Efficacy and safety of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis: a ten-year prospective study

Background: The length of treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) with parenteral antibiotics varies from2 to 6 weeks. Although several studies indicate that outpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment (OPAT)could be safe for uncomplicated viridans-group streptococci (VGS) IE, the experience in Spain is limited and data on other types of endocarditis and OPAT are scarce worldwide. Methods: Prospective single center study of a cohort including all patients with IE admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona OPAT program from January 1997 to December 2006.Results: During the study period, 392 consecutive episodes of IE in non-drug abusers were attended to.Of these, 73 episodes (42 native-valve, 23 prosthetic-valve, and 8 pacemaker-lead) were admitted to the OPAT program (19%). The percentage of inclusion was higher for viridans group streptococci (VGS) or Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) IE (32% of all VGS or S. bovis IE episodes diagnosed vs. 14% of the remainingetiologies, P<.001). Twelve patients (16%) were readmitted due to complications, of which 3 died (4%).Glycopeptides use was the only predictor factor of hospital readmission (OR 4.5, 95% confidence interval1.2; 16.8, P=.026). No differences in OPAT outcome were found between VGS plus S. bovis IE and Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) plus coagulase-negative staphylococci IE. Patients spent a median of 17 dayon OPAT (interquartile range 11-26.5), which enabled 1,466 days of hospital stay to be saved. Conclusions: These data suggest that OPAT for IE may be a safe and effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of selected patients with types of endocarditis other than uncomplicated VGS or S. bovisendocarditis, although patients taking glycopeptides need close clinical OPAT monitoring (AU)

Antecedentes: La duración del tratamiento antibiótico endovenoso de la endocarditis infecciosa (EI) oscila entre 2 y 6 semanas. Aunque varios estudios indican que el tratamiento antibiótico a domicilio endovenoso (TADE) es seguro para el tratamiento domiciliario de la EI sobre válvula nativa no complicada por estreptococos del grupo viridans (EGV) la experiencia en España con TADE en la EI es limitada y los datos sobre otros tipos de endocarditis y TADE son escasos en todo el mundo. Métodos Estudio unicéntrico, prospectivo, de una cohorte de todos los pacientes con EI admitidos en el programa TADE en el Hospital Clínico de Barcelona entre enero de 1997 y diciembre de 2006.ResultadosDurante el período de estudio se diagnosticaron 392 episodios consecutivos de EI en pacientes no consumidores de drogas, de los cuales 73 episodios (19%) fueron admitidos en el programa de TADE: 42 EI sobre válvula nativa, 23 EI sobre válvula protésica y 8 EI sobre cable de marcapasos. El porcentaje de inclusión en la TADE fue mayor para la EI por EGV o Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) (32%) que para el resto de etiologías (14%; p < 0,001). Doce pacientes (16%) fueron reingresados debido a las complicaciones de los cuales tres fallecieron (4%). El uso de glucopéptidos fue el único factor predictor de reingreso hospitalario (OR [intervalo de confianza del 95%] 4,5 [1,2; 16,8] p = 0,026). No se observaron diferencias entre las EI por EGV y S. bovis y las EI estafilocócicas (Staphylococcus aureus y estafilococos coagulasa-negativos) incluidas en el TADE. Los pacientes incluidos estuvieron una mediana de 17 días en tratamiento domiciliario (rango intercuartílico de 11 a 26,5), lo que permitió un ahorro de 1.466 días de estancia hospitalaria (..) (AU)

Efficacy and safety of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis: a ten-year prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The length of treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) with parenteral antibiotics varies from 2 to 6 weeks. Although several studies indicate that outpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment (OPAT) could be safe for uncomplicated viridans-group streptococci (VGS) IE, the experience in Spain is limited and data on other types of endocarditis and OPAT are scarce worldwide. METHODS: Prospective single center study of a cohort including all patients with IE admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona OPAT program from January 1997 to December 2006. RESULTS: During the study period, 392 consecutive episodes of IE in non-drug abusers were attended to. Of these, 73 episodes (42 native-valve, 23 prosthetic-valve, and 8 pacemaker-lead) were admitted to the OPAT program (19%). The percentage of inclusion was higher for viridans group streptococci (VGS) or Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) IE (32% of all VGS or S. bovis IE episodes diagnosed vs. 14% of the remaining etiologies, P<.001). Twelve patients (16%) were readmitted due to complications, of which 3 died (4%). Glycopeptides use was the only predictor factor of hospital readmission (OR 4.5, 95% confidence interval 1.2; 16.8, P=.026). No differences in OPAT outcome were found between VGS plus S. bovis IE and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) plus coagulase-negative staphylococci IE. Patients spent a median of 17 day on OPAT (interquartile range 11-26.5), which enabled 1,466 days of hospital stay to be saved. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that OPAT for IE may be a safe and effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of selected patients with types of endocarditis other than uncomplicated VGS or S. bovis endocarditis, although patients taking glycopeptides need close clinical OPAT monitoring.

[Specialized home care for infectious disease. Experience from 1995 to 2002]. / Hospitalización a domicilio especializada en enfermedades infecciosas. Experiencia de 1995 a 2002.

