ABSTRACT
A globally effective vaccine will need to elicit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) capable of recognizing diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clades. Study of the cellular immune responses of HIV-1-infected persons may allow predictions to be made regarding useful vaccine antigen components. The frequency and magnitude of CTL responses to clade E and B Gag, Pol-RT, Env, and Nef proteins were compared in 12 HLA-characterized, clade E-infected Thais and in 10 clade B-infected North Americans using vaccinia recombinant constructs for protein expression. While responses were detected against all proteins, they were most frequent and cross-reactive to Gag in both groups. Pol-RT was recognized less frequently in Thais than North Americans. Cross-clade protein recognition was common but not uniformly present among these HLA-disparate individuals. Population-specific CTL data are needed to adequately prepare for vaccine trials outside of North America and Europe.
Subject(s)
HIV Antigens/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV-1/immunology , HLA Antigens/genetics , Racial Groups/genetics , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology , Asian People/genetics , Black People/genetics , Cross Reactions , Florida , Gene Frequency , HIV Antigens/genetics , HIV Infections/classification , HIV-1/classification , Humans , Recombinant Proteins/immunology , Serotyping , Thailand , Vaccinia virus/genetics , White People/geneticsABSTRACT
We investigated concordance in social-emotional behavior and attachment of first- and secondborn siblings from 65 families. Both children were seen at 24 months in a problem-solving procedure and at 12 months in the Strange Situation. Maternal behavior at 24 months also was examined. Child behaviors at 24 months showed trends toward concordance across siblings. Maternal behavior was significantly stable across siblings and correlated significantly with child competence. In post-hoc analyses, the sample was split into 2 groups: maternal behavior stable (N = 36) and maternal behavior unstable. In the first group, cross-sibling correlations were significant and larger than for the whole sample; in the second group, cross-sibling correlations were low and nonsignificant. There also was significant concordance across siblings in attachment classification. These data suggest that it is essential to consider the care received by different children in investigating similarities in siblings' behavior.
