Evaluación de los esquemas de riesgo hemorrágico HAS-BLED y ORBIT en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular tratados con anticoagulación oral. Respuesta / Evaluation of HAS-BLED and ORBIT bleeding risk scores in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients receiving oral anticoagulants. Response

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Comparación entre tres sistemas de puntuación de hemorragia en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular. ¿Qué puede ofrecer la nueva puntuación ORBIT? / Comparison between 3 bleeding scoring systems in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients. What can the new ORBIT score provide?

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El riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares tras un evento coronario agudo persiste elevado a pesar de la revascularización, especialmente durante el primer año / The risk of cardiovascular events after an acute coronary event remains high, especially during the first year, despite revascularization

Introducción y objetivos: Existe escasa información sobre la incidencia y los predictores de infarto, ictus o muerte cardiovascular tras presentar un síndrome coronario agudo. Se investigaron los aspectos previos y se desarrollaron herramientas de predicción de dichos eventos según la temporalidad de su ocurrencia. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 4.858 pacientes supervivientes a un evento coronario agudo. Se analizó la incidencia y los predictores de infarto agudo de miocardio, ictus o muerte cardiovascular durante el primer año (n = 4.858) frente a años sucesivos (n = 4.345 pacientes libres del evento combinado durante el primer año). Resultados: En el primer año hubo 329 eventos (función de incidencia acumulada, 7,3% personas-año) y 616 posteriormente (21,5% personas-año; seguimiento de 4,9 ± 2,4 años). El riesgo de eventos durante el primer año en los terciles de riesgo establecidos fue del 2,5% personas-año en el grupo de riesgo bajo (< 3 puntos), el 4,8% personas-año en el grupo de riesgo intermedio (3-6 puntos) y el 15,5% personas-año en el grupo de riesgo alto (> 6 puntos) (p < 0,001). En la cohorte que presentó el evento combinado después del primer año, el riesgo de eventos aumentó de 10,7% personas-año en el tercil de riesgo bajo (< 3 puntos) a 40,3% personas-año en el tercil de riesgo alto (> 6 puntos) (p < 0,001). Ambas escalas mostraron los siguientes índices predictivos: estadístico C, 0,74 y 0,69 respectivamente; p (test de Hosmer-Lemeshow) ≥ 0,44. Conclusiones: Persiste un riesgo elevado de recidiva de eventos cardiovasculares después de un síndrome coronario agudo. Es posible cuantificar dicho riesgo de manera sencilla y con aceptable capacidad predictiva (AU)

Introduction and objectives: There is little information on the incidence and predictors of infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death after acute coronary syndrome. We investigated these aspects and developed tools for predicting these events according to the time of their occurrence. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of 4858 patients who survived an acute coronary event. We analyzed the incidence and predictors of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death during the first year (n = 4858) vs successive years (n = 4345 patients free of composite events during the first year). Results: There were 329 events in the first year (cumulative incidence function: 7.3% person-years) and 616 in successive years (21.5% person-years; follow-up 4.9 ± 2.4 years). The risk of events during the first year per tertile was 2.5% person-years in the low-risk tertile (< 3 points), 4.8% person-years in the intermediate-risk tertile (3-6 points), and 15.5% person-years in the high-risk tertile (> 6 points) (P < .001). The risk of events in the cohort that had a combined event in successive years increased from 10.7% person-years in the low-risk tertile (< 3 points) to 40.3% person-years in the high-risk tertile (> 6 points) (P < .001). The 2 scales showed the following predictive indexes: C statistic, 0.74 and 0.69, respectively; P (Hosmer-Lemeshow test) ≥ 0.44 Conclusion: The risk of recurrence of cardiovascular events remains high after acute coronary syndrome. The level of risk can be easily quantified with acceptable predictive ability (AU)

Dominancia coronaria y pronóstico a largo plazo de los pacientes con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST tratado con angioplastia primaria / Coronary artery dominance and long-term prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty

