Policies for Material Circularity: the Case of Lithium.

Improper waste management carries social risks and dissipates high-value materials. Moreover, material market prices do not reflect these hidden costs and values. Two important questions are how prices can inform society about their resource use impact and how market-based policies optimize material circularity. This study adds to the literature by analyzing the effect of market-based policies aimed at promoting circular material reuse in a market defied by harmful waste but enhanced by recycling. The findings indicate that a landfill tax is a first-best policy since it targets the external costs of waste disposal, improves welfare, reduces damages, and boosts recycling. If a landfill tax is not feasible, other programs like taxes, subsidies, and a tax-subsidy scheme provide second-best results. Remarkably, recycling subsidies can stimulate higher raw material extraction and generate rebound effects. We also explore other non-market-based strategies to prevent waste and make recycling more cost-competitive and easier to recycle. The numerical results and sensitivity analysis of the lithium market illustrate the model's flexibility and prove why some policies are superior to others for reducing waste and creating value from used materials. Our study results serve as a guide to designing policies for optimal material circularity.

Efficacy of nintedanib plus docetaxel in patients with refractory advanced epidermal growth factor receptor mutant lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Anti-angiogenic agents are reported to exert clinical activity in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We evaluated the outcomes of the combination of docetaxel plus nintedanib in refractory NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 19 patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC who had progressed to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and platinum-based chemotherapy receiving docetaxel and nintedanib at 14 Spanish institutions from January 2013 to December 2019. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to evaluate progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Median age was 58.9 years (range 42.8-81), 73.7% were female. All patients were Caucasian, and 73.7% were never or light smokers. The baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) was 0-1 in 94.7% of patients. All patients had adenocarcinoma. Brain and liver metastases were present in 47.4% and 31.6% of patients, respectively. The most common EGFR mutations were exon 19 deletion (52.6%) and exon 21 L858R mutation (36.8%); 47.4% patients presented the EGFR T790M. 94.8% of the patients had received 2-3 previous treatment lines. Docetaxel was administered at 75 mg/m2/3 weeks to 16 patients, at 60 mg/m2 to 2 patients and at 45 mg/m2 to one patient. Nintedanib was given until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity at 200 mg twice daily except in 2 patients who received 150 mg twice daily and one patient who received 100 mg/12 h. With a median follow-up of 11.4 months (1-38), the median PFS was 6.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.9-7.3] and the median OS 10.1 months (95% CI 5.9-14.3). The objective response rate (ORR) was 44.4% (23.7-66.8%) and the disease control rate (DCR) 72.2% (49.4-88.5%). Efficacy tended to be greater in patients with the acquired T790M who had received osimertinib, with a median PFS of 6.3 (95% CI 2.1-10.5) versus (vs.) 4.8 (95% CI 3.5-6.1) and a median OS of 12.3 months (95% CI 8.6-16.0) vs. 6.7 months (95% CI 3.9-9.4), although this tendency was not statistically significant (p = 0.468 and p = 0.159, respectively). Sixteen patients (84.2%) had a total of 34 adverse events (AEs), with a median of two (0-6) AEs per patient. The most frequent AEs were asthenia (20.6%) and diarrhea (20.6%). One treatment-related death due to portal thrombosis was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the combination of docetaxel and nintedanib can be considered to be an effective treatment for EGFR TKI-resistant EGFR-mutant NSCLC.

Correction: Monitoring EGFR-T790M mutation in serum/plasma for prediction of response to third-generation EGFR inhibitors in patients with lung cancer.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25478.].

Monitoring EGFR-T790M mutation in serum/plasma for prediction of response to third-generation EGFR inhibitors in patients with lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Osimertinib is efficacious in lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and acquired resistance (AR) to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors due to EGFR-T790M mutation (T790M). We sought to describe T790M changes in serum/plasma during osimertinib therapy and correlate these changes with treatment outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum/plasma from EGFR-mutant lung cancer patients with T790M-AR was collected before and during osimertinib treatment. Changes in T790M were evaluated using a peptide-nucleic acid-PCR assay, and correlated with clinical and radiographic response. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were included. Median time on osimertinib treatment was 10.6 months with a median progression-free survival of 13.6 months. Best response to osimertinib was partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) or progression (PD) in 46.1%, 30.8% and 23.1% of patients, respectively.Most of the patients were paucisymptomatic at baseline. Symptom improvement was reported in 66.6% of responder patients; while symptoms remained stable in 75% of patients with SD, and 66% of patients with PD had clinical deterioration.Three patterns of T790M changes during osimertinib treatment were identified. T790 remained detectable with PD or a short-lasting SD in 15.4% of the patients. T790M disappeared in 69.2% of patients with PR or SD. T790M disappeared, despite clinical and/or radiographic progression in 15.4% of the patients. CONCLUSION: Changes of T790M in serum/plasma in EGFR-mutant lung cancer patients with T790M-AR might be a useful marker of symptomatic and radiographic outcome to osimertinib. Longer follow-up is needed to establish if subsequent emergence of T790M could be a marker of resistance.

