Design and rationale of the inferior vena CAVA and Lung UltraSound-guided therapy in Acute Heart Failure (CAVAL US-AHF Study): a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Between 25% and 30% of patients hospitalised for acute heart failure (AHF) are readmitted within 90 days after discharge, mostly due to persistent congestion on discharge. However, as the optimal evaluation of decongestion is not clearly defined, it is necessary to implement new tools to identify subclinical congestion to guide treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if inferior vena cava (IVC) and lung ultrasound (CAVAL US)-guided therapy for AHF patients reduces subclinical congestion at discharge. METHODS: CAVAL US-AHF is a single-centre, single-blind randomised controlled trial designed to evaluate if an IVC and lung ultrasound-guided healthcare strategy is superior to standard care to reduce subclinical congestion at discharge. Fifty-eight patients with AHF will be randomised using a block randomisation programme that will assign to either lung and IVC ultrasound-guided decongestion therapy ('intervention group') or clinical-guided decongestion therapy ('control group'), using a quantitative protocol and will be classified in three groups according to the level of congestion observed: none or mild, moderate or severe. The treating physicians will know the result of the test and the subsequent adjustment of treatment in response to those findings guided by a customised therapeutic algorithm. The primary endpoint is the presence of more than five B-lines and/or an increase in the diameter of the IVC, with and without collapsibility. The secondary endpoints are the composite of readmission for HF, unplanned visit for worsening HF or death at 90 days, variation of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide at discharge, length of hospital stay and diuretic dose at 90 days. Analyses will be conducted as between-group by intention to treat. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board and registered in the PRIISA.BA platform of the Ministry of Health of the City of Buenos Aires. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04549701.

Shone's syndrome: Insights from three-dimensional echocardiography.

Shone's syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly defined as the presence of at least two of the following heart obstructions: a mitral supravalvular ring, a "parachute" mitral valve stenosis, subaortic stenosis, and aortic coarctation. A 58-year-old man presented with a mitral ring and a "parachute" mitral valve on two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography, raising suspicion of Shone's syndrome. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography revealed a subannular mitral ring inserted directly on the mitral leaflets, thus acting as a "valvar ring." This distinction can have therapeutic implications as a "valvar" mitral ring could require valve repair or replacement, instead of simple resection.

Three-dimensional echocardiography for predicting postoperative ventricular volumes after surgical ventricular reconstruction of left ventricular aneurysm: A case-based presentation.

Three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) may have a role in predicting final left ventricular volumes and clinical response after the surgical ventricular reconstruction (SVR) of left ventricular aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms. Left ventricle final volumes can be calculated through "virtual aneurysmectomy." We present a patient with a huge ventricular dilation combined with myocardial dissection, localized wall rupture, and aneurysm of the left ventricular apex after acute myocardial infarction in which accurate predictions from 3DTTE suggest potential clinical value.

Evaluación del haz espinotalámico mediante tractografía por resonancia magnética: nuevos aportes en la fisiopatología del dolor en pacientes con síndrome X / Spinothalamic Assessment by Magnetic Resonance Tractography: new Contributions in the Pathophysiology of Pain in Patients with Syndrome X

Introducción El síndrome X se asocia con signos y síntomas de isquemia, sin obstrucción significativa de las arterias coronarias. En los pacientes con este síndrome existe un aumento en la percepción de los estímulos cardíacos, aunque la causa de este trastorno se desconoce. Objetivo Explorar los tractos nerviosos sensitivos involucrados en la percepción anormal del dolor en mujeres que sufren de síndrome X. Material y métodos Estudio prospectivo que incluyó 24 mujeres: 12 con síndrome X, 6 con enfermedad coronaria documentada y 6 controles sanas. Se realizó el mapeo del tracto espinotalámico lateral mediante tractografía por difusión. Se analizaron las características anatómicas (líneas, vóxels, longitud) y físicas (anisotropía fraccional, coeficiente de difusión aparente, difusividad) de cada tracto. Resultados El haz espinotalámico lateral se pudo aislar en todas las pacientes evaluadas. No hubo diferencias en las características físicas de los tractos, pero existió una diferencia significativa en el número de vóxels de los tres grupos a expensas del grupo síndrome X (101,2 ± 46,9 vs. 83,2 ± 24 vs. 66 ± 16; p = 0,030), con una tendencia a presentar un número mayor de líneas en cada tracto. Conclusiones Se hallaron diferencias en las características anatómicas de los tractos de las pacientes con síndrome X respecto de los controles sanos y de las pacientes con enfermedad coronaria, con indemnidad en las características físicas de las fibras. Es probable que este estudio experimental sea el primero en demostrar que es posible evaluar in vivo los tractos neurológicos involucrados en la transmisión del dolor en este grupo de pacientes, lo cual abre un nuevo campo de investigación.