Introducción y objetivos: El significado pronóstico a largo plazo del patrón de dominancia coronaria en pacientes con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST está mal caracterizado. Se investigó el pronóstico de esos pacientes según tuvieran dominancia derecha, izquierda o codominancia. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 767 pacientes, ingresados entre 2007 y 2012 por infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y tratados con intervencionismo coronario percutáneo primario. Se determinó el impacto del patrón de dominancia coronaria, en la mortalidad por cualquier causa y los reingresos por infarto ajustando por mortalidad como evento competitivo. Resultados: La dominancia coronaria fue derecha en el 80,9% e izquierda en el 8,6%. Durante 40,8 [intervalo intercuartílico, 21,9-58,3] meses de seguimiento, se registraron 118 (15,4%) muertes, 39 (5,1%) de ellas, intrahospitalarias. La mortalidad fue del 7,1, el 36,4 y el 13,8% (p < 0,001) en dominancia derecha, izquierda y codominancia, respectivamente. La causa de muerte fue cardiovascular en el 7,1, el 21,2 y el 2,4%. En el análisis multivariable de Cox, la dominancia izquierda se asoció significativamente con la mortalidad (hazard ratio = 1,76; p = 0,02). Considerar «dominancia coronaria» en la predicción de riesgo de muerte mejoró la capacidad de discriminación y calibración de la puntuación GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events). El 9,3% (71 pacientes) presentó reinfarto durante el seguimiento. En el análisis multivariable, la dominancia izquierda fue predictora independiente de reinfarto (sub-hazard ratio = 2,06; p = 0,01). Conclusiones: En el infarto con elevación del segmento ST tratado con intervencionismo coronario percutáneo primario, la dominancia izquierda confiere mayor riesgo de muerte y reinfarto que la dominancia derecha, y debería tenerse en cuenta en la estratificación pronóstica (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The long-term prognostic significance of coronary artery dominance pattern in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is poorly characterized. We investigated the prognosis of such patients according to whether they had right dominance, left dominance, or codominance. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 767 patients, who were admitted to hospital between 2007 and 2012 with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. We determined the effect of the coronary dominance pattern on all-cause mortality and readmission for infarction, adjusting for mortality as a competing event. Results: A total of 80.9% of patients had right coronary dominance, and 8.6% had left coronary dominance. Over 40.8 months’ [interquartile range, 21.9-58.3 months] follow-up, 118 (15.4%) deaths were recorded, of which 39 (5.1%) were in hospital. Mortality for right dominance, left dominance, and codominance was 7.1%, 36.4%, and 13.8% (P < .001), respectively. Cause of death was cardiovascular in 7.1%, 21.2%, and 2.4%. On Cox multivariate analysis, left dominance was significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio = 1.76; P = .02). Taking 'coronary dominance' into account in prediction of risk of death improved the discrimination and calibration capacity of GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) scoring. At follow-up, 9.3% (71 patients) had reinfarction. On multivariate analysis, left dominance was an independent predictor of reinfarction (subhazard ratio = 2.06; P = .01). Conclusions: In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention, left coronary artery dominance confers a higher risk of death and reinfarction than right coronary artery dominance, and should be included in prognostic stratification (AU)

The Risk of Cardiovascular Events After an Acute Coronary Event Remains High, Especially During the First Year, Despite Revascularization.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: There is little information on the incidence and predictors of infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death after acute coronary syndrome. We investigated these aspects and developed tools for predicting these events according to the time of their occurrence. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 4858 patients who survived an acute coronary event. We analyzed the incidence and predictors of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death during the first year (n=4858) vs successive years (n=4345 patients free of composite events during the first year). RESULTS: There were 329 events in the first year (cumulative incidence function: 7.3% person-years) and 616 in successive years (21.5% person-years; follow-up 4.9±2.4 years). The risk of events during the first year per tertile was 2.5% person-years in the low-risk tertile (< 3 points), 4.8% person-years in the intermediate-risk tertile (3-6 points), and 15.5% person-years in the high-risk tertile (> 6 points) (P<.001). The risk of events in the cohort that had a combined event in successive years increased from 10.7% person-years in the low-risk tertile (< 3 points) to 40.3% person-years in the high-risk tertile (> 6 points) (P<.001). The 2 scales showed the following predictive indexes: C statistic, 0.74 and 0.69, respectively; P (Hosmer-Lemeshow test)≥0.44 CONCLUSION: The risk of recurrence of cardiovascular events remains high after acute coronary syndrome. The level of risk can be easily quantified with acceptable predictive ability.

Coronary Artery Dominance and Long-term Prognosis in Patients With ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Angioplasty.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The long-term prognostic significance of coronary artery dominance pattern in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is poorly characterized. We investigated the prognosis of such patients according to whether they had right dominance, left dominance, or codominance. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 767 patients, who were admitted to hospital between 2007 and 2012 with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. We determined the effect of the coronary dominance pattern on all-cause mortality and readmission for infarction, adjusting for mortality as a competing event. RESULTS: A total of 80.9% of patients had right coronary dominance, and 8.6% had left coronary dominance. Over 40.8 months' [interquartile range, 21.9-58.3 months] follow-up, 118 (15.4%) deaths were recorded, of which 39 (5.1%) were in hospital. Mortality for right dominance, left dominance, and codominance was 7.1%, 36.4%, and 13.8% (P ˂ .001), respectively. Cause of death was cardiovascular in 7.1%, 21.2%, and 2.4%. On Cox multivariate analysis, left dominance was significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio = 1.76; P = .02). Taking "coronary dominance" into account in prediction of risk of death improved the discrimination and calibration capacity of GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) scoring. At follow-up, 9.3% (71 patients) had reinfarction. On multivariate analysis, left dominance was an independent predictor of reinfarction (subhazard ratio = 2.06; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention, left coronary artery dominance confers a higher risk of death and reinfarction than right coronary artery dominance, and should be included in prognostic stratification.