OBJECTIVE: In 1995 a specialized home care service for infectious diseases was created in our institution. The aim was to improve the quality of life of patients with prolonged parenteral antimicrobial therapy requirements, reduce the length of hospital stay, and improve the care received after discharge by clinical and analytical surveillance. This study reviews the experience of this service from 1995 to 2002 using prospectively recorded data. METHODS: An analysis was performed of the number of patients included in the home care program per year, number of patients with HIV infection, infectious disease diagnosed, department referring the patient, antimicrobial treatment administered, destination at discharge, and reason for hospital re-admission. RESULTS: The number of patients included each year from 1995 to 2002 was 52, 55, 77, 232, 213, 321, 280 and 219, respectively. The percentage of HIV-infected patients decreased from 90% in 1995 to 23% in 2002. The main reason for referral to the program changed from substitution of day-care hospital treatment to early discharge from hospitalization. Whereas CMV infection was the most frequent infection treated during the 1995-1998 period, bacterial infections predominated in the following years. In 148 episodes, self-administration or a portable infusion pump was used for drug administration. Self-administration was associated with a greater risk of complications (24% vs. 12%, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.6, P < 0.001) and catheter-related sepsis (4% vs. 0%, OR 12.9, 95% CI 10.9-15.3, P < 0.001). HIV-infected patients were re-hospitalized due to complications unrelated to the home care service more frequently than HIV-uninfected patients. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of HIV-infected patients included in the infectious disease home care service has progressively decreased since 1996, a fact likely to be related to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy and better control of opportunistic infections. Currently, bacterial infections are the most frequent infections treated in the service. Early hospital discharge is now the main reason for referral to the home program.

Hospitalización a domicilio especializada en enfermedades infecciosas. Experiencia de 1995 a 2002 / Specialized home care for infectious disease. Experience from 1995 to 2002

Objetivo. En 1995 se creó un servicio de hospitalización a domicilio especializado en enfermedades infecciosas con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir la estancia hospitalaria de los pacientes que precisan antibioterapia parenteral prolongada y mejorar el control del paciente al alta con vigilancia clínico-analítica. Revisamos la experiencia de dicho servicio entre 1995 y 2002 a partir de datos recogidos prospectivamente. Métodos. Análisis del número de pacientes incluidos por año, el número de pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), el diagnóstico de enfermedad infecciosa, el servicio de origen, el tratamiento antimicrobiano administrado, el destino al alta y el motivo de reingreso hospitalario. Resultados. El número de pacientes incluidos cada año durante el período de 1995 a 2002 fue: 52, 55, 77, 232, 213, 321, 280 y 219, respectivamente. El porcentaje de pacientes con infección por el VIH incluidos en el programa pasó del 90% en el año 1995 al 23% en el 2002. La causa principal de inclusión en el programa ha cambiado desde la sustitución del hospital de día para administración de tratamiento, a la consecución de un alta hospitalaria precoz. Mientras que la infección por citomegalovirus (CMV) fue el proceso tratado con mayor frecuencia durante el período 1995-1998, en los años siguientes fueron las infecciones bacterianas el diagnóstico de inclusión más frecuente. En 148 episodios la autoadministración y las bombas de infusión portátiles fueron utilizadas para administrar los antimicrobianos. La autoadministración se asoció a un mayor riesgo de complicaciones (24% frente a 12%; odds ratio [OR]: 2,3; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 1,5-3,6; p < 0,001) y de sepsis de catéter (4% frente a 0; OR: 12,9; IC 95%: 10,9-15,3; p < 0,001). Los pacientes con infección por el VIH fueron reingresados debido a complicaciones no relacionadas con la hospitalización a domicilio con mayor frecuencia que los pacientes sin infección por el VIH. Conclusiones. El porcentaje de pacientes con infección por el VIH incluidos en el programa ha disminuido progresivamente desde 1996 probablemente en relación con la introducción de la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia y un mejor control de las infecciones oportunistas. Las infecciones bacterianas son actualmente las infecciones más frecuentes atendidas en este servicio. El alta hospitalaria precoz es el principal motivo de inclusión en el programa (AU)

Objective. In 1995 a specialized home care service for infectious diseases was created in our institution. The aim was to improve the quality of life of patients with prolonged parenteral antimicrobial therapy requirements, reduce the length of hospital stay, and improve the care received after discharge by clinical and analytical surveillance. This study reviews the experience of this service from 1995 to 2002 using prospectively recorded data. Methods. An analysis was performed of the number of patients included in the home care program per year, number of patients with HIV infection, infectious disease diagnosed, department referring the patient, antimicrobial treatment administered, destination at discharge, and reason for hospital re-admission. Results. The number of patients included each year from 1995 to 2002 was 52, 55, 77, 232, 213, 321, 280 and 219, respectively. The percentage of HIV-infected patients decreased from 90% in 1995 to 23% in 2002. The main reason for referral to the program changed from substitution of day-care hospital treatment to early discharge from hospitalization. Whereas CMV infection was the most frequent infection treated during the 1995-1998 period, bacterial infections predominated in the following years. In 148 episodes, self-administration or a portable infusion pump was used for drug administration. Self-administration was associated with a greater risk of complications (24% vs. 12%, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.6, P< 0.001) and catheter-related sepsis (4% vs. 0%, OR 12.9, 95% CI 10.9-15.3,P < 0.001). HIV-infected patients were re-hospitalized due to complications unrelated to the home care service more frequently than HIV-uninfected patients. Conclusions. The percentage of HIV-infected patients included in the infectious disease home care service has progressively decreased since 1996, a fact likely to be related to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy and better control of opportunistic infections. Currently, bacterial infections are the most frequent infections treated in the service. Early hospital discharge is now the main reason for referral to the home program (AU)