ABSTRACT
Abstract: There has been a surge of interest in new technologies in medicine because of their promising clinical applications. Extensive research on additive manufacturing and its applications in the medical field has been carried out with good results and very high expectations. Due to their disruptive nature and potential, 3D printing and even more 3D bioprinting raise many ethical and safety concerns that need to be adequately addressed to provide good regulation before entering clinical practice. This article aims to highlight the general ethical concerns associated with the use of additive manufacturing in medicine and the lack of current international regulatory directives to guide these experiments. Transparency about how these new medical devices are regulated and approved is a fundamental requirement to promote and improve public trust, efficiency, safety and quality.
Subject(s)
Bioprinting , Tissue Engineering , Humans , Tissue Engineering/methods , Bioprinting/methods , Printing, Three-DimensionalABSTRACT
CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) are membrane-bound proteins involved in HIV-1 entry into susceptible cells. All T lymphocyte subsets display CCR5 and CCR3 on their membrane surface. T helper 1 cells are known to express CCR5 but not CCR3, and most of T cells expressing CCR3 are T helper 2. This study aimed to assess the expression of CCR5 and CCR3 on peripheral blood CD3+ T lymphocytes of HIV-Leishmania co-infected individuals. A total of 36 subjects were enrolled; nine had HIV-Leishmania co-infection; nine were HIV-infected without Leishmania, nine had visceral leishmaniasis without HIV co-infection and nine were healthy blood donors. HIV-Leishmania co-infected subjects showed a significantly higher rate of CCR5+CD3+ T lymphocytes in comparison with the other studied groups. The higher rate of CD3+ T-cells expressing CCR5 found in HIV-Leishmania co-infected subjects may be related to the role of Leishmania as an enhancer of the progression to AIDS.
