ABSTRACT
Penetrating and blunt trauma to the plantar aspect of the foot are common. Both penetrating and blunt trauma may be associated with an injury to the blood vessels, which may go undetected clinically. A minor puncture, blunt trauma and repeated blunt trauma can injure small arteries leading to an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The arterial rupture leads to a system of veins creating a small AVF and appearing clinically as a blue colored, painful lesion. A case of such an injury is presented where the clinical examination, magnetic resonance arteriogram and point of service ultrasound with duplex imaging was used to diagnose the AVF. The AVF was treated in the clinic with a percutaneous ultrasound-guided laser procedure. The laser procedure was effective and there was minimal post procedural morbidity.
Subject(s)
Arteriovenous Fistula , Laser Therapy , Arteriovenous Fistula/diagnostic imaging , Arteriovenous Fistula/etiology , Arteriovenous Fistula/surgery , Humans , Laser Therapy/adverse effects , Lasers , Ultrasonography , Ultrasonography, InterventionalABSTRACT
An analytical method to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) was developed. MDA was derivatized with N-methylhydrazine (NMH) to 1-methylpyrazole (1-MP). 1-MP was extracted and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Analyte concentration, pH, and matrix effects of 1-MP-spiked samples were investigated to determine optimal recovery conditions. Efficiencies for solid-phase extraction ranged from 95.6 +/- 0.9 to 81.6 +/- 3.5% compared to 75.0 +/- 6.4 to 67.5 +/- 9.6% for liquid-liquid extraction for 20 to 1 nmol/ml 1-MP-spiked samples, respectively. Solid-phase extraction of 1-MP was more effective than liquid-liquid extraction over a range of pH 2-8.5 and in various aqueous matrices. Addition of methanol to the matrix decreased the solid-phase extraction efficiency. Reaction yield at pH 2-8.5 showed full conversion of MDA to 1-MP following reaction with NMH. Recovery of bound MDA was investigated by incubating bovine serum albumin (BSA) spiked with MDA at 37 degrees C for 18 h and separating the free MDA and MDA-bound protein. The recovery of bound MDA from BSA increased by increasing the acidity and temperature. Specific applications of this method for biological samples are given for the analysis of endogenous MDA in the plasma and red blood cells of mice and the formation of MDA in ultraviolet-irradiated cells in culture.
