ABSTRACT
The cerebellum is involved in higher order cognitive function and is susceptible to age-related atrophy. However, limited evidence has directly examined the cerebellum's role in cognitive aging. To interrogate potential substrates of the relationship between cerebellar structure and memory in aging, here we target the Purkinje cells (PCs). The sole output neurons of the cerebellum, PC loss and/or degeneration underlie a variety of behavioral abnormalities. Using a rat model of normal cognitive aging, we immunostained sections through the cerebellum for the PC-specific protein, calbindin-D28k. Although morphometric quantification revealed no significant difference in total PC number as a function of age or cognitive status, regional cell number was a more robust correlate of memory performance in the young cerebellum than in aged animals. Parallel biochemical analysis of PC-specific protein levels in whole cerebellum additionally revealed that calbindin-D28k and Purkinje cell protein-2 (pcp-2) levels were lower selectively in aged rats with spatial memory impairment compared to both young animals and aged rats with intact memory. These results suggest that cognitive aging is associated with cerebellum vulnerability, potentially reflecting disruption of the cerebellum-medial temporal lobe network.
Subject(s)
Purkinje Cells , S100 Calcium Binding Protein G , Rats , Animals , Purkinje Cells/metabolism , Calbindin 1/metabolism , S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/chemistry , S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/metabolism , Cerebellum , Neurons/metabolismABSTRACT
Resumen Este trabajo reporta la presencia inusual de especies de la familia Carangidae en los desembarcaderos de la provincia de Pisco (13.5° S), departamento de Ica, ocurridos durante el evento El Niño costero 2017. Se observaron 4 especies: Caranx caballus, Caranx caninus, Oligoplites saurus y Selene brevoortii capturadas con el arte de pesca "cortina agallera". Durante el periodo de El Niño costero 2017 en el área de estudio se registraron temperaturas superiores a los 26 °C y salinidades moderadamente elevadas (> 35.1 ups), condiciones que habrían favorecido el desplazamiento de estas especies, frecuentes en el norte del Perú, hacia latitudes superiores.
Abstract This work reports the unusual presence of species of the Carangidae family in Pisco province coast (13.5° S), department of Ica, which occurred during the El Niño costero 2017 event. Four species were observed: Caranx caballus, Caranx caninus, Oligoplites saurus y Selene brevoortii were captured with the "cortina agallera" fishing gear. During the El Niño costero 2017 in the study area, temperatures above 26 °C and moderately high salinities (> 35.1 ups) were recorded, conditions would have favored the displacement of these species, frequent in the north of Peru, towards higher latitudes.
ABSTRACT
Blood product transfusion has not been subject to rigorous clinical study, and great practice variations exist. Of particular concern to hospitalists is the use of red blood cells, plasma, and platelets prior to invasive procedures to correct anemia or perceived bleeding risk. We summarize the known risks associated with periprocedural anemia, prolonged international normalized ratio (INR), and thrombocytopenia, as well as the effects of blood product administration on clinical outcomes. Clinical trial evidence argues for a restrictive red blood cell transfusion threshold (a hemoglobin level of 7-8 g/dL or symptomatic anemia) for most perioperative patients. There are no high-quality data to guide plasma and platelet transfusions around the time of procedures. Available data do not support the use of prothrombin time/INR to guide prophylactic administration of plasma, and there are scarce data to guide platelet use around the time of an invasive procedure. Therefore, we rely on current consensus expert opinion, which recommends administration of plasma in moderate- to high-risk procedures when INR is >1.5. We recommend platelet transfusion in low-risk procedures when platelet count is <20,000/µL, for average-risk procedures when platelet count is <50,000/µL, and for procedures involving the central nervous system when the platelet count is <100,000/µL.
