Development of a Small-Footprint 50 MHz Linear Array: Fabrication and Micro-Ultrasound Imaging Demonstration.

Compact high-frequency arrays are of interest for clinical and preclinical applications in which a small-footprint or endoscopic device is needed to reach the target anatomy. However, the fabrication of compact arrays entails the connection of several dozens of small elements to the imaging system through a combination of flexible printed circuit boards at the array end and micro-coaxial cabling to the imaging system. The methods currently used, such as wire bonding, conductive adhesives, or a dry connection to a flexible circuit, considerably increase the array footprint. Here, we propose an interconnection method that uses vacuum-deposited metals, laser patterning, and electroplating to achieve a right-angle, compact, reliable connection between array elements and flexible-circuit traces. The array elements are thickened at the edges using patterned copper traces, which increases their cross-sectional area and facilitates the connection. We fabricated a 2.3 mm by 1.7 mm, 64-element linear array with elements at a 36 µm pitch connected to a 4 cm long flexible circuit, where the interconnect adds only 100 µm to each side of the array. Pulse-echo measurements yielded an average center frequency of 55 MHz and a -6 dB bandwidth of 41%. We measured an imaging resolution of 35 µm in the axial direction and 114 µm in the lateral direction and demonstrated the ex vivo imaging of porcine esophageal tissue and the in vivo imaging of avian embryonic vasculature.

Adaptation of a Clinical High-Frequency Transrectal Ultrasound System for Prostate Photoacoustic Imaging: Implementation and Pre-clinical Demonstration.

OBJECTIVE: High-frequency, high-resolution transrectal micro-ultrasound (micro-US: ≥15 MHz) imaging of the prostate is emerging as a beneficial tool for scoring disease risk and accurately targeting biopsies. Adding photoacoustic (PA) imaging to visualize abnormal vascularization and accumulation of contrast agents in tumors has potential for guiding focal therapies. In this work, we describe a new imaging platform that combines a transrectal micro-US system with transurethral light delivery for PA imaging. METHODS: A clinical transrectal micro-US system was adapted to acquire PA images synchronous to a tunable laser pulse. A transurethral side-firing optical fiber was developed for light delivery. A polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-plastisol phantom was developed and characterized to image PA contrast agents in wall-less channels. After resolution measurement in water, PA imaging was demonstrated in phantom channels with dyes and biodegradable nanoparticle contrast agents called porphysomes. In vivo imaging of a tumor model was performed, with porphysomes administered intravenously. RESULTS: Photoacoustic imaging data were acquired at 5 Hz, and image reconstruction was performed offline. PA image resolution at a 14-mm depth was 74 and 261 µm in the axial and lateral directions, respectively. The speed of sound in PVC-plastisol was 1383 m/s, and the attenuation was 4 dB/mm at 20 MHz. PA signal from porphysomes was spectrally unmixed from blood signals in the tumor, and a signal increase was observed 3 h after porphysome injection. CONCLUSION: A combined transrectal micro-US and PA imaging system was developed and characterized, and in vivo imaging demonstrated. High-resolution PA imaging may provide valuable additional information for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the prostate.

The CathEye: A Forward-Looking Ultrasound Catheter for Image-Guided Cardiovascular Procedures.

Catheter based procedures are typically guided by X-Ray, which suffers from low soft tissue contrast and only provides 2D projection images of a 3D volume. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) can serve as a complementary imaging technique. Forward viewing catheters are useful for visualizing obstructions along the path of the catheter. The CathEye system mechanically steers a single-element transducer to generate a forward-looking surface reconstruction from an irregularly spaced 2-D scan pattern. The steerable catheter leverages an expandable frame with cables to manipulate the distal end independently of vessel tortuosity. The tip position is estimated by measuring the cable displacements and used to create surface reconstructions of the imaging workspace with the single-element transducer. CathEye's imaging capabilities were tested with an agar phantom and an ex vivo chronic total occlusion (CTO) sample while the catheter was confined to various tortuous paths. The CathEye maintained similar scan patterns regardless of path tortuosity and was able to recreate major features of the imaging targets, such as holes and extrusions. The feasibility of forward-looking IVUS with the CathEye is demonstrated in this study. The CathEye mechanism can be applied to other imaging modalities with field-of-view (FOV) limitations and represents the basis for an interventional device fully integrated with image guidance.