Background Syndrome X is associated with signs and symptoms of ischemia without significant coronary artery obstruction. There is an increased perception of cardiac stimuli in these patients, although the cause of this disorder is unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze sensory nerve tracts involved in abnormal perception of pain in women with syndrome X. Methods This prospective study included 24 women: 12 with syndrome X; 6 with documented coronary heart disease, and 6 healthy controls. Lateral spinothalamic tract mapping by diffusion trac-tography was performed. The anatomic features (lines, voxels, and length) and physical features (fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient, diffusivity) of each tract were analyzed. Results The lateral spinothalamic tract was isolated in all patients. No differences were found in the physical characteristics of the tracts, but there was a significant difference in the number of voxels of the syndrome X group when compared to the other two groups (101.2±46.9 vs. 83.2±24 vs. 66±16; p=0.030), with a tendency towards larger number of lines in each tract. Conclusions There were differences in the anatomic characteristics of tracts in syndrome X patients with respect to healthy controls and coronary artery disease patients, with indemnity in the physical characteristics of the fibers. This is probably the first experimental study to show that it is possible to evaluate "in vivo" neurological tracts involved in pain transmission in syndrome X patients, opening a new field of research.

Evaluación del haz espinotalámico mediante tractografía por resonancia magnética: nuevos aportes en la fisiopatología del dolor en pacientes con síndrome X / Spinothalamic Assessment by Magnetic Resonance Tractography: new Contributions in the Pathophysiology of Pain in Patients with Syndrome X

Introducción El síndrome X se asocia con signos y síntomas de isquemia, sin obstrucción significativa de las arterias coronarias. En los pacientes con este síndrome existe un aumento en la percepción de los estímulos cardíacos, aunque la causa de este trastorno se desconoce. Objetivo Explorar los tractos nerviosos sensitivos involucrados en la percepción anormal del dolor en mujeres que sufren de síndrome X. Material y métodos Estudio prospectivo que incluyó 24 mujeres: 12 con síndrome X, 6 con enfermedad coronaria documentada y 6 controles sanas. Se realizó el mapeo del tracto espinotalámico lateral mediante tractografía por difusión. Se analizaron las características anatómicas (líneas, vóxels, longitud) y físicas (anisotropía fraccional, coeficiente de difusión aparente, difusividad) de cada tracto. Resultados El haz espinotalámico lateral se pudo aislar en todas las pacientes evaluadas. No hubo diferencias en las características físicas de los tractos, pero existió una diferencia significativa en el número de vóxels de los tres grupos a expensas del grupo síndrome X (101,2 ± 46,9 vs. 83,2 ± 24 vs. 66 ± 16; p = 0,030), con una tendencia a presentar un número mayor de líneas en cada tracto. Conclusiones Se hallaron diferencias en las características anatómicas de los tractos de las pacientes con síndrome X respecto de los controles sanos y de las pacientes con enfermedad coronaria, con indemnidad en las características físicas de las fibras. Es probable que este estudio experimental sea el primero en demostrar que es posible evaluar in vivo los tractos neurológicos involucrados en la transmisión del dolor en este grupo de pacientes, lo cual abre un nuevo campo de investigación.(AU)

Background Syndrome X is associated with signs and symptoms of ischemia without significant coronary artery obstruction. There is an increased perception of cardiac stimuli in these patients, although the cause of this disorder is unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze sensory nerve tracts involved in abnormal perception of pain in women with syndrome X. Methods This prospective study included 24 women: 12 with syndrome X; 6 with documented coronary heart disease, and 6 healthy controls. Lateral spinothalamic tract mapping by diffusion trac-tography was performed. The anatomic features (lines, voxels, and length) and physical features (fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient, diffusivity) of each tract were analyzed. Results The lateral spinothalamic tract was isolated in all patients. No differences were found in the physical characteristics of the tracts, but there was a significant difference in the number of voxels of the syndrome X group when compared to the other two groups (101.2±46.9 vs. 83.2±24 vs. 66±16; p=0.030), with a tendency towards larger number of lines in each tract. Conclusions There were differences in the anatomic characteristics of tracts in syndrome X patients with respect to healthy controls and coronary artery disease patients, with indemnity in the physical characteristics of the fibers. This is probably the first experimental study to show that it is possible to evaluate "in vivo" neurological tracts involved in pain transmission in syndrome X patients, opening a new field of research.(AU)