administración de medicamentos, las compatibilidades e interacciones farmacológicas y las complicaciones más frecuentes que se pueden presentar

Maintaining patients' safety is a priority within the hospital setting. The appearance of adverse events is encouraged by the use of new drugs, the complexity of treatments and their duration. Intravenous therapies are very frequent; however, their delivery is not exempt from complications, due to the handling techniques necessary for the administration of drugs and catheters. Therefore, one of nursing's major challenges and responsibilities is medication management, together with the prevention and detection of possible adverse effects, due to the relevance that these may have on patients' potential injuries. The present article offers a review on the criteria and evidence-based best clinical practice for intravenous therapy management, regarding important aspects such as: the different ways of drug administration, compatibilities and pharmacological interactions, along with the most common complications that may occur

Laccase induction by synthetic dyes in Pycnoporus sanguineus and their possible use for sugar cane bagasse delignification.

The use of synthetic dyes for laccase induction in vivo has been scarcely explored. We characterized the effect of adding different synthetic dyes to liquid cultures of Pycnoporus sanguineus on laccase production. We found that carminic acid (CA) can induce 722 % and alizarin yellow 317 % more laccase than control does, and they promoted better fungal biomass development in liquid cultures. Aniline blue and crystal violet did not show such positive effect. CA and alizarin yellow were degraded up to 95 % during P. sanguineus culturing (12 days). With this basis, CA was selected as the best inducer and used to evaluate the induction of laccase on solid-state fermentation (SSF), using sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as substrate, in an attempt to reach selective delignification. We found that laccase induction occurred in SSF, and a slight inhibition of cellulase production was observed when CA was added to the substrate; also, a transformation of SCB under SSF was followed by the 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results showed that P. sanguineus can selectively delignify SCB, decreasing aromatic C compounds by 32.67 % in 16 days; O-alkyl C region (polysaccharides) was degraded less than 2 %; delignification values were not correlated with laccase activities. Cellulose-crystallinity index was increased by 27.24 % in absence of CA and 15.94 % when 0.01 mM of CA was added to SCB; this dye also inhibits the production of fungal biomass in SSF (measured as alkyl C gain). We conclude that CA is a good inducer of laccase in liquid media, and that P. sanguineus is a fungus with high potential for biomass delignification.

Light-induced inhibition of laccase in Pycnoporus sanguineus.

The aim was to determine which specific regions of the visible light spectrum were responsible for the induction or inhibition of laccase in Pycnoporus sanguineus. Cultures were exposed to various bandwidth lights: blue (460 nm), green (525 nm), white (a combination of 460 and 560 nm), red (660 nm), and darkness. The results indicate that short wavelengths strongly inhibit the production of laccase: green (3.76 ± 1.12 U/L), blue (1.94 ± 0.36 U/L), and white (1.05 ± 0.21 U/L) in proportions of 85.8, 92.6, and 96.0%, respectively; whereas long wavelengths inhibit laccase production only partially i.e., red light (14.05 ± 4.79 U/L) in a proportion of 46.8%. Maximum activity was induced in absence of visible light (30 °C, darkness), i.e., 30.76 ± 4.0 U/L. It is concluded that the production of laccase in P. sanguineus responds to light stimuli [measured as wavelengths and lx] and that it does so inversely. This can be explained as an ecological mechanism of environmental recognition, given that P. sanguineus develops inside lignocellulose structures in conditions of darkness. The presence of short wavelength light (460-510 nm) would indicate that the organism finds itself in an external environment, unprovided of lignin, and that it is therefore unnecessary to secrete laccase. This possible new regulation in the laccase production in P. sanguineus has important biotechnological implications, for it would be possible to control the production of laccase using light stimuli.