Beck Hopelessness Scale-20: Dimensionality and Nomological Validity Among Colombian School-Age Adolescents.

To establish the validity of the BHS-20, a sample of 2064 adolescent students aged 14 and 17 years (M = 15.61, SD = 1.05) were invited to participate in the research. Cronbach's alpha (α) and McDonald's omega (ω) were computed to evaluate the internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the dimensionality of the BHS-20. The Spearman correlation (rs) with depressive symptoms and risk of suicide scores of the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale were computed to explore the nomological validity. The BHS-20 showed a high internal consistency (α = .81, ω = .93), an adequate one-dimensional structure with an excellent adjustment [χ2 S-B = 341, df = 170, p < .01, Comparative Fit Index = .99, RMSEA = .03] and acceptable nomological validity with depressive symptoms (rs = .47, p < .01) and scores for suicide risk (rs = .33, p < .01). In conclusion, current results suggest that the BHS-20 demonstrates validity and reliability among Colombian adolescent students.

Chemical mutagenesis and thermal selection of coral photosymbionts induce adaptation to heat stress with trait trade-offs.

Despite the relevance of heat-evolved microalgal endosymbionts to coral reef restoration, to date, few Symbiodiniaceae strains have been thermally enhanced via experimental evolution. Here, we investigated whether the thermal tolerance of Symbiodiniaceae can be increased through chemical mutagenesis followed by thermal selection. Strains of Durusdinium trenchii, Fugacium kawagutii and Symbiodinium pilosum were exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate to induce random mutagenesis, and then underwent thermal selection at high temperature (31/33°C). After 4.6-5 years of experimental evolution, the in vitro thermal tolerance of these strains was assessed via reciprocal transplant experiments to ambient (27°C) and elevated (31/35°C) temperatures. Growth, photosynthetic efficiency, oxidative stress and nutrient use were measured to compare thermal tolerance between strains. Heat-evolved D. trenchii, F. kawagutii and S. pilosum strains all exhibited increased photosynthetic efficiency under thermal stress. However, trade-offs in growth rates were observed for the heat-evolved D. trenchii lineage at both ambient and elevated temperatures. Reduced phosphate and nitrate uptake rates in F. kawagutii and S. pilosum heat-evolved lineages, respectively, suggest alterations in nutrition resource usage and allocation processes may have occurred. Increased phosphate uptake rates of the heat-evolved D. trenchii strain indicate that experimental evolution resulted in further trade-offs in this species. These findings deepen our understanding of the physiological responses of Symbiodiniaceae cultures to thermal selection and their capacity to adapt to elevated temperatures. The new heat-evolved Symbiodiniaceae developed here may be beneficial for coral reef restoration efforts if their enhanced thermal tolerance can be conferred in hospite.

Physiological Characterization of the Coral Holobiont Using a New Micro-Respirometry Tool.

Metabolic activity, defined as the sum of organismal processes that involve energy, is of critical importance in understanding the function and evolution of life on earth. Measuring organismal metabolic rates is, therefore, at the center of explaining the physiological states of organisms, their ecological roles, and the impact of environmental change on species within terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. On coral reefs, measures of metabolism have been used to quantify symbiosis functioning between corals and their obligate algal symbionts (Symbiodiniaceae), as well as assess how environmental stressors, including climate change, will impact coral health. Despite this significance, there is a lack of methods, and therefore data, relating to metabolic rate measurements in coral offspring, likely due to their small size. To address this gap, this study aimed to develop a custom setup for measuring the respiration of small (millimeter size range) marine animal ecologies. This low cost and easy setup should allow for the improved measurement of metabolic rate. This will be essential for applied ecological research utilizing the sexual production of corals for reef restoration.

Fine Pitch Flexible Printed Circuit Board Patterning for Miniaturized Endoscopic MicroUltrasound Arrays.