El rol de la filiación política en las creencias y discursos legitimadores de la corrupción / The role of political affiliation in the beliefs and discourses legitimising corruption

La corrupción es definida como el abuso del poder para obtener una ganancia privada. A excepción de Chile, Uruguay y la Guayana Francesa, el territorio centro y sudamericano muestran altos índices de corrupción. Esta investigación buscó evidenciar las creencias de los ciudadanos comunes sobre la corrupción y la relación existente entre sus narraciones y el partido político con el que simpatizan. Para desarrollar el estudio se contó con la participación de 325 personas, 166 mujeres con edades entre los 18 y 69 años (M=35.88, DE=13.44) y 159 hombres con edades entre los 19 y 74 años (M=36.09, DE=13.02), con un nivel de escolaridad de primaria, secundaria, técnica o tecnóloga, universitaria, posgrado y sin ningún nivel de estudios, quienes respondieron a una breve entrevista de 30 minutos aproximadamente. Las narraciones se analizaron con métodos unidimensionales y multidimensionales utilizando el software SPAD. Las variables que se emplearon para el análisis fueron (textuales): significado de la corrupción, casos de corrupción y gravedad de la corrupción, y (categóricas): sexo, nivel educativo, nivel socioeconómico y partido político de preferencia. Los principales resultados mostraron que los significados y definiciones de corrupción parten de los verbos beneficiar, poder, obtener, aprovecharse, robar, sobornar y amenazar. También se observó la mención a actos de corrupción divulgados en los medios de comunicación y en los que se implicaron personas del Gobierno y grandes sumas de dinero. Un tercer resultado fue la evidencia de que las variables sociodemográficas como el sexo y nivel de estudios están estrechamente relacionadas con las percepciones de lo que puede o no ser corrupto. De igual manera, la simpatía con un grupo político influencia el juicio sobre los actos corruptos del grupo oponente y del mismo al que se sigue. En la discusión se desarrollaron, en primer lugar, las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres sobre los hechos y los significados de la corrupción; en segundo lugar, que los hechos de corrupción (grandes y pequeños) son percibidos como graves o no en relación con los niveles de educación de los ciudadanos, y finalmente, que las actitudes y los juicios que se emiten con respecto a un acto ilegal son considerados más o menos corruptos dependiendo del grupo social o político con el que los ciudadanos se identifiquen

Corruption is defined as the abuse of power in order to obtain personal benefit. Central and South America, with the exception of Chile, Uruguay and the French Guiana, show high rates of corruption. This study sought to find the meanings that ordinary people attach to corruption as well as the relationship between their narratives and sociodemographic characteristics, such as sex and educational level, and political standpoints, such as their political party affiliation. A total of 325 people participated, 166 females aged 18-69 (M=35.58, SD=13.44) and 159 males aged 19-74 (M=36.09, SD=13.02). All education levels (primary, secondary, technical, university, postgraduate and none) were represented in the sample. Narratives were analysed via uni- and multidimensional methods and using the SPAD software programme. Variables used for the analysis were: meaning of corruption, corruption cases, seriousness of corruption (textual), and sex, educational level, socioeconomic level, political party affiliation (categorical). The primary results suggested that the meanings and definitions of corruption frequently feature the following verbs: to benefit, power, to obtain, to take advantage of, to steal, to bribe, and to threaten. Participants also mentioned acts of corruption that they learned about via mass media, and that involved the participation of government agents and large amounts of money. A third result was evidence that sociodemographic characteristics such as sex and education level are closely related with perceptions of what is and is not corrupt. Likewise, identification with a political party influences the judgments made on acts of corruption by both the opposing group and the group to which participants belong. We first discuss the gender difference in terms of the facts and meanings of corruption, and then we discuss how the facts of corruption (big and small) are perceived as serious or not depending on the education level of the citizens. Finally, we discuss how the attitudes and judgements expressed regarding an illegal act are considered more or less corrupt depending on the social or political group with which the citizens identify

[Amyloidosis in infected Didelphis marsupialis]. / Amiloidosis en Didelphis marsupialis infectado experimentalmente con Leishmania chagasi.