Conocimientos sobre sexualidad y prácticas sexuales en adolescentes de 8 a 11 grado en una institución educativa de la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia), 2013 / Knowledge about sexuality and sexual practices in teenagers of 8 to 11 grade of educational institution in Manizales city (Colombia), 2013

Objetivo: Identificar los conocimientos y prácticas sexuales en la población de adolescentes de los grados 8 a 11 de una institución educativa de la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal; la población estuvo conformada por 170 adolescentes de 14 a 21 años, matriculados en los grados 8 a 11 de Básica Secundaria de una institución educativa de la ciudad de Manizales, de estratos medio y bajo. Se realizó por el método de encuesta. Se tomaron diferentes variables sobre conocimientos sexuales, prácticas sexuales y factores de riesgo para embarazo y enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 16,31 años, de género masculino en un 56,5 %. Presentaron un promedio de 2,9 (sobre 5) de conocimientos en educación sexual, 1,8 en métodos anticonceptivos, 2,4 en embarazo, 3,5 en enfermedades de transmisión sexual, para un promedio total de 2,7. El 91,8 % ha tenido experiencias sexuales, 70,1 % con penetración; 46,6 % no emplea métodos anticonceptivos; 5 % de las mujeres manifestó que había tenido embarazos; 4,2 % dijo que no ha tenido enfermedades de transmisión sexual. El bajo puntaje de conocimientos correlaciona significativamente con incomodidad en el empleo de métodos anticonceptivos (p=0.018), desconocimiento de para qué se emplean (p=0.019), no empleo de ellos (p=0,007). Conclusiones: Debido al bajo conocimiento en temas de sexualidad y la intensa práctica sexual, esta población se convierte en población de alta riesgo para presencia de embarazos no deseados, de abortos inducidos y de enfermedades de transmisión sexual.

Objective: To identify the knowledge and the sexual practices in teen agers of 8 to 11 grade of two schools Manizales city (Caldas, Colombia). Methodology: This is a transversal retrospective study with survey application; the population were 170 teen agers between 14 and 21 years of age, who are studying from 8 to11 grades of high school of two schools Manizales city, who are in medium and low stratus. The study was done with a survey. Was use different variables about the sexual knowledge, sexual practices and risk factors about pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Results: The standard of age was of 16,31 ages, the masculine genre a 56.5 %.Was an average of 2,9 (over 5) of knowledge in sexual education, 1,8 in contraceptive methods, 2,4 in pregnancy, 3,5 in sexually transmitted diseases, for an average of 2,7.The 91,8 % has had sexual experiences, 70,1 % with penetration; 46.6% do not use contraceptive methods; 5 % of the women said has had pregnancies; 4,2% said has had sexually transmitted diseases. The low score of knowledge have a significantly coincidence with the discomfort with the use of contraceptive methods (p=0.018), ignorance of which is used for (p=0.019), do not use of it. Conclusions: According to the low knowledge in sexual topics and the intense sexual practice, this population is a high risk population to have unwanted pregnancies, induced abortions and sexually transmitted diseases.

Uncovering the cultivable microbial diversity of costa rican beetles and its ability to break down plant cell wall components.

Coleopterans are the most diverse insect order described to date. These organisms have acquired an array of survival mechanisms through their evolution, including highly efficient digestive systems. Therefore, the coleopteran intestinal microbiota constitutes an important source of novel plant cell wall-degrading enzymes with potential biotechnological applications. We isolated and described the cultivable fungi, actinomycetes and aerobic eubacteria associated with the gut of larvae and adults from six different beetle families colonizing decomposing logs in protected Costa Rican ecosystems. We obtained 611 isolates and performed phylogenetic analyses using the ITS region (fungi) and 16S rDNA (bacteria). The majority of fungal isolates belonged to the order Hypocreales (26% of 169 total), while the majority of actinomycetes belonged to the genus Streptomyces (86% of 241 total). Finally, we isolated 201 bacteria spanning 19 different families belonging into four phyla: Firmicutes, α, ß and γ-proteobacteria. Subsequently, we focused on microbes isolated from Passalid beetles to test their ability to degrade plant cell wall polymers. Highest scores in these assays were achieved by a fungal isolate (Anthostomella sp.), two Streptomyces and one Bacillus bacterial isolates. Our study demonstrates that Costa Rican beetles harbor several types of cultivable microbes, some of which may be involved in symbiotic relationships that enable the insect to digest complex polymers such as lignocellulose.