Microultrasound (micro-US) has become an invaluable tool for preclinical research and in emerging applications in clinical diagnosis and treatment guidance. Several such applications can benefit from arrays with a small footprint and endoscopic form factor. However, critical challenges arise in making electrical connections to array elements in such spatial constraints. In this work, we describe a method to pattern a high-density flexible circuit cabling on a copper-on polyimide film, using laser ablation of a polymer resist and wet etching, and then demonstrate a connection to a micro-US array. We investigate laser ablation process parameters and evaluate the ability to consistently pattern continuous copper traces. A minimum 30- [Formula: see text] pitch was achieved with 5- [Formula: see text]-wide electrode lines, and continuity of a 5-m-long trace is demonstrated. A flexible circuit with 30-mm-long traces with 30- [Formula: see text] line and 30- [Formula: see text] space before fan-out was fabricated to connect in an interleaved manner to a 32-element array with 30- [Formula: see text] element pitch. Metal deposition and laser ablation were used to connect and pattern the element electrodes to the copper traces of the flexible circuit. Electrical and acoustic measurements show good yield and consistent impedance across channels. Element pulse-echo tests demonstrated device functionality; the two-way pulse had 43-MHz center frequency and 40% fractional bandwidth (-6 dB). The proposed manufacturing methods facilitate the prototyping and fabrication of flexible endoscopic or small-footprint micro-US devices.

Homonegatividad Internalizada en una Muestra Colombiana: Asociación con el Grado de Identificación con la Homosexualidad y las Variables Sociodemográficas / Internalized Homonegativity: Association with the Degree of Identification with Homosexuality and Sociodemographic Variables

Resumen Introducción: diferentes autores señalan la necesidad de realizar más estudios sobre las variables asociadas con la homonegatividad internalizada (HI) en Latinoamérica. Objetivo: explorar la asociación entre la HI, la autoidentificación con la homosexualidad y las variables sociodemográficas (género, edad, nivel educativo y desigualdad económica). Método: un muestreo no probabilístico tipo "Bola de nieve" fue realizado en un grupo de 489 personas con un promedio de 23.4 años de edad (DE=6.6) en cinco ciudades colombianas (Bogotá, Barranquilla, Pereira, Villavicencio y Tunja). El grado de autoidentificación con la homosexualidad fue estimado con la escala de Kinsey. También se utilizó un cuestionario de HI. Resultados: un análisis de regresión lineal jerárquica mostró que la HI está asociada significativamente con el género, el grado de identificación con la orientación sexual y la edad, pero no con el nivel educativo o la desigualdad económica. A pesar de que todas las variables estudiadas aportaron algún grado de varianza al modelo, la autoidentificación con la homosexualidad y el género aportaron el mayor porcentaje de varianza para explicar la asociación con HI. Discusión: este estudio permite una primera aproximación empírica al estudio de la HI en Colombia y resalta la importancia de implementar políticas públicas y el uso de terapias afirmativas para disminuirla, particularmente en hombres jóvenes en proceso de autoidentificación con la homosexualidad.

Abstract Introduction: Different authors highlight the need to conduct more studies on the variables associated with internalized homonegativity in Latin America. Objective: To explore the association between internalized homonegativity, self-identification with homosexuality and sociodemographic variables (i.e., sex, age, educational level, and economic inequality). Methods: Non-probabilistic type snowball sampling in a group of 489 people with an average of 23.4 years of age (SD = 6.6) from five Colombian cities (Bogotá, Barranquilla, Pereira, Villavicencio and Tunja). The degree of self-identification with homosexuality was measured with the Kinsey scale. An internalized homonegativity questionnaire was also used. Results: A linear hierarchical regression analysis showed that internalized homonegativity is significantly associated with sex, the degree of identification with sexual orientation and age, but not with educational level or economic inequality. Although all the variables contributed to some extent to the model, the identification with sexual orientation and sex showed the greatest contribution in variance to explain the association with internalized homonegativity. Discussion: This study is a first empirical approach to the study of internalized homonegativity in Colombia and highlights the importance of implementing public policies and the use of affirmative therapies to reduce internalized homonegativity, particularly in young men in the process of self-identification with homosexuality

Contrast-induced encephalopathy in an infant.