A male opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, captured in Teruel (Huila), Colombia, was inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 x 10(6) promastigotes of Leishmania chagasi (MHOM/CO/84/CL044B). The animal died 5 weeks after inoculation. Autopsy revealed signs of visceral leishmaniasis along with amastigote parasite form in Kupffer cells and spleen macrophages. Amyloid deposits in liver and spleen were demonstrated by histological staining and electron microscopy. The rapid death was considered a consequence of a secondary, reactive amyloidosis.

Amiloidosis en Didelphis marsupialis infectado experimentalmente con Leishmania chagasi / Amyloidosis in infected Didelphis marsupialis

A male opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, captured in Teruel (Huila), Colombia, was inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 x 10(6) promastigotes of Leishmania chagasi (MHOM/CO/84/CL044B). The animal died 5 weeks after inoculation. Autopsy revealed signs of visceral leishmaniasis along with amastigote parasite form in Kupffer cells and spleen macrophages. Amyloid deposits in liver and spleen were demonstrated by histological staining and electron microscopy. The rapid death was considered a consequence of a secondary, reactive amyloidosis.

Moduladores de la unidad liquen rojo plano / Modulators of red plane liquen

La presente revisión busca desarrollar la definición de unidad linfoepitelial (ULE), como una zona microanatómica, funcionalmente especializada que actúa como un sistema, donde queratinocitos, linfocitos y c,lulas de Langerthans (CL) interactúan, dando a la piel el carácter de órgano inmune perif,rico din mico influenciado por estímulos endocrinos y paracrinos y en donde su disregulación favorece la expresión de enfermedad. Se presenta como modelo de disregulación de la ULE al Liquen Plano Rojo, ampliando conceptos de su fisiopatogenia y posibles factores etiológicos. Finalmente, se revisan los fármacos utilizados para modular la unidad linfoepitelial, entendiendo su farmacodinamia, para posteriormente pasar a las "realidades" de su uso a la luz de la medicina basada en la evidencia

Manifestaciones orales de la psoriasis / Oral manifestations of the psoriasis

La Psoriasis es un desorden dermatológico crónico de etiología desconocida, el cual se caracteriza por pápulas eritematosas y placas cubiertas con costras de color plateado blanquecino. Las manifestaciones orales de los pacientes con Psoriasis han sido descritas y parece haber una alta incidencia de mucositis migratorias, lengua fisurada y queilitis angular. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la frecuencia de hallazgos orales en 45 pacientes consecutivos con un diagnóstico clínico de Psoriasis emitido por el Departamento de Dermatología del Hospital Militar Central en Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia y el Departamento de Dermatología de la Medical University of South carolina en Charlston, Estados Unidos. Información acerca de la edad, sexo, tiempo de evolución, historia familiar, y hábitos fue recopilada en la historia clínica de cada paciente. Además, se realizó un examen intraoral completo, de las lesiones de seis pacientes pertenecientes a la población Colombiana. La muestra de la población Colombiana consta de 38 pacientes y la Americana de siete pacientes con una edad que oscila entre los 12 y 73 años. Los hallazgos clínicos incluyen: mucositis migratoria en tres pacientes (7.89), lengua fisurada en cuatro pacientes (10.5), queilitis angular en dos pacientes (5.26), elongación de papilas filiformes en un paciente (2.63), leucoplasia en cuatro pacientes (10.5), eritoplasia en cinco pacientes (13.1), placas en cuatro pacientes (10.5), estrías en un paciente (2.63), lesiones exofíticas en cuatro pacientes (10.5), vesículas en un paciente (2.63), lesiones descamativas en dos pacientes (5.26), candidiasis atrófica en dos pacientes (5.26) e inflamación de papilas fungiformes en dos pacientes (5.26). Los hallazgos histológicos de las lesiones no coinciden con las características histológicas de la Psoriasis, poe ende las manifestaciones orales biopsiadas no tienen diagnóstico de Psoriasis. Los anteriores hallazgos muestran que no existe diferencia respecto a las manifestaciones en boca de pacientes con Psoriasis entre la población Colombiana y aquellos reportados en la literatura respecto a lesiones orales en la Psoriasis. En un estudio adicional de pacientes con Psoriasis de la Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Estados Unidos; se encontraron manifestaciones intraorales similares.