ABSTRACT
Abstract Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy herds and the main cause of economic losses in milk production worldwide. This inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland affects the quantity, composition and quality of milk produced and its suitability for the dairy industry. Despite of its importance, Colombia has no regulations on somatic cell count (SCC); that is, no official upper limits have been established for the dairy industry. The current quality-based payment system for raw milk does not encourage local producers to reduce the level of somatic cells. Consequently, Colombia is at a disadvantage compared to countries that include this parameter in their payment schemes and subscribe to international free trade agreements, affecting the competitiveness of the Colombian dairy sector. This article reviews the types of somatic cells, the microbiology of mastitis, its etiology and diagnosis, the changes that generate the composition of milk, and the impact of high SCCs on the quality of dairy products, such as yogurt, cheese, and milk powder. The final section offers a reflection on the problem of high SCCs in Colombia and the lack of regulations in this regard.
Resumen La mastitis es la enfermedad más frecuente en los hatos lecheros y es la principal causa de pérdidas económicas en la producción de leche alrededor del mundo. Esta reacción inflamatoria de la glándula mamaria afecta la cantidad, composición, calidad y aptitud de la leche para procesamiento por la industria. Sin embargo, en Colombia no existe normatividad sobre el recuento de células somáticas, principal indicador de mastitis; es decir, no existen límites oficiales que sirvan de referencia para la industria lechera. El sistema de pago basado en calidad no incentiva al productor a disminuir el nivel de células somáticas. Esto coloca al país en desventaja frente a otros países que exigen este parámetro en su esquema de pago y con los cuales Colombia tiene tratados de libre comercio, afectando negativamente la competitividad del sector lechero colombiano. En este artículo se hace una revisión sobre los tipos de células somáticas, la microbiología de la mastitis, su etiología, el diagnóstico, los cambios que generan la composición de la leche y el impacto que tienen los altos recuentos de células somáticas sobre la calidad de algunos derivados lácteos como yogures, quesos y leche en polvo. En la parte final se presenta una reflexión sobre la problemática de los altos recuentos de células somáticas en Colombia y la falta de normatividad al respecto.
Resumo A mastite é a doença mais frequente nos rebanhos leiteiros e é a principal causa de perdas econômicas na produção de leite em todo o mundo. Essa reação inflamatória da glândula mamária causa efeitos na quantidade, composição, qualidade e aptidão de leite processado pela indústria. No entanto, na Colômbia, não há regulamentação sobre a contagem de células somáticas até o momento, o principal indicador de mastite, ou seja, não há limites oficiais que sejam referência para a indústria leiteira. O sistema de pagamento baseado na qualidade não incentiva o produtor a diminuir o nível de células somáticas. Isso coloca o país em desvantagem em comparação com outros países que exigem esse parâmetro em seu esquema de pagamento e com quem a Colômbia possui acordos de livre comércio, afetando negativamente a competitividade do setor. Este documento analisa os tipos de células somáticas, a microbiologia da mastite, sua etiologia, diagnóstico, alterações na composição do leite e o impacto da alta contagem de células somáticas na qualidade do leite. Alguns derivados de leite, como iogurtes, queijos e leite em pó. Na parte final, é feita uma reflexão sobre o problema da alta contagem de células somáticas na Colômbia e a falta de regulamentação nesse sentido.
ABSTRACT
There are several possible uses of the Class II hydrophobin HFBII in clinical applications. To fully understand and exploit this potential however, the antioxidant activity and ACE-inhibitory potential of this protein need to be better understood and have not been previously reported. In this study, the Class II hydrophobin HFBII was produced by the cultivation of wild type Trichoderma reesei. The crude hydrophobin extract obtained from the fermentation process was purified using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and the identity of the purified HFBII verified by MALDI-TOF (molecular weight: 7.2kDa). Subsequently the antioxidant activities of different concentrations of HFBII (0.01-0.40mg/mL) were determined. The results show that for HFBII concentrations of 0.04mg/mL and upwards the protein significantly reduced the presence of ABTS(+) radicals in the medium, the IC50 value found to be 0.13mg/mL. Computational modeling highlighted the role of the amino acid residues located in the conserved and exposed hydrophobic patch on the surface of the HFBII molecule and the interactions with the aromatic rings of ABTS. The ACE-inhibitory effect of HFBII was found to occur from 0.5mg/mL and upwards, making the combination of HFBII with strong ACE-inhibitors attractive for use in the healthcare industry.
Subject(s)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Trichoderma/chemistry , Animals , RabbitsABSTRACT
In this work, the interactions of a well-studied hydrophobin with different types of nonpolar model substances and their impact on primary gushing is evaluated. The nature, length, and degree of saturation of nonpolar molecules are key parameters defining the gushing ability or inhibition. When mixed with hydrophobins, the nonpolar molecule-hydrophobin assembly acts as a less gushing or no gushing system. This effect can be explained in the framework of a competition effect between non-polar systems and CO2 to interact with the hydrophobic patch of the hydrophobin. Interactions of these molecules with hydrophobins are promoted as a result of the similar size of the nonpolar molecules with the hydrophobic patch of the protein, at the expense of the formation of nanobubbles with CO2. In order to prove the presence of interactions and to unravel the mechanisms behind them, a complete set of experimental techniques was used. Surface sensitive techniques clearly show the presence of the interactions, whose nature is not covalent nor hydrogen bonding according to infrared spectroscopy results. Interactions were also reflected by particle size analysis in which mixtures of particles displayed larger size than their pure component counterparts. Upon mixing with nonpolar molecules, the gushing ability of the protein is significantly disrupted.