Contrast-induced encephalopathy (CIE) is a well-known but rare complication following contrast media administration. Its nonspecific clinical manifestations hinder diagnosis, particularly in the pediatric population. The majority of cases are reversible, with clinical improvement and resolution of signs noted on diagnostic imaging. Here, we report the case of a 2-month-old patient with a history of complex cardiovascular disease who presented with a single episode of seizure after undergoing cardiac catheterization with nonionic iodinated contrast media. CIE is diagnosed based on the signs and symptoms exhibited by the patient and the findings on plain head computed tomography (CT) scan. Subsequently, the absence of neurological symptoms and disappearance of the imaging alterations on a control CT are documented.

Long-term effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus patients: Results of a public healthcare system.

AIM: To evaluate the long-term clinical effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in adult type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients in a regional public healthcare system real-world scenario. METHODS: All adult T1DM patients on CSII for ≥10 years subjected to follow-up in the regional Castilla-La Mancha Public Health Service were included. The primary efficacy outcome was the variation in HbA1c during follow-up. Direct patient data were compiled through the web-based Spanish national registry on CSII therapy. RESULTS: A total of 69 T1DM adult patients were treated with insulin pumps for ≥10 years in our region. The mean age was 45.0±10.5 years, with a T1DM duration of 13.9±8.5 years. The mean duration of CSII therapy was 11.4±2.1 years. The main indications for treatment were high glucose variability (39%), problematic hypoglycemia (26%), and HbA1c >53mmol/mol (7%) on multiple daily injections (20%). Sensor-augmented pump therapy was used by 31% of the patients. Glycosylated hemoglobin did not change during follow-up (58±11mmol/mol vs. 58±11mmol/mol; 7.5±1.0 vs. 7.5±1.0; p=0.66). However, the percentage of patients with at least one episode of severe hypoglycemia during the last year and unnoticed hypoglycemia decreased from 36% to 7% (p=0.006) and from 38% to 32% (p<0.001), respectively. The proportion of subjects with ≥1 episode of diabetic ketoacidosis in the last year decreased from 30% to 6% (p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of severe hypoglycemia without deterioration of glycemic control can be sustained over long-term CSII therapy.

Baremación del Cuestionario de Madurez Neuropsicológica Escolar en niños residentes en Boyacá-Colombia / Scales of Neuropsychological Maturity Questionnaire in children living in Boyacá-Colombia

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas y obtener los baremos para población Boyacá Colombia del Cuestionario de Madurez Neuropsicológica Escolar CUMANES. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuantitativo de carácter psicométrico, se evaluaron 400 niños escolarizados, con edades entre 7 y 11 años, M = 8,94 y DE = 1,812 años. Para cuantificar la consistencia intema se estimó Alfa de Cronbach y Omega de McDonald obteniendo puntuaciones aceptables. Para identificar la estructura interna de la prueba se implementó Análisis Factorial Exploratorio el cual sugiere una dimensión del constructo y Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio permitió evidenciar buen ajuste del factor encontrado. No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas mediante la variable sexo pero si por edad. Se requieren más investigaciones en población latinoamericana que corroboren posibles diferencias culturales en la ejecución de las subpruebas del CUMANES. Finalmente, se presentan baremos para estudiantes colombianos según edad.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties and obtain the scales for the Boyacá Colombia population of the School Neuropsychological Maturity Questionnaire CUMANES. A descriptive quantitative study of psychometric character was carried out, 400 school children were evaluated, with ages between 7 and 11 years, M = 8,94 and SD = 1,812 years. To quantify the internal consistency, Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega were estimated obtaining acceptable scores. To identify the internal structure of the test, Exploratory Factor Analysis was implemented, which suggests a dimension of the construct and confirmatory factor analysis allowed to show good adjustment of the found factor. No statistically significant differences were found by the sex variable but by age. More research is needed in the Latin American population to corroborate possible cultural differences in the execution of the subtests of CUMANES. Finally, scales are presented for Colombian students according to age.

Co-dynamics of Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial populations during the first year of symbiosis with Acropora tenuis juveniles.

Interactions between corals and their associated microbial communities (Symbiodiniaceae and prokaryotes) are key to understanding corals' potential for and rate of acclimatory and adaptive responses. However, the establishment of microalgal and bacterial communities is poorly understood during coral ontogeny in the wild. We examined the establishment and co-occurrence between multiple microbial communities using 16S rRNA (bacterial) and ITS2 rDNA (Symbiodiniaceae) gene amplicon sequencing in juveniles of the common coral, Acropora tenuis, across the first year of development. Symbiodiniaceae communities in juveniles were dominated by Durusdinium trenchii and glynnii (D1 and D1a), with lower abundances of Cladocopium (C1, C1d, C50, and Cspc). Bacterial communities were more diverse and dominated by taxa within Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Both communities were characterized by significant changes in relative abundance and diversity of taxa throughout the year. D1, D1a, and C1 were significantly correlated with multiple bacterial taxa, including Alpha-, Deltra-, and Gammaproteobacteria, Planctomycetacia, Oxyphotobacteria, Phycisphaerae, and Rhizobiales. Specifically, D1a tended to associate with Oxyphotobacteria and D1 with Alphaproteobacteria, although these associations may represent correlational and not causal relationships. Bioenergetic modeling combined with physiological measurements of coral juveniles (surface area and Symbiodiniaceae cell densities) identified key periods of carbon limitation and nitrogen assimilation, potentially coinciding with shifts in microbial community composition. These results demonstrate that Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities are dynamic throughout the first year of ontology and may vary in tandem, with important fitness effects on host juveniles.

Adaptación, validez de constructo y confiabilidad de la escala de riesgo suicida Plutchik en adolescentes colombianos / Adaptation, construct validity and reliability of the Plutchik suicide risk scale in colombian adolescents

Resumen La escala de riesgo suicida de Plutchik ha sido ampliamente utilizada para valorar el riesgo suicida; no obstante, se desconocen estudios sobre sus propiedades psicométricas en adolescentes colombianos. El objetivo de esta investigación tiene como finalidad establecer la adaptación, validez de constructo y confiabilidad de la escala en adolescentes colombianos. Se diseñó un estudio de tipo instrumental, en una muestra conformada por 481 adolescentes con edades entre 13 y 20 años (M = 16.3, DE = 1.4), 46% correspondió a hombres. La validez de constructo se evaluó mediante Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y el número de factores se definió con el Análisis Paralelo de Horn y el ajuste con Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Se obtuvo una versión reducida de nueve ítems agrupados en dos factores que explicaron el 53% de la varianza común y muy buen ajuste [Χ2S-B = 26.36, gl = 26, p = .34; NNFI = 1.0, CFI = 1.0, RMSEA = .02, IC 90% (0.00, 0.05)]. Los ítems discriminaron entre quienes intentaron el suicidio y quienes no lo habían intentado. La confiabilidad por Alfa de Cronbach para depresión fue .72 y .80 para riesgo de suicidio; Omega de McDonald fue de .82 y .94 respectivamente. Se concluye que la nueva versión reducida de nueve ítems de la escala de riesgo de suicidio de Plutchik, posee características psicométricas adecuadas y su uso es recomendado en la valoración del riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes colombianos. Se requieren más investigaciones en contextos latinoamericanos.

Abstract Plutchik's suicide risk scale has been widely used to assess suicide risk; however, studies on its psychometric properties in Colombian adolescents are unknown. The objective was to establish the adaptation, construct validity and reliability of the scale in Colombian adolescents in Colombian adolescents. An instrumental study was designed, in a sample made up of 481 adolescents with age between 13 and 20 years (M = 16.3, SD = 1.4), 46% corresponded to men. Exploratory Factor Analysis evaluated the construct validity and the number of factors was defined with the Horn Parallel Analysis and the adjustment with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A reduced version of nine items was obtained grouped into two factors that explained 53% of the common variance and very good fit [Χ2S-B = 26.36, gl = 26, p = 0.34; NNFI = 1.0, CFI = 1.0, RMSEA = 0.02, IC 90% (0.00, 0.05)]. The items discriminated between those who attempted suicide and those who had not tried. Cronbach's alpha reliability for depression was .72 and .80 for suicidal risk, McDonald's Omega was .82 and .94 respectively. It is concluded that the new reduced version of nine items of the Plutchik suicide risk scale has adequate psychometric characteristics and its use is recommended in the assessment of suicide risk in colombian adolescents.

Validación de un inventario de roles de masculinidad hegemónica en varones colombianos / Validation of an inventory of hegemonic masculinity roles in Colombian men

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de un inventario para medir el concepto de masculinidad hegemónica en varones residentes en una ciudad colombiana intermedia. Se seleccionaron mediante muestreo no probabilístico por disponibilidad 600 participantes con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 65 años (M=29, DE=10.7). Se aplicó un inventario de 30 ítems que mide la adherencia a los roles de masculinidad hegemónica versión modificada (IRMH-M). El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) arrojó cinco factores que explican el 64 % de la varianza común. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) confirmó muy buen ajuste de este modelo pentafactorial en una versión reducida de 17 ítems S-B x2 =343.29, gl =109, NNFI =0.97; CFI=0.98. RMSEA = 0.06 IC95 % (0.053 - 0.067). Los coeficientes Alfa y Omega obtenidos para estimar consistencia interna estuvieron entre 0.70 y 0.79. El constructo "roles de masculinidad hegemónica" discriminó adecuadamente según la edad, el nivel educativo, el estrato y la ocupación. Se concluye que IRMH-M posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of an inventory to measure the hegemonic masculinity in men residing in an intermediate city in Colombia. A sample of 600 participants between 18 to 65 years old were selected using a non-probabilistic sampling for availability (M = 29, SD = 10.7). A 30 items inventory that measure the adherence to the roles of hegemonic masculinity modified version MNRI-M was applied. Exploratory Factor Analysis EFA showed five factors that explain 64 % of the common variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis CFA confirmed very good fit of this penta-factorial model in a reduced version of 17 items S-B x2 = 343.29, gl = 109, NNFI = 0.97; CFI = 0.98. RMSEA = 0.06 IC95 % (0.053, 0.067). Internal consistency, Alpha and Omega coefficients, were between 0.70 and 0.79. Constructed roles of hegemonic masculinity discriminated adequately according to age, educational level, socioeconomic classification, and occupation. It is concluded that MNRI-M has adequate psychometric properties.

Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion in Adult Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Results from a Public Health System.

Aims: To analyze prevalence and clinical effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in adult type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients in a public health system real-world scenario. Materials and Methods: All adult T1DM patients on CSII being followed at Castilla-La Mancha Health Public Service were included. Primary efficacy outcome was the change in HbA1c during the follow-up. Secondary efficacy outcomes included evaluation of the following variables: insulin pump indications, diabetes complication rates, insulin and pump use, continuous glucose monitoring use, patients achieving an HbA1c decrease ≥6 mmol/mol (0.5%) with or without severe hypoglycemia, and discontinuations. Direct patient data were typed through the web-based Spanish national registry on CSII therapy by nine diabetologists from eight different health care areas. Results: A total of 7% of T1DM adult patients were treated with insulin pumps in our region, with a regional prevalence of 18.7 CSII patients/100,000 inhabitants. Three hundred thirteen patients were analyzed with a mean age of 34.1 ± 11.0 years and T1DM duration of 16.6 ± 9.7 years. Mean duration of CSII therapy was 6.2 ± 4.0 years. Data completion was 91.2%. Main indications for treatment were high glucose variability (36%) and suboptimal glycemic control (32%). Mean duration of CSII therapy was 6.2 ± 4.0 years. Sensor-augment pump therapy was used by 26% of the patients. Glycated hemoglobin decreased to -5 mmol/mol (95% CI -6 to -3 mmol/mol; P < 0.001) during the follow-up (Mean difference in change -0.4%, 95% CI -0.5 to -0.2; P < 0.001). Percentage of patients with severe hypoglycemia decreased from 32% to 13% (P < 0.001). Frequent nonsevere hypoglycemia, severe hypoglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis were less frequent among patients using higher number of daily basal rates at the study end. The rate of CSII interruption was 3.8%. Conclusions: Prevalence of CSII therapy in our region remains under 10% of adult T1DM patients, although CSII treatment was associated with a sustained improvement in glycemic control.

Validación de una prueba para medir eventos vitales estresantes en adultos gay, lesbianas y bisexuales colombianos / Validation test in order to measure stressful life events in Colombian gays, lesbians and bisexual adults

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar las características psicométricas de una prueba para valorar eventos vitales estresantes (PEVE), así como comparar el constructo según sexo, edad y orientaciones sexuales no heterosexuales residentes en tres ciudades de Colombia, Barranquilla, Bogotá y Tunja. Método: Se implementó un muestreo no probabilístico tipo bola de nieve mediante el cual 208 participantes con edades entre 18 y 67 años (ME= 26,16; DE=8,56) diligenciaron la PEVE, que medía diversos eventos estresantes (EE). Resultados: La consistencia interna obtenida a través de alfa de Cronbach fue 0,79 y el Omega de McDonald fue de 0,89. El 34,62% no experimentó EE durante el pasado año, el 56,25% experimentó bajos niveles y solo un 9,13% tuvo EE en alto grado. Análisis Paralelo y Test MAP sugieren un único factor que explicó el 54% de la varianza. Los EE en mujeres se asocian con mayor proporción de discusiones con la familia debido a su homosexualidad (p<0,05), mientras que EE en hombres se asocian con problemas con la policía y ser agredidos físicamente (p<0,05). Con relación a orientación sexual, EE se asocian con mayor proporción de homosexuales que reportan problemas con familiares en comparación de la proporción de bisexuales (p<.05). Con respecto a la edad, adultos jóvenes tienden a experimentar mayores niveles promedio de EE que adultos (p<.05). Conclusión: En población LGB colombiana, PEVE muestra adecuada validez de constructo y consistencia interna. La mayoría de participantes perciben un nivel bajo de EE y estos niveles cambian teniendo en cuenta variables como el sexo, orientación sexual y edad. Se requieren más investigaciones en contextos latinoamericanos.

Abstract Objective: This paper aims to evaluate psychometric properties of the test stressful life events (SLE) and also to compare the construct according to sex, age and non-heterosexual sexual orientations in individuals who live in three different cities in Colombia, Barranquilla, Bogotá y Tunja. Method: A non-probabilistic or snowball sampling was implemented. 208 participants between 18 and 67 years old (ME = 26.16, SD = 8.56) who completed the SLE test, being measured various stressful events (SE). 34.62% did not face SE during last year, 56.25% have experienced low levels of SE and only 9.13% faced a high degree of SE. Parallel Analysis and MAP Test suggested a single factor that showed 54% of the variance. In women, SE are associated with discussions with their family because of their homosexuality (p <.05), but in men SE are associated with problems with the police and being physically assaulted (p <.05). In relation with sexual orientation, SE are associated with homosexuals who report problems with relatives, comparing with bisexuals (p <.05). According to age, results show that young adults tend to experience higher levels of SE than adults (p <.05). Conclusion: In Colombian LGB population, PEVE shows adequate construct validity and internal consistency. Most participants faced low level of SE and these levels change taking into account variables such as sex, sexual orientation and age. More researches are required in Latin American contexts.

Factores de riesgo de ideación suicida en una muestra de adolescentes y jóvenes colombianos autoidentificados como homosexuales / Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Colombian Adolescents and Young Adults who Self-identify as Homosexuals

RESUMEN Introducción: Alguno estudios comunican tasas de ideación e intento de suicidio en población homosexual más altas que entre heterosexuales. A la fecha no se conocen estudios en Colombia que indaguen los factores de riesgo relacionados con la conducta suicida en población homosexual masculina. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio es indagar los factores de riesgo de ideación suicida en varones jóvenes residentes en Bogotá (Colombia) que se autodefinen como homosexuales. Métodos: Participaron 175 varones entre 14 y 27 (media, 19,02 ± 2,0) arios, que completaron 2 pruebas, una de ideas suicidas y otra de homofobia internalizada (HI). El muestreo fue no probabilístico tipo bola de nieve. Resultados: El 18,4% reportó poca ideación suicida; el 24,6%, un nivel moderado y el 24%, un nivel alto. Las puntuaciones de HI oscilaron entre el mínimo y el máximo esperados (9-45) (media, 21,54 ± 7). Haber sufrido abuso sexual es el principal factor asociado con ideación suicida (odds ratio [OR] =4,02; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%], 1,51-10,67; p = 0,005). Los adolescentes tuvieron 3 veces más riesgo de ideas suicidas que los adultos jóvenes (OR = 3,63; IC95%, 1,35-9,76; p = 0,010). Quienes obtuvieron altas puntuaciones de HI tuvieron el doble de riesgo de ideas suicidas que quienes las tuvieron bajas (OR = 2,11; IC95%, 1,22-3,67; p = 0,008). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos concuerdan con investigaciones previas e indican la necesidad de intervenciones preventivas tempranas en procura de una salud sexual libre de coerciones, procurando eliminar la HI mediante terapias afirmativas de la orientación sexual diversa

ABSTRACT Background: Research shows higher rates of ideation and attempted suicide in the homosexual population compared to their heterosexual counterparts. To date, there are no known studies in Colombia that investigate risk factors related to suicidal behavior in a male homosexual population. Objective: The objective of the present study is to investigate the risk factors for suicidal ideation in young men living in Bogota (Colombia) who self-identify as homosexuals. Methods: 175 males between 14 and 27 (19.02 ± 2.0) years completed two tests, one for suicidal thoughts and one for internalized homophobia (IH). The snowball non-probability sampling technique was used. Results: 18.4% reported low suicidal ideation, 24.6% a moderate level and 24% declared a high level of suicidal thoughts. IH scores ranged between the expected minimum and maximum (9-45) (21.54 ± 7). Being sexually abused was the main factor associated with suicidal ideation (OR = 4.02; 95%CI, 1.51-10.67; P = 0.005). Adolescents were 3 times more at risk of suicidal thoughts than young adults (OR = 3.63; 95%CI, 1.35-9.76; P = 0.010). High IH scores were twice as likely to experience suicidal thoughts as those with low IH (OR = 2.11; 95%CI, 1.22-3.67; P = 0.008). Conclusions: These findings are consistent with previous research and suggest the need for early preventive interventions in pursuit of non-coercive sexual health, seeking the re-examination of IH through affirmative sexual diversity therapies.

Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Colombian Adolescents and Young Adults who Self-identify as Homosexuals. / Factores de riesgo de ideación suicida en una muestra de adolescentes y jóvenes colombianos autoidentificados como homosexuales.

BACKGROUND: Research shows higher rates of ideation and attempted suicide in the homosexual population compared to their heterosexual counterparts. To date, there are no known studies in Colombia that investigate risk factors related to suicidal behavior in a male homosexual population. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to investigate the risk factors for suicidal ideation in young men living in Bogota (Colombia) who self-identify as homosexuals. METHODS: 175 males between 14 and 27 (19.02±2.0) years completed two tests, one for suicidal thoughts and one for internalized homophobia (IH). The snowball non-probability sampling technique was used. RESULTS: 18.4% reported low suicidal ideation, 24.6% a moderate level and 24% declared a high level of suicidal thoughts. IH scores ranged between the expected minimum and maximum (9-45) (21.54±7). Being sexually abused was the main factor associated with suicidal ideation (OR=4.02; 95%CI, 1.51-10.67; P=0.005). Adolescents were 3 times more at risk of suicidal thoughts than young adults (OR=3.63; 95%CI, 1.35-9.76; P=0.010). High IH scores were twice as likely to experience suicidal thoughts as those with low IH (OR=2.11; 95%CI, 1.22-3.67; P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with previous research and suggest the need for early preventive interventions in pursuit of non-coercive sexual health, seeking the re-examination of IH through affirmative sexual diversity therapies.